Misplaced Pages

#128871

95-406: The speech of Split originally belonged to this dialect, but under the influence of Shtokavian immigrants and standard Croatian promoted by the state media, a local variant that has lost many of characteristic Chakavian traits developed, even though a part of older population retains Chakavian in their speech. Much speech in this dialect mixes Chakavian and Shtokavian features. It is assumed that in

190-543: A market economy and privatization . In the Yugoslav era, the city had been a highly significant economic centre with a modern and diverse industrial and economic base, including shipbuilding , food , chemical , plastics , textile , and paper industry , in addition to large revenues from tourism. In 1981 Split's GDP per capita was 37% above the Yugoslav average. Today, most of the factories are out of business (or are far below pre-war production and employment capacity) and

285-729: A Roman military fortress. The palace and the city of Spalatum which formed its surroundings were at times inhabited by a population as large as 8,000 to 10,000 people. Between 475 and 480, the Palace hosted Flavius Julius Nepos , the last recognised Emperor of the Western Roman Empire . Salona was lost to the Ostrogothic Kingdom in 493, along with most of Dalmatia, but the Emperor Justinian I regained Dalmatia in 535–536. The Pannonian Avars sacked and destroyed Salona in 639;

380-782: A Venetian city, a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory. Its hinterland was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699, and in 1797, as Venice fell to Napoleon , the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg monarchy . In 1805, the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and in 1806 it was included in the French Empire , becoming part of

475-509: A homogeneous body, they traditionally belong to three groups. The old urban families, the Fetivi, (short for " Fetivi Splićani ", "real Split natives") are generally very proud of their city, its history and its distinctive traditional speech (a variant of the Chakavian dialect). The Fetivi, now a distinct minority, are sometimes referred to (semi-derogatorily) as " Mandrili " - and are augmented by

570-526: A massive Southern Chakavian adstratum . Split, Croatia Split ( / s p l ɪ t / , Croatian: [splît] ), historically known as Spalato ( Italian: [ˈspaːlato] ; Venetian : Spàlato ; see other names ), is the second-largest city of Croatia , after the capital Zagreb , the largest city in Dalmatia and the largest city on the Croatian coast. It lies on

665-671: A second session of the assembly took place on 20 April, the Milan insurrection foiled the Viceroy's plan. In the riots, finance minister Count Giuseppe Prina was massacred by the crowd, and the Great Electors disbanded the Senate and called the Austrian forces to protect the city, while a Provisional Regency Government under the presidency of Carlo Verri was appointed. Eugène surrendered on 23 April, and

760-574: A significant Yugoslav city. When Croatia declared its independence again in 1991, Split had a large garrison of Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) troops (drafted from all over Yugoslavia), as well as the headquarters and facilities of the Yugoslav Navy (JRM). This led to a tense months-long stand-off between the JNA and Croatian National Guard and police forces, occasionally flaring up in various incidents. The most tragic incident occurred on 15 November 1991, when

855-448: A while at this point, being overshadowed by that of nearby Salona, to which it would later become successor. The Roman Emperor Diocletian (ruled AD 284 to 305) in 293 began the construction of an opulent and heavily fortified palace fronting the sea, near his home town of Salona, selecting the site of Spálathos (or Spalatum in Latin). The Palace was built as a massive structure, much like

950-568: Is being built. An example of one of the latest large city projects is the Spaladium Arena , built in 2009. Split is situated on a peninsula between the eastern part of the Gulf of Kaštela and the Split Channel . The Marjan hill (178 m (584 ft)), rises in the western part of the peninsula. The Kozjak (779 m (2,556 ft)) and Mosor (1,339 m (4,393 ft)) ridges protect

1045-629: Is the related Spanish broom ( Spartium junceum , σπάρτος) that is common in the area. After the Roman conquest , the name became Spalatum or Aspalatum in Latin , which in the Middle Ages evolved into Aspalathum , Spalathum , Spalatrum and Spalatro in the Dalmatian language of the city's Romance population. The Venetian spelling, Spalato , became official under Venetian rule , in international usage by

SECTION 10

#1732856129129

1140-571: Is usually rare, though in February 2012, during cold wave in Europe , Split received a record snowfall of 25 cm (9.84 in), which caused major problems with traffic. Split receives more than 2,600 sunshine hours annually. In July 2017, Croatian firefighters battled to control a forest fire along the Adriatic coast that damaged and destroyed buildings in villages around the city of Split. According to

1235-857: The Early Modern Period and is still the name of the city in Italian . From the 10th century onwards, the local use was Spaleto , from where, through a stage *Spəlētu- to *Splětъ , came the South Slavic forms: the ekavian Splet , ijekavian Spljet and ikavian Split . In the 19th century, following the Illyrian movement and its official recognition by the Habsburg Monarchy , the Croatian names Split and Spljet became increasingly prominent, before Split officially replaced Spljet in 1910, by decision of

1330-657: The French Republic to the Habsburg monarchy under the Treaty of Campo Formio , as part of the dissolution and partition of the ancient Republic of Venice . Split became part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1805, after the defeat of the Third Coalition at the Battle of Austerlitz and the consequent Treaty of Pressburg . It was included directly in the French Empire in 1806. The same year, Vincenzo Dandolo

1425-516: The Herzegovinian Croats and southern Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. Local jokes have always condemned the Vlaji to playing the role of rural unsophisticates, although it is often conceded that it was their hard work in the industries of the post-WWII era that made modern-day Split what it is now. Split's economy is still suffering the backlash from the recession caused by the transfer to

1520-708: The Illyrian Provinces in 1809. After being occupied in 1813, it was eventually granted to the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna , where the city remained a part of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia until the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the formation of Yugoslavia . In World War II , the city was annexed by Italy , then liberated by the Partisans after the Italian capitulation in 1943. It

1615-597: The Isonzo river. The conquered Republic of Ragusa was annexed in spring 1808 by General Auguste de Marmont . On 2 April 1808, following the dissolution of the Papal States , the Kingdom annexed the present-day Marches . At its maximum extent, the Kingdom had 6,700,000 inhabitants and was composed by 2,155 comunes. The final arrangement arrived after the defeat of Austria in the War of

1710-467: The JRM light frigate Split fired a small number of shells at the city and its surroundings. The damage was insignificant but there were a few casualties. Three general locations were bombarded: the old city center, the city airport, and an uninhabited part of the hills above Kaštela , between the airport and Split. JRM sailors, most of them Croats themselves, who had refused to attack Croat civilians were left in

1805-694: The Kriegsmarine conducted a daring raid on the Split harbour, damaging the British cruiser Delhi . After the war the remaining members of Dalmatian Italians of Split left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). After World War II, Split became a part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , itself a constituent sovereign republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During

1900-689: The Sack of Constantinople , Split remained a de jure possession of the Byzantine Empire as a Byzantine duchy, administered by the Exarchate of Ravenna and after 751 by Jadera ( Zadar ). Its hinterland was now home to the Duchy of the Croats . In this period, an independent Dalmatian language developed from Latin , with a distinct local dialect: to its inhabitants, the city became known as Spalatrum or Spalatro , one of

1995-611: The Treaties of Rome were signed, Italy formally annexed Split, which was included in the province of Spalato , and large parts of Dalmatia down to Kotor . The Italian Governatorate of Dalmatia hosted 390,000 inhabitants, of which 280,000 Croats, 90,000 Serbs and 5,000 Dalmatian Italians . Italian rule met heavy opposition from the Croat population as Split became a centre of anti-fascist sentiment in Yugoslavia. The first armed resistance group

SECTION 20

#1732856129129

2090-778: The patron saint of the city. Throughout the 9th and 10th centuries, Split was raided by the Narentines (a South Slavic confederation recognizing the King of Croatia as their sovereign). Therefore, the city offered its allegiance to Venice and in 998 the Venetian Doge Pietro II Orseolo , led a large naval expedition which defeated the Narentines the same year. After obtaining permission from Emperor Basil II in Constantinople, Orseolo proclaimed himself Duke of Dalmatia. In 1019

2185-655: The " Irredentist " faction), whose political goals varied from autonomy within the Austro-Hungarian Empire , to a political union with the Kingdom of Italy . The political alliances in Split shifted over time. At first, the Unionists and Autonomists were allied against the centralism of Vienna . After a while, when the national question came to prominence, they separated. Under Austria, Split generally stagnated. The great upheavals in Europe in 1848 gained no ground here, and

2280-448: The 2021 census, the city of Split had 160,577 inhabitants. Ethnically, Croats make up 96.42% of the population, and 77.53% of the residents of the city are Roman Catholics . The settlements included in the administrative area of the City (2011) are: The wider urban area of Split has 293,298 inhabitants, while there are 346,314 people in the Split metropolitan area. The urban area includes

2375-583: The Archdeacon . The city is several centuries older than the palace. Although the beginnings of Split are traditionally associated with the construction of Diocletian's Palace in 305, the city was founded several centuries earlier as the Greek colony of Aspálathos , or Spálathos . It was a colony of the polis of Issa , the modern-day town of Vis , itself a colony of the Sicilian city of Syracuse . The exact year

2470-548: The Byzantine Empire restored direct control over Dalmatia. The title "Duke of Dalmatia" seems to have been dropped at this point by the Venetian doges. In 1069 Peter Krešimir IV , King of Croatia , gained control over Dalmatian islands and cities, including Split, and stretched his rule south to Neretva . The coastal cities retained autonomous administration and were still nominally under Byzantine Empire, but were now subjects of

2565-580: The Croatian king. After the death of Croatian King Stephen II in 1091, a period of succession crisis followed in Croatia, with King Ladislaus I of Hungary interfering in it. Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos took advantage of this and joined the old Theme of Dalmatia to the Empire. In 1096 Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, at the time engaged in the First Crusade , granted the administration of Dalmatia to

2660-626: The Doge Ordelafo Faliero returned from Outremer and retook all the Dalmatian cities, and also, for the first time, the Croatian cities of coast such as Biograd and Šibenik . In 1117, he was defeated and killed in renewed battle with the Hungarians under Stephen II of Hungary , and Split again acknowledged Hungarian rule. The new Doge, Domenico Michiel , quickly defeated the Hungarians again and restored Venetian authority by 1118. In 1124, while

2755-493: The Doge of Venice. In 1105, Coloman, King of Hungary , having conquered the Kingdom of Croatia, reneged on its alliance with Venice and moved on the coastal towns, besieging and taking Zadar. Split and Trogir decided then to surrender upon guarantee of their ancient privileges. The rights granted to the city (and reaffirmed by new charters) were substantial. Split was to pay no tribute, it was to choose its own count and archbishop whom

2850-556: The Doge was engaged against the Byzantine Empire, now hostile to Venice, Stephen II recovered Split and Trogir without resistance. Upon Michele's return in 1127, the Doge yet again expelled the Hungarians from the two cities and utterly destroyed Biograd, the favored seat of the Croatian Kings that the Hungarians were attempting to establish as a rival to the Venetian Zadar. The cities remained in Venetian hands without contest during

2945-574: The Empire, resisting the re-establishment of Hungarian rule, and consequently, upon its inevitable submission, was punished with the King's refusal to renew its ancient privileges. During the 20-year Hungarian civil war between King Sigismund and the Capetian House of Anjou of the Kingdom of Naples , the losing contender, Ladislaus of Naples , sold his disputed rights on Dalmatia to the Venetian Republic for 100,000 ducats in 1409. Acting on

Southern Chakavian - Misplaced Pages Continue

3040-500: The Fetivi and Boduli as a third group in the decades since World War II, thronging the high-rise suburbs that stretch away from the centre. By now the Vlaji constitute a decided majority of inhabitants, causing a distinct shift in the overall ethnic characteristics of the city. Historically more influenced by Ottoman culture , their population merges almost seamlessly at the eastern border with

3135-619: The Fifth Coalition : Emperor Napoleon and King Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria signed the Treaty of Paris on 28 February 1810, deciding an exchange of territories involving Italy too. On rewards in Germany, Bavaria ceded southern Tyrol to the Kingdom of Italy, which in turn ceded Istria and Dalmatia (with Ragusa) to France, incorporating the Adriatic territories into newly created the French Illyrian Provinces . Small changes to

3230-613: The Italian Republic: the former Duchy of Milan , Duchy of Mantua , Duchy of Modena , the western part of the Republic of Venice , part of the Papal States in Romagna , and the Department of Agogna ( it ) centred on Novara . After the defeat of the Third Coalition and the consequent Treaty of Pressburg , on 1 May 1806, the Kingdom gained from Austria the eastern and remaining part of

3325-466: The Kingdom lost Istria/Dalmatia but got added Bolzano/Alto Adige and consisted of 24 departments. When Napoleon abdicated both the thrones of France and Italy on 11 April 1814, Eugène de Beauharnais was lined up on the Mincio river with his army to repel any invasion from Germany or Austria, and he attempted to be crowned king. The Senate of the Kingdom was summoned on 17 April, but the senators showed themselves undecided in that chaotic situation. When

3420-529: The Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary in 1151, and by 1164, had secured the submission of the Dalmatian cities back under Imperial rule. Having won a decisive victory against Kingdom of Croatia and Hungary in 1167 at the Battle of Sirmium , consolidating his gains, the Emperor suddenly broke with Venice as well, and sent a fleet of 150 ships to the Adriatic. Split was to remain in Byzantine hands until Manuel's death in 1180, when Béla III of Hungary moved to restore Hungarian power in Dalmatia. The city remained loyal to

3515-407: The Palace as the City of Spalatum, which imposed upon the Croatian Slavs - at the time allies of Byzantium against the Avars - a cessation of hostilities. The Temple of Jupiter was rededicated to the Virgin Mary and the remains of the popular Saint Domnius were recovered from the ruins of Salona, later establishing the Cathedral of Saint Domnius as new seat of the Archbishop of Salona . Until

3610-504: The Partisans 11 soldiers which they considered as "war criminals". The Partisans also executed up to 41 members of the Italian Police forces, later found in mass graves. A few weeks later, the Partisans were forced into retreat as the Wehrmacht placed the city under the authority of the Independent State of Croatia . The Germans decimated the Italian soldiers as traitors, including three Generals (Policardi, Pelligra and Cigala Fulgosi ) and 48 officials (Trelj massacre). In this period

3705-399: The Venetian territories, including Istria and Dalmatia down to Kotor (then called Cattaro), though it lost Massa and Carrara to Elisa Bonaparte 's Principality of Lucca and Piombino . The Duchy of Guastalla was annexed on 24 May. With the Convention of Fontainebleau with Austria of 10 October 1807, Italy ceded Monfalcone to Austria and gained Gradisca , putting the new border on

3800-422: The Yugoslav Federal Government. The shipbuilding industry was particularly successful and Yugoslavia, with its Croatian shipyards, became one of the world's top nations in the field. Many recreational facilities were also constructed with federal funding, especially for the 1979 Mediterranean Games , such as the Poljud Stadium . The city also became the largest passenger and military port in Yugoslavia, housing

3895-430: The ancient fortifications were removed. Austria, with help from a British force led by Captain William Hoste , occupied Split in November 1813. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the city was officially ceded to Austria. The Split region became part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia , a separate administrative unit. After the revolutions of 1848 as a result of the romantic nationalism , two factions appeared. One

Southern Chakavian - Misplaced Pages Continue

3990-405: The borders between Italy and France in Garfagnana and Friuli came in act on 5 August 1811. In practice, the Kingdom was a dependency of the French Empire. The Kingdom served as a theater in Napoleon's operations against Austria during the wars of the various coalitions . Trading with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was forbidden under the Continental System . The kingdom

4085-407: The bravest troops of Europe." Only 1,000–2,000 Italians survived the Russian campaign , but they returned with most of their banners secured. In 1813, Eugène de Beauharnais held out as long as possible against the onslaught of the Austrians ( Battle of the Mincio ) and was later forced to sign an armistice in February 1814. Infantry: Cavalry: The administrative system of the Kingdom

4180-438: The capitulation of Italy, the city was temporarily controlled by Marshal Josip Broz Tito 's brigades with thousands of people volunteering to join the Partisans of Tito (a third of the total population, according to some sources). Eight thousand Italian soldiers from the 15th Infantry Division Bergamo prepared to fight alongside the Yugoslav Partisans against the Waffen SS Prinz Eugen . Italian General Becuzzi handed over to

4275-412: The city council. Formerly, the name was thought to be related to Latin palatium 'palace', a reference to Diocletian's Palace . Various theories were developed, such as the notion that the name derives from S. Palatium , an abbreviation of Salonae Palatium . The erroneous "palace" etymologies were notably due to Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , and were later mentioned by Thomas

4370-412: The city did not rebel. Antonio Bajamonti became Mayor of Split in 1860 and – except for a brief interruption during the period 1864–65 – held the post for over two decades until 1880. Bajamonti was also a member of the Dalmatian Sabor (1861–91) and the Austrian Chamber of Deputies (1867–70 and 1873–79). In 1882 Bajamonti's party lost the elections and Dujam Rendić-Miočević , a prominent city lawyer,

4465-399: The city from the north and northeast, and separate it from the hinterland. Split is administratively divided into 34 city kotars : Split has a Hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) in the Köppen climate classification . It experiences hot, moderately dry summers and mild, wet winters, which can occasionally feel cold, because of a strong northern wind, termed bura . January is

4560-422: The city has been trying to concentrate on commerce and services, consequently leaving an alarmingly large number of factory workers unemployed. Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) Timeline The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian : Regno d'Italia ; French : Royaume d'Italie ) was a kingdom in Northern Italy (formerly the Italian Republic ) that was a client state of Napoleon 's French Empire . It

4655-477: The city was founded is not known, but it is estimated to have been in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The Greek settlement lived off trade with the surrounding Illyrian tribes, mostly the Delmatae . After the Illyrian Wars of 229 and 219 BC, the city of Salona , only a short distance from Spálathos, became the capital of the Roman Province of Dalmatia and one of the largest cities of the late empire with 60,000 people. The history of Spálathos becomes obscure for

4750-429: The coast of the Illyrian Dalmatae , and in 305 CE, it became the site of the Palace of the Roman emperor Diocletian . It became a prominent settlement around 650 when it succeeded the ancient capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia , Salona . After the sack of Salona by the Avars and Slavs , the fortified Palace of Diocletian was settled by Roman refugees. Split became a Byzantine city. Later it drifted into

4845-447: The coldest month, with an average low temperature around 6 °C (43 °F). July is the hottest month, with an average high temperature around 31 °C (88 °F). Average annual rainfall is around 800 mm (31.50 in). November is the wettest month, with a precipitation total of nearly 120 mm (4.72 in) and 12 rainy days. July is the driest month, with a precipitation total of around 25 mm (0.98 in). Snow

SECTION 50

#1732856129129

4940-415: The defeat of Austria and the Treaty of Pressburg , Napoleon annexed to Italy the territory of former Republic of Venice , as announced on 30 March 1806, and ratified on 1 May. Seven new departments were created, six in the Venetian mainland, and one in Istria ( Capodistria ), whereas Dalmatia received special institutions led by the General Provider Mr. Dandolo, and maintained its own laws. On 14 July 1807,

5035-416: The duty of informing the king about the wishes of his most important subjects. The seventh Statute, on 21 September, created a new nobility of dukes, counts and barons; the eighth and the ninth, on 15 March 1810, established the annuity for the members of the royal family. In 1812, a Court of Accounts was added. The government had seven ministers: Originally, the Kingdom consisted of the territories of

5130-401: The eastern Adriatic coast, were annexed by Italy , Split became the most important port in the Kingdom. The Lika railway , connecting Split to the rest of the country, was completed in 1925. The country changed its name to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, and the Port of Split became the seat of new administrative unit, Littoral Banovina . After the Cvetković-Maček agreement , Split became

5225-410: The eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine Peninsula . More than 900,000 tourists visit it each year. The city was founded as the Greek colony of Aspálathos ( Ancient Greek : Ἀσπάλαθος ) in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE on

5320-427: The government passed a decree that reduced the number of the comunes. Following the dissolution of the Papal States , the kingdom was extended along the Adriatic coast, and on 20 April 1808, three new departments were established. The final territorial change came in action on 10 June 1810, when, as announced by Napoleon on previous 28 May, Italy lost Istria and the never fully incorporated Dalmatia, gaining as reward all

5415-406: The headquarters of the Yugoslav Navy ( Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica, JRM) and the Army's Coastal Military District (equivalent of a field army ). In the period between 1945 and 1990, the city was transformed and expanded, taking up the vast majority of the Split peninsula . In the same period it achieved an as yet unsurpassed GDP and employment level, still above the present day's, growing into

5510-433: The king would confirm, it preserved its old Roman laws, and appointed its own judge. Dues from trade (which were substantial in the period), were divided between the count, the archbishop, and the king, and no foreigner was to live within the walls of the city against the will of the citizens. These rights were generally upheld by Hungarian kings, but there were inevitable incidents of violation. After Coloman's death in 1116,

5605-402: The king. The Legislative Body, the old parliament, remained in theory, but it was never summoned after 1805; the Napoleonic Code was introduced on 21 March 1804. The fourth Statute, decided on 16 February 1806, indicated Beauharnais as the heir to the throne. The fifth and the sixth Statutes, on 21 March 1808, separated the Consulta from the Council of State, and renamed it the Senate, with

5700-588: The kingdom, inserted into the Grande Armée , took part in all of Napoleon's campaigns . In the course of its existence from 1805 to 1814 the Kingdom of Italy provided Napoleon I with roughly around 200,000 soldiers. In 1805 Italian troops served on garrison duty along the English Channel , during 1806–07 they took part in the sieges of Kolberg and Danzig and fought in Dalmatia. From 1808 to 1813 whole Italian divisions served in Spain , especially distinguishing themselves under Suchet at Tarragona and Saguntum . In 1809, Eugène 's Army of Italy formed

5795-415: The language of religious service, led to the 925 Synod of Split, at which it was decreed that "no one should presume to celebrate the divine mysteries in the Slavonic language, but only in Latin and Greek, and that no one of that tongue should be advanced to the holy orders". In 1100, the bell tower which became the main symbol of the city was constructed and dedicated to Saint Domnius, by then regarded as

SECTION 60

#1732856129129

5890-399: The last remaining symbols of Italian heritage in Split, including several Venetian Lions of St. Mark , were erased from the town. In a tragic turn of events, besides being bombed by Axis forces, the city was also bombed by the Allies, causing hundreds of deaths. Partisans finally captured the city on 26 October 1944 and instituted it as the provisional capital of Croatia. On 12 February 1945,

5985-407: The main Dalmatian city-states . In 925, Tomislav 's Kingdom of Croatia emerged in the hinterland of the city, centered in Nin as an ally of Byzantium against Simeon I of Bulgaria - though without receiving any power from the Emperor over the Dalmatian cities. The rise of the rival Bishopric of Nin, headed by Bishop Gregory , which attempted to institute the "Slavonic" or "Slavic language" as

6080-431: The new King of Italy and his 24-year-old stepson Eugène de Beauharnais as his viceroy . Napoleon I was crowned at the Milan Cathedral , Milan on 23 May, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy . His title was "Emperor of the French and King of Italy" ( French : Empereur des Français et Roi d'Italie , Italian : Imperatore dei Francesi e Re d'Italia ), showing the importance of this Italian kingdom to him. Even though

6175-400: The ordinary administration, helped by a City Secretary. The chief of biggest comunes was the royal Podestà , when in smaller comunes there was a prefectoral Mayor . All the city offices were held only by owners and traders, and the leadership of the owners was assured. During the kingdom's life, the administrative system of the State changed for domestic and international reasons. Following

6270-496: The part of new administrative unit (merging of Sava and Littoral Banovina plus some Croat populated areas), Banovina of Croatia in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In April 1941, following the invasion of Yugoslavia by Nazi Germany , Split was occupied by Italy. Although Split formally became part of the Independent State of Croatia , the Ustaše were not able to establish and strengthen their rule in Split, as Italians assumed all power in Dalmatia. One month later, on 18 May 1941, when

6365-629: The past this dialect covered larger territory in the hinterland, being gradually suppressed by constant migrations who carried Shtokavian speech at its cost. Common Slavic yat phoneme had a reflex of /i/ in this dialect. Thus we have lip , divojka , mriža , as opposed to Standard Croatian (Neo-Shtokavian) lijȇp ', djèvōjka , mrȅža , all descending from earlier Proto-West-South-Slavic forms * lěpъ , * děvojka , * mrěža . Slavomolisano dialect , as well Southwestern Istrian , which are mostly or partly Western Shtokavian ( šća and šta ) with Ikavian accent, have

6460-450: The period the city experienced its largest economic and demographic boom. Dozens of new factories and companies were founded with the city population tripling during the period. The city became the economic centre of an area exceeding the borders of Croatia and was flooded by waves of rural migrants from the undeveloped hinterland who found employment in the newly established industry, as part of large-scale industrialization and investment by

6555-433: The police and, differently from the republican era, had all the executive powers in its territory. The local legislative body was the General Council , composed by the representatives of the comunes. The departments were divided in districts, equivalent to the French arrondissements . The chief of the district was the vice-prefect, which had similar powers to the prefect, but over a smaller area. The local legislative body

6650-444: The pretext, the Republic took over in the city by the year 1420. By this time the population was largely Croatian , while Romance Dalmatian names were not as common, according to the Medieval city archives. The common language was Croatian , but a variety of the Venetian language with some Tuscan influences was also widely spoken by Dalmatian Italian notaries , school teachers, merchants, and officials. The city's autonomy

6745-456: The regency, the Great Officials of the kingdom, and the oaths. The most important was the third, proclaimed on 5 June, being the real constitution of the kingdom: Napoleon I was the head of state and had the full powers of government; in his absence, he was represented by the Viceroy, Eugène de Beauharnais. The Consulta, Legislative Council, and Speakers were all merged into a Council of State, whose opinions became only optional and not binding for

6840-502: The reign of Béla II but in 1141, his successor, King Géza II , having conquered Bosnian lands, marched to Split and Trogir, both voluntarily accepting him as overlord. This turned out to be a definitive conquest, as Venetian rule was not to return to Split for another 186 years. In that period, Split was to see one brief and final restoration of Imperial power in Dalmatia. The Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos began his campaigns against

6935-573: The republican constitution was never formally abolished, a series of Constitutional Statutes completely altered it. The first one was proclaimed two days after the birth of the kingdom, on 19 March, when the Consulta declared Napoleon I as king and established that one of his natural or adopted sons would succeed him once the Napoleonic Wars were over, and once separated the two thrones were to remain separate. The second one, dating from 29 March, regulated

7030-483: The rest of northern and central Italy in the form of Nice , Aosta , Piedmont , Liguria , Tuscany , Umbria , and Lazio , but directly as part of the French Empire (as departments ), rather than as part of a vassal state . The Kingdom of Italy was born on 17 March 1805, when the Italian Republic , whose president was Napoleon Bonaparte, became the Kingdom of Italy, with the same man (now styled Napoleon I) as

7125-474: The right wing of Napoleon I's invasion of the Austrian Empire , winning a considerable victory at Raab and having a respectable share in the victory at Wagram . In 1812, Eugène de Beauharnais marched 27,000 troops of the Kingdom of Italy into Russia . The Italian contingent distinguished themselves at Borodino and Maloyaroslavets , receiving the recognition: "The Italian army had displayed qualities which entitled it evermore to take rank amongst

7220-542: The so-called Boduli, immigrants from the nearby Adriatic islands who mostly arrived over the course of the 20th century. The above two groups are distinct, in the Mediterranean aspects of their ethnicity and traditional Chakavian speech, from the more numerous Shtokavian -speaking immigrants from the rural Zagora hinterland, referred to as the Vlaji (a term that sometimes carries negative connotations). The latter joined

7315-634: The southern Tirol up to the city of Bolzano , creating the 24th and last department: Haut Adige . The language used officially in the Kingdom of Italy was Italian . The French language was used for ceremonies and in all relationships with France. Education was made universal for all children, which was also conducted in Italian. By decree of the governor Vincenzo Dandolo , this was so even in Istria and Dalmatia, where local populations were more heterogeneous. During its last maximum extension (from 1809 to 1814),

7410-521: The sphere of the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia , with the Byzantines retaining nominal suzerainty . For much of the High and Late Middle Ages , Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city of the Dalmatian city-states , caught in the middle of a struggle between Venice and Croatia for control over the Dalmatian cities. Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained

7505-432: The surrounding towns and settlements: Okrug , Seget , Trogir , Kaštela , Solin , Podstrana , Dugi Rat and Omiš , while the metro area adds Marina , Primorski Dolac , Prgomet , Lećevica , Klis , Dugopolje , Dicmo , Trilj and Sinj . The entire Split-Dalmatia County has 454,798 residents, and the whole region of Dalmatia just under a million. Although the inhabitants of Split ( Splićani ) may appear to be

7600-615: The surviving Romans fled to the nearby islands. The Dalmatian region and its shores were at this time settled by tribes of Croats , a South Slavic people subservient to the Avar khagans. The Salonitans regained the land under Severus the Great in 650 and settled the 300-year-old Palace of Diocletian, which could not be effectively besieged by the Slavic tribes of the mainland. The Emperor Constans II granted them an Imperial mandate to establish themselves in

7695-528: The synagogue and Jewish-owned shops were targeted the following day. The local football clubs refused to compete in the Italian championship; HNK Hajduk and RNK Split suspended their activities and both joined the Partisans along with their entire staff after the Italian capitulation provided the opportunity. Soon after Hajduk became the official football club of the Partisan movement. In September 1943, following

7790-497: The vessel's brig. The JNA and JRM evacuated all of its facilities in Split during January 1992. The 1990s economic recession soon followed. In the years following 2000, Split finally gained momentum and started to develop again, with a focus on tourism. From being just a transport centre, Split is now a major Croatian tourist destination. Many new hotels are being built, as well as new apartment and office buildings. Many large development projects are being revived, and new infrastructure

7885-460: Was an epic poem about Judith and Holofernes , widely held to be the first modern work of Croatian literature . It was written in Split and printed in Venice in 1521. The advances and achievements were reserved mostly for the aristocracy : the illiteracy rate was extremely high, mostly because Venetian rule showed little interest in educational and medical facilities. In 1797, Split was ceded by

7980-443: Was basically divided in 100 cents, and there were coins of 1 cent (2.1 grams of copper ), 3 cents (6.3 grams of copper), and 10 cents (2 grams of poor silver), but following the tradition, there was a division in 20 soldi , with coins of 1 soldo (10.5 grams of copper, in practice 5 cents), 5 soldi (1.25 grams of silver), 10 soldi (2.5 grams of silver), and 15 soldi (3.75 grams of silver). The army of

8075-404: Was elected to the post. After the end of World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the province of Dalmatia , along with Split, became a part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . Split was occupied by the allies in the aftermath of the war and the site of a series of incidents between 1918 and 1920 . Since Rijeka , Trieste and Zadar , the three other large cities on

8170-757: Was exiled to Bavaria by the Austrians, who occupied Milan on 28 April. On 26 April, the Empire appointed Annibale Sommariva as Imperial Commissioner of Lombardy, while many taxes were abolished or reduced by the Provisional Regency. Finally, on 25 May, the Supreme Imperial Commissioner Count Heinrich von Bellegarde took all the powers in Lombardy, and former monarchies in Modena, Romagna and Piedmont were gradually re-established; on 30 May,

8265-508: Was firstly drawn by a law on 8 June 1805. The state was divided, following the French system, in 14 départements , the twelve ones inherited from the republican era plus Adda ( Sondrio ) and Adige ( Verona ). The chief of the department, the prefect , was the State's representative in each province, improved the administrative decisions of the central government, controlled the local authorities, led of

8360-399: Was fully influenced by revolutionary France and ended with Napoleon's defeat and fall. Its government was assumed by Napoleon as King of Italy and the viceroyalty delegated to his stepson Eugène de Beauharnais . It covered some of Piedmont and the modern regions of Lombardy , Veneto , Emilia-Romagna , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Trentino , South Tyrol , and Marche . Napoleon I also ruled

8455-592: Was given a new national currency, replacing the local coins circulating in the country: the Italian lira , of the same size, weight, and metal of the French franc . Mintage being decided by Napoleon with an imperial decree on 21 March 1806, the production of the new coins began in 1807. The monetary unit was the silver lira, which was 5 grams heavy. There were multiples of £2 (10 grams of silver) and £5 (25 grams of silver), and precious coins of £20 (6.45 grams of gold ) and £40 (12.9 grams of gold). The lira

8550-463: Was greatly reduced: the highest authority was a prince and captain ( conte e capitanio ), assigned by Venice. Split eventually developed into a significant port-city, with important trade routes to the Ottoman -held interior through the nearby Klis pass. Culture flourished as well, Split being the hometown of Marko Marulić , the Croatian national poet . Marulić's most acclaimed work, Judita (1501),

8645-482: Was named provveditore generale and general Auguste de Marmont was named military commander of Dalmatia. In 1809, after a brief war with France, Austria ceded Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia west of the Sava River, Gorizia and Trieste to France. These territories, along with Dalmatia, formed the Illyrian Provinces . During this period, large investments were undertaken in the city, new streets were built and parts of

8740-451: Was organized on 7 May 1941 and the 63 member strong 1st Strike Detachment ( Prvi udarni odred ) served as the basis for future formations, including the 1st Split Partisan Detachment . Between September and October 1941 alone, ten officials of the Italian fascist occupation were assassinated by the citizens. On 12 June 1942, a fascist mob attacked the city's synagogue, and destroyed its library and archive. Worshipers were beaten as they left

8835-518: Was the District Council, composed by eleven members. The districts were divided, as in France, in cantons , seats of Tax collectors and Justices of the peace . The cantons were divided in comunes . The comunes had a City Council ( Consiglio Comunale ) of fifteen, thirty or forty members, chosen by the king or the prefect depending by the comune size. The Council elected two, four or six Elders for

8930-525: Was the pro-Croatian Unionist faction (later called the "Puntari" , "Pointers"), led by the People's Party and, to a lesser extent, the Party of Rights , both of which advocated the union of Dalmatia with the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia which was under Hungarian administration. This faction was strongest in Split, and used it as its headquarters. The other faction was the pro-Italian Autonomist faction (also known as

9025-557: Was then re-occupied by Germany , which granted it to its puppet Independent State of Croatia . The city was liberated again by the Partisans in 1944, and was included in the post-war Socialist Yugoslavia , as part of its republic of Croatia . In 1991, Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia amid the Croatian War of Independence . The name Aspálathos or Spálathos may come from the spiny broom ( Calicotome spinosa , ἀσπάλαθος in Greek), although it

#128871