South Otago lies in the south east of the South Island of New Zealand . As the name suggests, it forms the southernmost part of the geographical region of Otago .
83-429: The exact definition of the area designated as South Otago is imprecise, as the area is defined not in geopolitical or administrative terms, but rather by the area's topographical features and the similarity of its communities. Overall, it encompasses some 8,000 km² (3,100 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 20,000, but these figures vary according to the various definitions of South Otago's boundaries. The area
166-502: A campaign that moved down from the Karamea district, fighting battles at Whanganui Inlet, Kawatiri , Māwhera , Taramakau , Arahura, Hokitika , Ōkārito, and finally at Makawhio , with the final defeat occurring in Te Paparoa ranges . After their victory, Tūhuru's party discussed at Rūnanga whether they should return home or stay in the area. A decision was not reached, so they discussed
249-478: A funeral pyre. Tamaraeroa's wife was killed as well, but they left a son named Te Aohuraki. Huirapa's son Marainaka also survived the fighting. Next the brothers Pahirua and Tahumatā sought out to defeat Marukore. As they were about to take advice from a local chief named Rākaimoari, his daughter Hinewai-a-tapu made a remark about Tahumatā which sparked the Battle of Te Pakiaka ("The Roots") that lasted for some days. It
332-510: A large cash settlement from the New Zealand Government as reparation for the confiscation of land that took place during that colonisation period. The Otago gold rush of the 1860s, initially centred around Lawrence , drew thousands of men to the district in search of wealth. The discovery of coal at Kaitangata was also important for the regions development, and was also responsible for one of Otago's worst disasters, an explosion at
415-618: A major incursion into Ngāi Tahu territory. By 1839 Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace and Te Rauparaha released the Ngāi Tahu captives he held at Kapiti. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace. In 1840 more than 500 chiefs from all over New Zealand signed the Treaty of Waitangi with representatives of the Crown . Only one sheet was used in the South Island –
498-739: A more notable instance, is when Rākaihikuroa's other son Rākaipaaka was insulted by local Chief Tūtekohi who had invited him to his pā and then fed the prepared feast to his kurī (dog) Kauerehuanui. The visitors showed no reaction at the time, but after leaving, Whaitiripoto instructed Whakaruru-a-Nuku to go back and eat the dog in revenge. This action resulted in war against the Takutaioterangi pā and their allies. A similar engagement occurred with Ngāi Tahu, involving Chief Rakawahakura (great-grandson of Ira-a-Tahu), Whaitiripoto, and Whakaruru-a-Nuku. The fish and birds for this feast were actually cleverly carved chunks of wood, designed to give
581-617: A nationwide reorganisation of local government. Bruce, an area surrounding Milton, and including the Tokomairaro Plains, had an area of 1,357 km². It included the townships of Waihola , Milburn and Waitahuna . Clutha, which included the delta of the Clutha River and extended down the Catlins coast, had an area of 2,664.5 km². It included the townships of Kaitangata , Stirling , Owaka , and Benhar . The remaining area, Tuapeka,
664-531: A new alliance between their iwi , after which they successfully attacked Rangitāne in the Wairau Valley . For this Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of Waiau Toa to Ngāi Tahu, and Tūteurutira and Hinerongo married and settled at the pā . In the Battle of Ōpokihi against Ngāti Māmoe, Marukaitātea was rescued by his brothers Makō-ha-kirikiri and Kahupupuni. At the Pariwhakatau pā near
747-883: A population of 18,315 in the 2023 New Zealand census , an increase of 648 people (3.7%) since the 2018 census , and an increase of 1,425 people (8.4%) since the 2013 census . There were 9,528 males, 8,745 females and 42 people of other genders in 7,386 dwellings. 1.9% of people identified as LGBTIQ+ . The median age was 42.7 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 3,408 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 2,943 (16.1%) aged 15 to 29, 8,436 (46.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 3,528 (19.3%) aged 65 or older. People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results were 86.9% European ( Pākehā ); 13.9% Māori ; 3.7% Pasifika ; 4.5% Asian ; 0.6% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 3.4% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English
830-412: A separate area, West Otago . South Otago is dominated by three main topographic features: forests, hill country, and floodplains. To the south is the rough bush country of the Catlins , with its forests and rugged coastline. To the north of that the land is mainly rolling hill country, dissected by the floodplains of several large rivers. With the exception of the flat, fertile floodplains, South Otago
913-454: A series of battles between the two iwi . In the North Island, Hikaororoa, a prominent tribal member, attacked Te Mata-ki-kaipoinga pā after Tūāhuriri insulted him. Tūtekawa (Tūāhuriri's brother-in-law of senior Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Porou, and Ngāti Māmoe connections) withdrew his men to attack at another angle after his younger relative recognised an insult from Hikaororoa. He sent
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#1732850995303996-499: A threat from Rerewaka, a local chief. Ngāti Toa then visited Kaiapoi, ostensibly to trade. When Ngāti Toa attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Ngāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha who subsequently returned to his stronghold at Kapiti Island . During this time Ngati Tumatakokiri continued attacking the Poutini Ngāi Tahu from Kawatiri over land and hunting disputes, with Ngāti Rārua also attacking
1079-447: A while in the 1980s Balclutha was New Zealand's most wealthy town, per capita. The area has a rich history, with Māori iwi and predominantly Scottish settlers, the latter of whom arrived in the 1840s and 1850s. As happened in most of the South Island, the land was bought by these settlers from its original Māori inhabitants. Later, the main Māori tribe from the area, Kai Tahu , received
1162-430: A window to remove the breach on tapu , where he and Tūmaro greeted him with open arms. Te Hikutawatawa was still outraged at his mana being defiled by Kahukura-te-paku, so he returned later to destroy the site and kill everyone who lived there. After this he was known as Tūāhuriri ( tūāhu meaning "sacred altar", riri meaning "to be angry"). Late in the 17th century the iwi began migrating to
1245-486: Is Balclutha , which lies 81 km south of Dunedin by road. Balclutha's population was 4,430 in June 2024. Other towns are Milton (pop. 2,270), Kaitangata , Tapanui , Lawrence , Owaka , Stirling , Clinton , Kaka Point , and Benhar . Clutha District covers 6,334.54 km (2,445.78 sq mi) and had a population of 19,300 as of June 2024, with a population density of 3.0 people per km . Clutha District had
1328-546: Is also home to Lake Mahinerangi , Dunedin's most important reservoir, which is located close to the top of Maungatua . Residents of South Otago and Southland have a prominent accent which is noticeably different from that of the rest of New Zealand, with a rolling 'r' that is almost certainly an indication of the Gaelic roots of many of the residents. This is also indicated in the Scots Gaelic and Lallans Scots origins of many of
1411-501: Is an historical instance that highlights the importance of the ariki 's spiritual status, and the importance of tapu . The feud sparked when a woman from the Waikakahi pā at Wairewa named Murihaka wore a dogskin cloak which belonged to Tamaiharanui, thus causing an insult to him. His followers then killed Rerewaka, a slave of one of Murihaka's relatives. The relatives then responded by killing another chief, Hape. Hape's wife
1494-567: Is often seen as roughly congruous with the Clutha District , which has its administrative centre at Balclutha . However, most of the Taieri catchment, from Taieri Mouth and Henley to Mosgiel and Middlemarch, with the coastal areas around Brighton, has been part of the City of Dunedin since 1989. The southwestern part of Clutha District, around the townships of Tapanui and Clinton , are regarded as part of
1577-454: Is quite sparsely populated because of relatively cold winters, geographical isolation and lack of a decent port. A former port, Port Molyneux , located near the mouth of the Clutha River was abandoned in the early 20th century after rail transportation made freighting produce by rail to and from Dunedin more economically attractive. There are a number of rivers flowing through South Otago,
1660-706: Is the smaller Tokomairaro River , which drains the Milton area. The most populous town is Balclutha , 81 km south of Dunedin by road (except for the occasional inclusion of the larger Mosgiel in definitions of South Otago). It serves as the main service town for the area's large farming community. Balclutha's population, by the 2006 census, was 4,062 (down from 4,137 in 1996). Other towns are Milton (pop. 1,887), Kaitangata (pop. 810), Brighton , Lawrence (pop. 432), Owaka (pop. 327), Stirling (pop. 309), Waihola , Outram , Allanton , Henley , Momona , Kaka Point (pop. 201), Taieri Mouth , and Benhar (pop. 96). For
1743-484: The pā at Onawe . In 1832–33 Ngāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of Tūhawaiki , Taiaroa, Karetai , and Haereroa, attacking Ngāti Toa at Lake Grassmere . Ngāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. In 1834 Chief Iwikau, brother of Te Maiharanui, led a war party into the Marlborough Sounds , though Ngāti Toa had hidden from them and could not be found. The campaign
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#17328509953031826-584: The pā empty however, as Taiaroa had warned their people that the attackers would arrive with muskets. It is thought that this was the first instance of firearms in Canterbury. Since they had killed nobody at Waikakahi, the Kaiapoi warriors feared ridicule. They happened across the nephew of Chief Taununu, of Rīpapa Island , and killed him. In retaliation Taununu overran the Whakaepa pā , near Coalgate , killing
1909-546: The Conway area , Makō-ha-kirikiri was with his sisters Te Apai and Tokerau, Manawa-i-waho's wives, when Tukiauau sneaked in and killed Manawa. The former three were spared by the protection of the guardian, Te Hineumutahi. However, they were forced to leave the pā through her legs (she would have been a wooden figure or carving suspended in the air). By the 1690s Ngāi Tahu had settled in Canterbury , including Ngāti Kurī conquering
1992-567: The New Zealand (Māori) Pioneer Battalion . A handful of notable servicemen included: Turu Rakerawa Hiroti, Hoani Parata, James William Tepene, and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao, all of whom held the rank of captain . One soldier born of chiefly ranking was Private Hohepa Teihoka of Kaiapoi, who was nearly 19 years old when he arrived in Dardanelles in July 1915. George Henry West (Kāi Te Rakiāmoa)
2075-530: The pounamu that can be found there. It is said to have been Tūrakautahi's decision to learn the genealogies and traditions of Ngāti Wairangi and Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri , the former of which already shared a common ancestry with Ngāi Tahu through the ancestors Tura and Paikea, and the latter being of the Kurahaupō waka like Ngāti Māmoe, Ngāi Tara, and Rangitāne. A similar approach was also taken to learn Waitaha's genealogies and stories. Myths that Ngāi Tahu brought to
2158-717: The 1860s Otago gold rush near Lawrence. Also of note is the Taieri , the country's fourth longest river, which winds through rough hill country before forming the Taieri Plains to the north-east of Milton then cutting through coastal hills to reach the ocean at Taieri Mouth. Lakes Waihola , Mahinerangi , and Waipori , which ultimately drain into the Taieri through its tributary the Waipori River , are also located in South Otago. Between and roughly parallel with those two large rivers
2241-506: The Cook Strait (Henry Williams) sheet on 14 May – and from three Ngāti Kahungunu members at Hawke's Bay on 24 June, amounting to a total of 27 signatures for the sheet. At the very end of the 19th century a Ngāi Tahu man named William Timaru Joss (1844–1895), a Stewart Island whaler and captain of the mailboat Ulva , was a member of the first confirmed landing party of the Antarctic on
2324-524: The Herald (Bunbury) sheet carried with Major Thomas Bunbury aboard HMS Herald which sailed from the Bay of Islands on 28 April. The Cook Strait ( Henry Williams ) sheet was used at Arapaoa Island and Rangitoto ki te Tonga / D'Urville Island at the northern end of the South Island, but was not signed by Ngāi Tahu. The sheet's first four signatures came from Coromandel Harbour one week later on 4 May, and
2407-645: The Kouau) form the island of Inch Clutha . To the south of this is the rough bush country of the Catlins , with its forests and rugged coastline. To the north of the Clutha valley is mainly rolling hill country, with the plain of the Tokomairaro River to the northeast, along with Lake Waihola and Lake Waipori , which are part of the catchment of the Taieri River . The Waipori River , the Taieri's largest tributary, forms
2490-530: The Poutini Ngāi Tahu with muskets, seeking pounamu. In November 1830 Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig Elizabeth to carry him and his warriors in secret to Takapūneke near present-day Akaroa , where by subterfuge they captured Tamaiharanui and his wife and daughter. After destroying Takapūneke they embarked for Kapiti with their captives. Tamaiharanui strangled his daughter and threw her overboard to save her from slavery. Ngāti Toa killed
2573-618: The South Island themselves include those of the Takitimu Mountains (being the Tākitimu waka ) and the Āraiteuru . Tūrakautahi and one Te-ake narrowly escaped slaughter in Ngāti Wairangi territory after others had been slain for breaking sacred customs. Tūrakautahi's brother Tānetiki, and two relatives Tūtaemaro and Tūtepiriraki, had not been so fortunate however. The brothers' uncle Hikatūtae chopped off their heads and returned to
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2656-622: The South Island were Ngāi Tara , Rangitāne , Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri , and Ngāti Wairangi – all of which also migrated from the North Island at varying times. During the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Europeans – mostly British – migrated to New Zealand. After European arrival, Ngāti Toa (allied with Ngāti Tama ) and Ngāti Rārua invaded Ngāi Tahu's territory with muskets . Some European settlers intermingled with native iwi populations, and today, most families who descend from Ngāi Tahu also have Ngāti Māmoe and British ancestry. Ngāi Tahu translates as "People of Tahu", referencing
2739-462: The Taumutu people to come back home, assuring that the war was over. He however returned first and lay in wait for the Taumutu people with muskets. According to Hakopa Te Ata-o-Tu, a member of Tamaiharanui's party, Tamaiharanui became less enthusiastic about the attack when he realised the refugees had their own muskets. Nonetheless, he was convinced to attack, and the refugees were killed. The final act of
2822-535: The Tukemōkihi block. Owing to growing tensions between the various iwi inhabiting the surrounding area, many groups began their migration away from Waerenga-a-Hika in the Gisborne District. One of the earliest notable instances of tension was where Rākaihikuroa, grandson of Kahungunu , killed his own twin brothers out of jealousy, and was banished after his own son Tupurupuru was killed in revenge. Perhaps
2905-498: The ancestor of Ngāi Tūāhuriri, was born illegitimate. Owing to Rākaitekura's high rank, Tūmaro was unable to kill her, so instead had her prepare herself for marriage with Te Aohikuraki. The stream where she did up her hair was called Koukourārata . Tūmaro gathered his family and departed for Waimea, near Nelson across the Cook Strait , leaving Rākaitekura and Te Hikutawatawa behind. Curiosity burning in him since childhood, when
2988-632: The area's placenames. The people are paradoxically warm and friendly yet wary of strangers in their midst. The main schools are South Otago High School in Balclutha and Tokomairiro High School in Milton. Clutha District Clutha District is a local government district of southern New Zealand , with its headquarters in the Otago town of Balclutha . Clutha District has a land area of 6,334.47 km (2,445.75 sq mi) and an estimated population of 19,300 as of June 2024. Clutha District occupies
3071-458: The beach Te Rāpaki-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa . He destroyed Ngāti Māmoe's pā at Mānuka, across the hills at Taitapu , and prior to that also lived at Te Pā-o-Te Rakiwhakaputa on the Cam River / Ruataniwha for a time. His son Manuhiri drove Ngāti Māmoe out of Ōhinetahi and set up his base there, and his other son Te Wheke set up his own base on Avon River / Ōtākaro 's estuary. Makō-ha-kirikiri
3154-515: The bodies of all the slain there. The remaining children of the warring parents would move down to a place called Te Oreorehua in Wairarapa where Hinehou was already living, and southward to Te Whanganui-a-Tara within a few generations. In Wellington Te Aohikuraki, the senior chief, slept with Rākaitekura (a high ranking Ngāi Tahu woman) while her husband Tūmaro was away visiting his family. Of this Te Hikutawatawa (later named Tūāhuriri ),
3237-418: The census question. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,545 (10.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 8,538 (57.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 4,386 (29.4%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. The median income was $ 39,000, compared with $ 41,500 nationally. 936 people (6.3%) earned over $ 100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15
3320-546: The continent of Antarctica at Cape Adare , along with Captain Kristensen , Bull , Borchgrevink , and Tunzelmann in January 1895, making Joss the first known Māori to get so close to the continent. Timaru William Joss (1905–1955), William Timaru's grandson, joined Admiral Richard E. Byrd 's expedition to Antarctica in 1935. Over 270 individuals of Ngāi Tahu connection served during World War I , including some who fought with
3403-430: The cousin of Ngāi Tahu's leading chief Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, and of Honekai, son of Te-hau-tapunui-o-Tū, with Raki-ihia's daughter Kohuwai. Despite this, occasional skirmishes still continued. Tūhuru Kokare, a grandson of Tūrakautahi's son Waewae (thus chief of Ngāti Waewae), became an active member in the battles against Ngāti Wairangi around the turn of the century. He first defeated them at Lake Brunner , and then began
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3486-404: The deaths of his sisters. Tūtekawa's son Te Rakitāmau returned to the home, where he found his wife Punahikoia and children unharmed, and the attackers sleeping near the fire. Te Rakitāmau did not avenge Tūtekawa, but instead left a sign that he spared the attackers' lives, and peace was eventually restored between their descendants. Chief Te Rakiwhakaputa claimed the area of Whakaraupō , naming
3569-451: The east coast down to Kaikōura , and Ngāti Irakehu peaceably settling among Banks Peninsula 's Ngāti Māmoe. The last battle that was fought between the two iwi up to that point was the Battle of Waipapa, before Ngāti Kurī took the Takahanga pā . Marukaitātea chose to stay here, while other chiefs continued to push south. Around this time, the ariki Tūteāhuka was moving the last of
3652-625: The famous chief of Ngāi Tūhaitara born with a club foot , established Te Kōhaka-a-kaikai-a-waro pā (now the Kaiapoi pā ) at the Taerutu Lagoon near Woodend , and claimed the area around Banks Peninsula. With the discovery of Nōti Raureka (Browning Pass) by its namesake Raureka, of the West Coast iwi Ngāti Wairangi , Ngāi Tūhaitara quickly developed an interest in Te Tai Poutini for
3735-465: The feud was the killing of Taununu, who was tomahawked to death along with his companion, near Ōtokitoki. In 1827–1828 Ngāti Toa , under the leadership of Te Rauparaha and armed with muskets, successfully attacked Kāti Kurī at Kaikōura, who were already expecting the Tū-te-pākihi-rangi hapū of Ngāti Kahungunu as friendly visitors. He named the battle Niho Maaka ("Shark's Tooth") after
3818-452: The headdress's plume was still visible in the dirt. This was considered a bad omen and so the body was discarded with the incident being called Pikitūroa ("The Long Standing Feather Plumes"). Marukore and Tūhaitara would both die in the Battle of Tapapanui, at the hands of their son Pahirua who was very angry about the whole situation. In one telling of the series of battles, Hinehou and Pahirua built Kārara Kōpae together, and burnt
3901-400: The impression of those foods being prepared in the storehouse. The later battle came to be known as Te Whataroa because of this. The children began playing games, enticing the adults to join in as a distraction while the hosts began to form their attack, even killing the visitors' dogs. Tūtekohi ultimately won, and so Ngāi Tahu was forced to move further down the North Island. Rakawahakura
3984-494: The inhabitants. The Otago hapū attacked Waikakahi again, and although Taiaroa had again warned them, they were pursued and killed. Two of Tamaiharanui's close kin, his sisters, were slaughtered. The Otago and Taumutu parties destroyed the Rīpapa pā before returning to Otago. Many settlements and communities along Banks Peninsula were abandoned in the series of retaliatory attacks. Tamaiharanui then went to Otago and persuaded
4067-466: The island. One, Moki, another son of Tūāhuriri, had received reports from Kaiapu and Tamakino (brothers of Mārewa, Moki's wife) that his father's wife's killer, Tūtekawa, was living just further south at Te Waihora. He set off in his canoe, Makawhiu , and attacked various small villages including the Parakākāriki pā at Ōtanerito . Tūtekawa was ultimately killed by Whākuku instead of Moki, avenging
4150-668: The largest being the Clutha / Matau-Au , the country's second longest river, which flows from Lake Wānaka in Central Otago for 340 kilometres, through Balclutha ( Scots Gaelic for "Town on the banks of the Clyde") and there splits in two around the large delta island of Inch Clutha before reaching the Pacific Ocean . A significant west-flowing tributary is the Tuapeka River , starting point of
4233-489: The local Ngāti Ira. Over time, all but Ngāti Porou would migrate away from the district. Several iwi were already occupying the South Island prior to Ngāi Tahu's arrival, with Kāti Māmoe only having arrived about a century earlier from the Hastings District , and already having conquered Waitaha , who themselves were a collection of ancient groups. Other iwi that Ngāi Tahu encountered while migrating through
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#17328509953034316-521: The majority of the geographical area known as South Otago . The geography of the Clutha District is dominated by the valley of the Clutha River , which flows southeast from the lakes of Central Otago , bisecting the Clutha District and reaching the Pacific Ocean via two river mouths, one of which is not far from Kaitangata , the other is closer to Kaka Point. The two branches of the river (the Matau and
4399-594: The matter again near Kaiata and Omotumotu after crossing Māwheranui , and made the decision to construct a pā at Māwhera. They became known as the Poutini Ngāi Tahu . The Kaihuānga feud of the 1820s heavily involved the upoko ariki (paramount chief) Tamaiharanui , whose status was so spiritually superior within the iwi that people of lower ranking would avert their gaze and avoid looking at him directly. If his shadow fell upon food, that food became tapu and had to be destroyed. The Kaihuānga feud
4482-475: The mine in 1879. Other minerals mined in South Otago include silica and phosphate . In more recent times the region has been associated with woollen milling and forestry . Sheep , dairy cattle and deer are farmed locally, and farming and farm-related industries are the mainstay of the region's economy. Tourism , particularly around the Catlins , is also becoming important to the region. South Otago's close association with Dunedin has increased since
4565-502: The name of the ancestor Tahupōtiki . Alongside the other iwi that Ngāi Tahu absorbed, there are five primary hapū (sub-tribes) of Ngāi Tahu, which are: Ngāti Kurī, Ngāti Irakehu, Kāti Huirapa, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, and Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi. A branch of Ngāi Tūāhuriri and Ngāti Kurī, Kāi Te Rakiāmoa, was one of the latest hapū which the leading chiefs descended from. Ngāi Tahu trace their traditional descent from Tahupōtiki (also Te Tuhi-māreikura-ooho-a-tama-wahine), and Tahumatua ),
4648-590: The next two were signed aboard HMS Herald just off the Mercury Islands on 7 May. These signatures were collectively from the iwi Ngāti Whanaunga , Ngāti Pāoa , and Ngāti Maru . The first Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Iwikau at Akaroa on 30 May, followed by Hone Tīkao signing as John Love. His nephew was Hone Taare Tikao . The third Ngāi Tahu signatory was Chief Tūhawaiki signing as John Touwaick aboard HMS Herald at Ruapuke Island on 10 June, who requested Kaikoura (possibly Kaikōura Whakatau) to sign on
4731-565: The north to Stewart Island / Rakiura in the south. The takiwā comprises 18 rūnanga (governance areas) corresponding to traditional settlements. According to the 2018 census an estimated 74,082 people affiliated with the Kāi Tahu iwi. Ngāi Tahu originated in the Gisborne District of the North Island , along with Ngāti Porou and Ngāti Kahungunu , who all intermarried amongst
4814-632: The northeastern border of Clutha District. Clutha District is under the local body administration of the Clutha District Council, based in Balclutha. It is administered at a regional level by the Otago Regional Council , based in Dunedin. Clutha District was formerly composed of three separate counties (Clutha, Bruce, and Tuapeka), and two boroughs (Balclutha and Milton ). These were amalgamated into one district authority in 1989 as part of
4897-565: The northern end of the Wharerātā Range . Karimoe instead moved northwards and settled at the banks of the Mangaheia stream, inwards of Ūawanui-a-Ruamatua . The family later moved to Iwitea , where Tahupōtiki built the Taumatahīnaki pā . The ancestor Te Matuahanga (descendant of Tūroto and Rakaroa) is still known in the area around there. More pā were established further inland along
4980-583: The northern part of the South Island under the leadership of the Ngāti Kurī chief Pūrahonui, with his sons Makō-ha-kirikiri and Marukaitātea, establishing the Kaihinu pā in the Tory Channel / Kura Te Au . After an incident in which a Ngāi Tahu taua had desecrated the bones of one of Ngāi Tara 's ancestors, Pūrahonui was murdered in revenge early one morning when he went to relieve himself. This broke out into
5063-421: The other children would pick fun on him for being illegitimate, Te Hikutawatawa left Kaiwhakawaru seeking out his step-father. Upon his arrival to Waimea, Tūmaro's father Kahukura-te-paku, not knowing who he was, had intended to cannibalise him, but later put a stop to the meal preparations when local children heard Te Hikutawatawa muttering of his origins. Kahukura-te-paku then asked Te Hikutawatawa to climb through
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#17328509953035146-525: The prominent Kāti Kurī hapū . Tūhaitara instructed Tamaraeroa and Huirapa to kill Marukore at a place called Papanui . However, Marukore knew of their plan and defeated them in the Battle of Hūkete after which their sister Hinehou laid them on the floor of her whare for her grandchildren to see, and left her belongings with them before burning down the building in an incident now known as Kārara Kōpae ("The Laying Down of Fighting Chiefs"). Alternatively, Marukore himself burned their bodies on
5229-519: The remaining captives. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction. Another captive, Hōne Tīkao (Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri) did survive and would later visit France . In the summer of 1831–1832 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi pā . After a three-month siege, a fire in the pā allowed Ngāti Toa to overcome it. Ngāti Toa then attacked Ngāi Tahu on Banks Peninsula and took
5312-650: The reorganisation of local government areas in the 1980s. The northern part of South Otago, including much of the Taieri Plains, is now within the boundaries of Dunedin City (the rest of the area is almost entirely within Clutha District). The location of Dunedin International Airport at Momona is the area's most important transport hub, though most of the people who use this travel only briefly through South Otago while commuting to and from Dunedin. South Otago
5395-473: The rest of the family at Kaikōura. Makō-ha-kirikiri of Wairewa and Moki both avenged the deaths near where the bodies were found in the water, on the shores of Lake Mahinapua in the battle called Tāwiri-o-Te Makō . Moki was later cursed by two tohunga , Iriraki and Tautini, for insulting two women. He is said to be buried at Kaitukutuku, near the Waikūkū flaxmill. After the battle, Makō-ha-kirikiri established
5478-653: The same day, who was then followed by Taiaroa (or Tararoa; possibly Te Matenga Taiaroa). The last Ngāi Tahu signatures were from Otago Heads on 13 June. The signatories were Hone Karetai (Ngāti Ruahikihiki, Ngāi Te Kahukura, Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Hinekura) signing as John Karitai at Ōtākou , and one Korako (Ngāi Tūāhuriri, Ngāti Huirapa) whose identity is not known for certain, but could be either Hōne Wētere Kōrako, Kōrako Karetai, or Hoani Kōrako among others. The last signatures mostly came from members of Ngāti Toa at Te Koko-o-Kupe / Cloudy Bay (17 June) and Mana Island (19 June) – including Te Rauparaha who had already signed
5561-477: The same relative to warn Tūāhuriri to escape, which he did into a nearby bush. For unknown reasons, when Tūtekawa entered the pā , he slew Tūāhuriri's wives Hinekaitaki and Tuarāwhati (Whākuku's sisters). After the battle, Tūtekawa fled down to Waikākahi on the shores of Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora where he lived amongst his fellow Ngāti Māmoe. Tūtekawa's own wife Tūkōrero was a sister to Tūāhuriri's other wife Hinetewai (mother of Hāmua, Tūrakautahi, and Moki). He
5644-565: The tribe's members to the South Island through the Cook Strait. As a consequence for ignoring Chief Te Aweawe's advice to strap two canoes together for a safer passage, Tūāhuriri is said to have been left to drown along with Tūmaro while trying to leave Wellington. It is very likely that Tūāhuriri's eldest son Hāmua also drowned, otherwise he might have died in Kaikōura at a young age. After establishing dominance down to Kaikōura, many of Ngāi Tahu's leading chiefs were ready to expand further south into
5727-464: The year 1725 during the Battle of Waitaramea. Tūrakautahi's other son by his wife Te Aowharepapa, Rakiāmoa, would continue the main lines of descent of Ngāi Tahu. Te Ruahikihiki's own son Taoka, by his wife Te Aotaurewa, would push further south to Ōtākou , where he engaged in some of the final battles with Ngāti Māmoe. Over time, marriages were arranged between Ngāi Tahu and Ngāti Māmoe to cement peace. Notably of Raki-ihia (Ngāti Māmoe) and Hinehākiri,
5810-479: The younger brother of Porourangi . The brothers are said to be descended from Paikea as grandsons, great-grandsons, or great-great-grandsons. Either way, Paikea himself is always Chief Uenuku 's son. Some groups may even trace the brothers as great-grandsons of Uenuku's other son Ruatapu as well as with Paikea. Whatever the case, Tahupōtiki was born in Whāngārā (a place associated with Paikea), around 1450CE. He
5893-419: The Ōhiri pā , at Little River. Tūrakautahi further enlisted Te Rakitāmau's aid in overcoming Ngāti Wairangi, killing their rangatira Te Uekanuka near Lake Kaniere . Tūrakautahi's son Kaweriri with his father-in-law Te Ruahikihiki had settled Taumutu at the southern end of Te Waihora. Kaweriri later travelled with a taua south to Lowther where he was slain by the Kāti Māmoe chief Tutemakohu around
5976-409: Was a local viewed as below her status. The pair had 11 children in total, including Tamaraeroa, Huirapa, Tahumatā, Pahirua and Hinehou. Huirapa is the son who Kāti Huirapa descends from. Tūhaitara's cousin through Rakawahakura, Kurī, also lived around this time. Just as Tūhaitara was the senior ancestress of Ngāi Tahu with her own hapū named after her, Ngāi Tūhaitara, Kurī is also the ancestor of
6059-445: Was a sister to two chiefs from the Taumutu pā at southern Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora . The people of Taumutu responded to Hape's death by attacking Waikakahi, and killing several people. Tamaiharanui led a taua against Taumutu, and sacking it. The Taumutu then asked the hapū of Otago for assistance, to which Taiaroa and Te Whakataupuka led a taua , and along with warriors from Kaiapoi, all attacked Waikakahi. They found
6142-533: Was also a first cousin to both the Ngāti Kurī chief Te Rakiwhakaputa, and to the Ngāti Māmoe leader Tukiauau. On one occasion when Ngāti Kurī fought with Rangitāne , Chief Tūteurutira had mistaken one of his captives, Hinerongo, as one of the enemy's women. She was in fact a member of Ngāti Māmoe who had already been taken captive by Rangitāne, and so he returned her to the Matariki pā near Waiau Toa . This struck
6225-509: Was centred on Lawrence , and included the inland valleys of the Clutha River and its tributaries the Pomahaka River and Tuapeka River . It had an area of 2,323 km². The current mayor is Bryan Cadogan , who defeated incumbent mayor Juno Hayes in the 2010 local body elections , and retained the mayoralty in the 2013 , 2016 , 2019 and 2022 elections . The current deputy mayor is Ken Payne. The most populous town in Clutha District
6308-475: Was given Little River and Wairewa , and Te Ruahikihiki of Kāti Kurī, ancestor of Ngāi Te Ruakihikihi, son of Manawaiwaho and Te Apai, was given Kaitōrete and Te Waihora. Chief Huikai also established himself at Koukourarata (named after the stream in Wellington where Rākaitekura prepared her hair), and his son Tautahi took Ōtautahi (the site of present-day Christchurch ). Tūāhuriri's second eldest son Tūrakautahi,
6391-884: Was given command of the Tākitimu waka (canoe), and took it down to the South Island where he landed at the Arahura River on the West Coast – or at the Waiau River near Manapōuri . He stayed there for a time before travelling back to Whāngārā in a new canoe upon learning of the death of his brother. As according to ancient protocol, he took Porourangi's grieving wife Hamo-te-rangi as his own, by whom he had at least four sons: Ira-a-Tahu, Ira-(apa)-roa, Tahumuri-hape, and Karimoe. Some say his other sons were Ira-manawa-piko, Rakaroa, Rakahurumanu, Tūroto, Tahutīoro, and Ruanuku. Tahupōtiki, Ira-a-Tahu, Iraroa, and Tahumuri-hape moved south towards Tūranga, then settled at Maraetaha at
6474-636: Was known as Oraumoanui or Tauanui . Fighting continued for a year or so, with Ngāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. In 1836 Chief Te Pūoho of Ngāti Tama , allied to Ngāti Toa, led his taua from Whanganui Inlet down to the West Coast to the Haast River . From there he crossed the Haast Pass into central Otago and Southland . Tūhawaiki had by now learned of this oncoming attack, and led his own taua from Ruapuke Island to Tuturau, where he fought and killed Te Pūoho. Ngāti Toa never again made
6557-457: Was later killed near Waikato . From Gisborne the iwi had moved down the coast to the Heretaunga . The ancestress Tūhaitara, senior granddaughter of Rakawahakura, insulting her husband Chief Marukore of Ngāti Māmoe, or Te Kāhea , and his ancestry, as well as various other exchanges are the reason for war between their two iwi . Tūhaitara herself had some Ngāti Māmoe heritage, but he
6640-497: Was named so because Tahumatā caught Hinewai-a-tapu hiding under some tree roots, and made her his wife. Eventually the Ngāti Māmoe chief Hikaororoa managed to trap Marukore's party in a whare . Hikaororoa asked for the 'chief of the long plume' to come to the door to be cannibalised. Marukore's younger cousin Rokopaekawa took Marukore's headdress (his sign of status) and was sacrificed instead. However he did not cook properly, and
6723-541: Was spoken by 97.4%, Māori language by 2.2%, Samoan by 1.8% and other languages by 5.7%. No language could be spoken by 2.0% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.5%. The percentage of people born overseas was 13.8, compared with 28.8% nationally. Religious affiliations were 30.2% Christian , 0.3% Hindu , 0.4% Islam , 0.4% Māori religious beliefs , 0.5% Buddhist , 0.5% New Age , and 0.9% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 58.2%, and 8.6% of people did not answer
6806-588: Was that 7,812 (52.4%) people were employed full-time, 2,184 (14.7%) were part-time, and 285 (1.9%) were unemployed. Ng%C4%81i Tahu Ngāi Tahu , or Kāi Tahu , is the principal Māori iwi (tribe) of the South Island . Its takiwā (tribal area) is the largest in New Zealand, and extends from the White Bluffs / Te Parinui o Whiti (southeast of Blenheim ), Mount Mahanga and Kahurangi Point in
6889-582: Was the first pilot of Māori-descent to join the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF) in 1936. During a training flight on the night of 11 May 1939, his student accidentally undershot a landing exercise. West died of his injuries the following day. John Pohe was otherwise the first full-blooded Māori pilot to join the RNZAF in 1941. Turu Rakerewa Hiroti and John Charles Tamanuiarangi Tikao would go on to serve during World War II . The former serving as
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