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32-1137: (Redirected from Southeast Asians ) Ethnic groups [REDACTED] Ethnic groups of all of Southeast Asia The ethnic groups in Southeast Asia comprise many different ethnolinguistic stocks. Besides indigenous Southeast Asians , many East Asians and South Asians call Southeast Asia their home. The total Southeast Asian population stands at 655 million (2019). Austroasiatic [ edit ] [REDACTED] Distribution of Austroasiatic languages [REDACTED] Ethnolinguistic map of Indochina, 1970. Note: map situation has now changed due to internal migration. Vietnamese people Thổ people Chut people Muong people Mon people Palaung people Wa people Khmer people Bahnar people Katuic peoples Pear people Khmu people Nicobarese people Senoi peoples Austronesian [ edit ] Further information: Austronesian peoples [REDACTED] Dispersal of Austronesian languages [REDACTED] Distribution of

64-697: A Balinese-style temple in Tanjung, a Karo village to inaugurate the PHDK. In doing so it was stated that PHDI (i.e. Balinese) Hinduism was the only valid form, and the Karo 'Hindu' ritual was invalid, the name change from 'Hindu Karo' to 'Hindu Dharma Karo' and the replacement of Tamil Indians on the PAHK board with Balinese on the PHDK symbolising the assertion of 'Hindu Dharma' as the 'valid' Hindu religion, with little regard paid to re-imagining Karo rituals within an Agama Hindu context. There

96-535: A Dutch administrator, regarded evangelism as a means to suppress this activity. The Netherlands Missionary Society answered the call, commencing activities in the Karolands in 1890, where they engaged not only in evangelism but also in ethnology and documenting the Karo culture. The missionaries attempted to construct a base in Kabanjahe in the Karo highlands but were repelled by the suspicious locals. In retaliation,

128-568: A leading BPAMSL figure proclaimed BPAMSL as a movement within Golkar, adopting Islam as his religion, while Indonesian National Party supporters rejected this. With BPAMSL no longer a united force for the practice of Pemena, and Pemena itself no longer a uniting force in the Karoland, and with all Indonesians required to follow one of the religions of Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, or risk writing 'without belief' on their identity card,

160-489: Is a group that is unified by both a common ethnicity and language . Most ethnic groups share a first language . However, "ethnolinguistic" is often used to emphasise that language is a major basis for the ethnic group, especially in regard to its neighbours. A central concept in the linguistic study of ethnolinguistic groups is ethnolinguistic vitality, the ability of the group's language and ethnicity to sustain themselves. An ethnolinguistic group that lacks such vitality

192-912: Is exclusively of modern designs. The ancestors of the Karo are believed to have migrated from Taiwan (Formosa), the urheimat of the Austronesian peoples , thousands of years ago, but it is believed that some of the Karo people may have intermarried with visiting Tamils . This intercourse influenced their religious beliefs, as well as ethnic makeup. The marga Sembiring, meaning 'black one', and many Sembiring sub- marga (Colia, Berahmana, Pandia, Meliala, Depari, Muham, Pelawi, and Tekan) are clearly of South-Indian origin, suggesting that inter-marriage between Karo and Tamil people took place. Religion of Karo people in Indonesia The Karo were harassing Dutch interests in East Sumatra, and Jacob Theodoor Cremer ,

224-471: Is further divided into sub-marga (83 in total). Except for marga Karo-Karo, most Karo identify themselves by their principal rather than sub-marga. Karo and other's Batak adat prohibits marriage within a marga (e.g., Ginting with Ginting). Upon marriage, the bride becomes a part of the groom's family, with the kalimbubu (bride's family) joining with anakberu (groom's family). Karonese marriages are very large affairs, with typically 200 attendees, comprising

256-619: Is the largest church among the largely Christian Karo people of North Sumatra , Indonesia. This tribal congregation was established formally in 1941 as a Reformed-Calvinist church. The church has 276,000 members (as of 2006) in 398 congregations with 196 pastors. It is a member of the World Communion of Reformed Churches . The Karo people traditionally lived in shared longhouses also called " rumah Siwaluh Jabu ", but very few now remain (one in Desa Lingga, Karo district), and new construction

288-566: Is unlikely to survive as a distinct entity. Factors that influence the ethnolinguistic vitality are demographics, institutional control and status (including language planning factors). This sociolinguistics article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about ethnology is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Karo people (Indonesia) Karoland contains two major volcanoes, Mount Sinabung , which erupted after 400 years of dormancy on 27 August 2010 and Mount Sibayak . Karoland consists of

320-1863: The Language Atlas of China Fuzhou people Hokchia people (福清人) Foochew people (福州人) Henghua people Hokkien people Cambodian Hokkien Quanzhou Zhangzhou Taiwanese Hokkien people (in Malaysia&;Singapore , in Vietnam ) Teochew people Hainanese people Cantonese Kwongsai people Szeyupese people Guangzhounese Weitou people Hakkanese Ho Poh people (河婆人) Ngái Taiwanese Hakka Sam Kiang people (三江人) Kiang Si people Jianghuai people Jiang Zhe people Shanghainese Wenzhounese Other Han Chinese subgroups Minh Hương Tanka Peranakan Benteng Chinese Sino-Native Sino-Dusun Sino-Kadazan Sino-Murut Sino-Burmese Sino-Thai Chinese mestizo Chindian Hui [ edit ] Panthay Chin Haw Hmong–Mien [ edit ] [REDACTED] Distribution of Hmong–Mien languages Sa San Diu Mien Hmong Miao Gha-Mu people A-Hmao people Pa Then people Gejia people Kra-Dai [ edit ] Further information: Kra–Dai ethnic groups in Southeast Asia and Kra–Dai-speaking peoples [REDACTED] Distribution of Kra–Dai languages Thai people Lao people Kadai peoples Kam–Sui peoples Tay people Saek people Nung people Nyaw people Lu people Kongsat White Tai Shan people Indo-Aryan and Dravidian [ edit ] Indo Aryan [ edit ] Maramagyi (classified as part of

352-684: The Balai Pustaka Adat Merga Si Lima (BPAMSL) was established in Berastagi. BPAMSL proclaimed the 'agama Pemena', or the religion (agama) of the founders ( Pemena ). The concept of 'religion' was relatively new in the Karoland; historically the neighbouring Muslim people, were known as 'kalak Jawi' or the people of the Jawi lands, and the concept of 'kalak Kristen', or Christian people, was the first time that people were identified by their religion rather than their land. The 'agama Pemena' of BPAMSL

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384-4158: The Bumiputera (indigenous people) and Chinese population in Malaysia [REDACTED] Map of ethnic groups in Indonesia [REDACTED] Major ethnic groups in the Philippines Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula Javanese people Osing Tenggerese Sundanese people Baduy Kasepuhan Malay people Bruneian Malays Kelantan Malays Kedahan Malays Kedayan Patani Malays Perak Malays Singaporean Malays Terengganu Malays Jawi Peranakan Minangkabau people Lampung people Komering people Madurese people Batak people Toba Batak Karo Angkola Pakpak Mandailing Simalungun Nias people Balinese people Sasak people Sumbawa people Banjar people Bugis people Makassar people Moluccans Torajan people Mandarese People Minahasan People Acehnese people Bantenese Dayak people Bidayuh Ngaju people Ma'anyan people Lawangan people Dusun people Kenyah people Kayan people (Borneo) Bahau people Iban people Klemantan people Ketungau people Basap people Punan people Idaʼan Murut people Tidung people Ot Danum people Bimanese people Atoni people Manggaraian people Sumbese people Lamaholot people Tetum people Mambai people Kemak people Alfur people Mandar people Gorontalo people Kaili Toraja Tolaki Butonese people Muna people Bajau Mongondow Sangihe Lun Bawang/Lundayeh Kadazan Melanau people Cham people Jarai people Philippine Archipelago Bicolano people Gaddang people Ilocano people Ibanag people Igorot peoples Bontoc Ibaloi people Ifugao people Isneg people Kalinga people Kankana-ey Tingguian Ilongot people Itawis Ivatan people Kapampangan people Lumad peoples B'laan people Bagobo Mandaya Manobo Mansaka Matigsalug Subanon people T'boli people Mangyan peoples Alangan Tadyawan Moro people Iranun people Jama Mapun Kalagan people Maguindanao people Maranao people Molbog people Sama people Sangirese people Tausūg people Yakan people Pangasinan people Sambal people Tagalog people Visayans Aklanon people Boholano people Butuanon people Capiznon people Cebuano people Cuyunon people Eskaya people Hiligaynon people Karay-a people Masbateño people Porohanon people Romblomanon people Suludnon Surigaonon people Waray people Negrito peoples [ edit ] Further information: Negrito and Proto-Australoid Aeta people Andamanese Ati people Batak (Philippines) Mamanwa Orang Asli Semang Batek Jahai Lanoh Mani (Mani people are closely related to Kensiu people in neighbouring Malaysia) Sino-Tibetan [ edit ] Tibeto-Burman [ edit ] [REDACTED] Distribution of Sino-Tibetan languages Bamar people Chakma people Karen people Rakhine people Kamein Karenni people Kachin people Zo people Chin people Mizo people Kuki people Naga people Meitei people Hua [ edit ] Han people North Han people Tientsinese Beijingese Shandongese Hebeiese Southwestern Han Chinese Sichuanese Yunnanese Kokang people Fujianese [REDACTED] Primary branches of Chinese according to

416-550: The Netherlands Missionary Society . Due to the perceived association with the colonialism of the Dutch East Indies , only a minority of the Karo converted initially and it was not until after Indonesian independence in 1945 that Christianity acquired significant support among the Karo people. In 1911, an agricultural project began at Berastagi , now the major town in Karoland, to grow European vegetables in

448-6538: The Rakhine race ) Rohingya people Indo-Aryan and Dravidian [ edit ] Burmese Indians Indians in Brunei Indian Indonesians Indian settlement in the Philippines Indians in Thailand Malaysian Indian Singapore Indian Sri Lankans in Malaysia Arabian [ edit ] Arab Malaysian Indonesian Arab Arab Singaporean Arab Filipinos Hadhrami people Eurasian [ edit ] Amerasian Filipino mestizo Zamboangueño people Eurasian Eurasians in Singapore Kristang people Indo people Anglo-Burmese people See also [ edit ] History of Southeast Asia Demographics of Southeast Asia Genetic history of Southeast Asia Classification of Southeast Asian languages References [ edit ] ^ "World Population Prospects 2022" . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ "走访沙巴"山东村"甲必丹记略" . 美國中文作家協會 (in Chinese (China)). 2019-06-21 . Retrieved 2019-11-11 . v t e Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia Brunei Cambodia Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam v t e Ethnicity Concepts Clan Ethnic group Ethnographic group Ethnolinguistic group Ethnonational group Ethnoreligious group Ethnographic realism Diaspora Immigration Hyphenated ethnicity Indigenous peoples In-group and out-groups Meta-ethnicity Metroethnicity Minority group Influence Monoethnicity Nation Nationality Panethnicity Polyethnicity Population Race Supraethnicity Symbolic ethnicity Tribe Ethnology Anthropology Ethnic studies Ethnoarchaeology Ethnobiology Ethnobotany Ethnoecology Ethnomycology Ethnozoology Ethnocinema Ethnogeology Ethnography Autoethnography Clinical Critical Institutional Netnography Online Person-centered Salvage Transidioethnography Video Ethnohistory Ethnolinguistics Ethnology Ethnomathematics Ethnostatistics Ethnomedicine Ethnomethodology Ethnomuseology Ethnomusicology Ethnophilosophy Ethnopoetics Ethnopsychopharmacology Ethnoscience Ethnosemiotics Ethnotaxonomy Groups by region World Contemporary ethnic groups Countries by ethnic groups Africa Americas Indigenous Canada Greenland Mexico United States Caribbean Central America South America Asia Central Asia East Asia Northern Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Australia Aboriginal groups Torres Strait Islanders Europe Oceania Indigenous European Identity and ethnogenesis Cross-race effect Cultural assimilation Cultural identity Demonym Development Endonym Ethnarch Ethnic flag Ethnic option Ethnic origin Ethnic religion Ethnicity in censuses Ethnofiction Ethnonym Folk religion Historical Imagined community Kinship Legendary progenitor Linguistic homeland Mores Mythomoteur Nation-building Nation state National language National myth Origin myth Pantribal sodality Statistext Tribal name Tribalism Detribalization Neotribalism White ethnic Multiethnic society Consociationalism Cultural appropriation Diaspora politics Dominant minority Ethnic democracy Ethnic enclave Ethnic interest group Ethnic majority Ethnic media Ethnic nationalism Ethnic pornography Ethnic theme park Ethnoburb Ethnocracy Ethnographic film Ethnographic village Ethnopluralism Indigenous rights Middleman minority Minority rights Model minority Model minority myth Multinational state Ideology and ethnic conflict Allophilia Ethnic bioweapon Ethnic cleansing Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnic party Ethnic penalty Ethnic slurs Ethnic stereotype Ethnic violence Ethnic riots Ethnocentrism Ethnocide Ethnofuturism Ethnosymbolism Indigenism Indigenization Nativism Separatist movements Xenocentrism Xenophilia Xenophobia Related Minzu (anthropology) Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Czech Republic Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia&oldid=1257244842 " Categories : Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia Ethnic groups by region Hidden categories: CS1 Chinese (China)-language sources (zh-cn) Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Ethnolinguistic group An ethnolinguistic group (or ethno-linguistic group )

480-600: The 13th to 16th century, the Karo people established the Aru Kingdom (also spelled Haru), located in modern-day Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency . It was one of the earliest kingdoms in Sumatra. The population of the Aru Kingdom adhered to native animism , Hinduism, and Islam. Islam slowly gained influence in coastal areas since the late 13th century. Despite being among the earliest Sumatran kingdoms that were exposed to Islam,

512-608: The Association of Karo Hinduism (PAHK) was proclaimed. The PAHK declared 'Pemena is the same as Hinduism' and received funding from Medan Indians for their cause. PAHK became a movement within Parisada Hindu Dharma Indonesia, and as a culmination of this, in 1985 PAHK became a branch of the PHDI, PHDK. When Parisada Hindu Dharma Karo (PHDK) was established, it claimed 50,000 members and 50,000 more sympathisers. The PHD built

544-517: The Dutch administration waged a war to conquer the Karolands, as part of their final consolidation of power in the Indies . The Karo perceived Christianity as the 'Dutch religion', and its followers as 'dark-skinned Dutch'. In this context, the Karo church was initially unsuccessful, and by 1950 the church had only 5,000 members. In the years following Indonesian independence the perception of Christianity among

576-611: The Karo Highlands have converted to Islam , with the influence of Muslim Malay from the neighboring Deli area in Medan and Javanese immigrants, thus reducing the prevalence of the customs of pig farming and cooking . Some Muslims and Christians, however, still retain their traditional animist beliefs in ghosts , spirits ( perbegu ), and traditional jungle medicine , despite the fact that it contradicts their other beliefs. The Gereja Batak Karo Protestan or Karo Batak Protestant Church

608-468: The Karo as an emblem of colonialism faded, with the church itself acquiring independence, and adopting more elements of traditional Karo culture such as music (whereas previously the brass band was promoted). By 1965, the Karo church had grown to 35,000 members. Unlike the Toba Batak, who embraced Christianity fairly readily, the Karo continued to follow their traditional religion for several decades after

640-580: The Karoland, but the concept of Karo traditional beliefs as a manifestation of Hinduism is otherwise largely extinct. Although the Gereja Batak Karo Protestan (GBKP) is the largest Karo church, with has 276,000 members (as of 2006) in 398 congregations with 196 pastors. There are also Catholic (33,000 members as of 1986) and several Pentecostalist denominations. Karo people belong to one of five marga or clans, which are Ginting, Karo-Karo, Perangin-Angin, Sembiring, and Tarigan. Each marga

672-560: The Karolands, surpassing the GBKP, and absorbing many who had joined it following the anti-Communist purge. As a response to the Pemena movement, the GBKP after 1969 determined that members could participate in village rituals as a matter of adat (tradition), whereas previously they had been rejected by GBKP as of a religious (unchristian) nature. After Golkar won the elections in 1972, Djamin Ginting,

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704-484: The Merga si Lima originate from five villages, each established by a Sibayak, a founding community. The Sibayak of Suka whose family name was Ginting Suka established the village of Suka. The Sibayak of Lingga called Karo-karo Sinulingga established the village of Lingga. The Sibayak of Barusjahe whose family name was Karo-karo Barus pioneered the village of Barusjahe. The Sibayak of Sarinembah, called Sembiring Meliala established

736-575: The arrival of the first Christian missionaries in the Karolands. Following the Indonesian Genocide in 1965–1966, at which time over 70% of the Karo still followed traditional religions, there was a push for Indonesians to identify with an established religion. Many Karo joined the GBKP (Batak Karo Protestant church) (60,000 were baptised in 1966–1970. ), and from 5,000 Muslims (mostly non-Karo) in Karoland in 1950, there were 30,000 in 1970. At this time,

768-485: The board members of BPAMSL met with a wealthy Indian man from Medan and determined that the traditional religion was, in fact, an expression of Indian Hinduism and that it had been founded by a 'Bagavan Bṛgu', from which had been derived the alternate name for the Karo beliefs 'Perbegu' (followers of 'begu' (in Karo, begu is a spirit or ghost)), the existence of Indian-originating Karo marga names and similarities between Karo ritual and Indian Hindu ones all proving this. Thus

800-522: The cooler highlands and the upper and lower lowlands. The Karolands were conquered by the Dutch in 1904. In 1906, roads to the highlands were constructed, ending the isolation of the highland Karo people. The road linked Medan and the lowlands to Kabanjahe and from there to both Kutacane in Aceh and Pematangsiantar in Simalungun . The first Christian evangelism was conducted among the Karo people in 1890 by

832-649: The cooler temperatures. Berastagi is today the most prosperous part of Karoland, just one hour from Medan , while towns further in the interior suffer from lower incomes and limited access to healthcare. The administrative centre of Karo Regency is Kabanjahe . The Karo people speak the Karo language, a Northern Batak language , but not mutually intelligible with Southern Batak languages , in addition to Indonesian . These Karo people are divided up into clans or merga . The Karo merga are Karo-Karo, Ginting, Sembiring, Perangin-Angin, and Tarigan ; these merga are then divided up into sub-clans and finally families. In

864-510: The numerous family members of both marrying parties, comprising several elements, including the chewing of betel nut (sirih), traditional Karonese dancing (which focuses on hand movements), the payment of a nominal dowry to each of the kalimbubu. Food is cooked by the anakberu, who will spend many hours cooking vast quantities to cater to the numerous guests. This social obligation is expected to be reciprocated so that Karonese people can attend several weddings each month. Non-Karo people do not attend

896-523: The people of the Aru kingdom remained predominantly pagan, especially those who inhabited the interior regions. The successor state of the Aru Kingdom was the Sultanate of Deli , which demonstrated a mixed influence of Karo, Malay, Tamil, and Aceh. Today, most of the Karo people are Christian , a religion brought to Sumatra in the 19th century by missionaries . However, an increasing number of people living away from

928-444: The village of Sarinembah. The Sibayak of Kutabuluh named Perangin-angin established the village of Kutabuluh. Each one of these five villages has its satellite villages inhabited by the extended families of the main village inhabitants. The satellite villages were established for the convenience of the villagers whose fields were relatively far from the main villages. The purpose was to save them time when travelling back and forth from

960-432: The wedding ceremony, although such friends might be invited to a separate party in the evening. Where a non-Karonese person wishes to marry a Karonese, they would be adopted into a Karo marga. Traditionally kalimbubu-anakberu relationships would be reinforced by cross-cousin marriages (i.e. to one's mother's brother's child), however, in modern Karo society, this tradition is no longer important. Karo tradition states that

992-545: Was a defense against accusations of atheism, Communism or animism. BPAMSL conducted a ceremony in the Lau Debuk–Debuk hot spring akin to the one to invest in a new Karo village. This ceremony essentially validated the Dutch-established Berastagi as a 'true' Karo village and was attended by the regent of Karo regency and other political figures. At that time, BPAMSL became the largest religious organisation in

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1024-618: Was an immediate decline in PAHK/PHDK support, with a small number of people still following the PHDK practices, but others following traditional Karo (Pemena) rituals outside of the formal context of PHDK. This left the Christian GBKP, by then for many years an indigenous Karo-run adat-respecting church a rather more comfortable option for most Karo than the Balinese Hinduism asserted by PHDK. There are today four Balinese-style PHDK temples in

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