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51-585: Haast Pass / Tioripatea is a mountain pass in the Southern Alps of the South Island of New Zealand. Māori used the pass in pre-European times. The pass takes its name from Julius von Haast , a 19th-century explorer who also served as provincial geologist for the provincial government of Canterbury . Following the passage of the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998 , the name of the pass

102-403: A gap , saddle , col or notch . A topographic saddle is analogous to the mathematical concept of a saddle surface , with a saddle point marking the minimum high point between two valleys and the lowest point along a ridge. On a topographic map , passes can be identified by contour lines with an hourglass shape, which indicates a low spot between two higher points. In the high mountains,

153-500: A 4100 metre long race track. The Cromwell museum was established in the 1960s. It had to relocate in 1988 due to its original location being due to be flooded by the filling of Lake Dunstan. It is currently located at 47 The Mall. Its collections include Chinese artefacts (which tell of the history of the Chinese gold miners in the region), moa bones, domestic and agricultural items and photographs of Cromwell. The Cromwell swimming pool

204-502: A difference of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) between the summit and the mountain is defined as a mountain pass. Passes are often found just above the source of a river , constituting a drainage divide . A pass may be very short, consisting of steep slopes to the top of the pass, or a valley many kilometers long, whose highest point might only be identifiable by surveying . Roads and railways have long been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels bored underneath

255-642: A height of 562 metres (1,844 ft) above sea level at the saddle between the valleys of the Haast and Makarora Rivers . As such, it is the lowest of the passes traversing the Southern Alps. The route through Haast Pass (now State Highway 6 ) was converted from a rough track to a formed road that reached the Haast township in 1960, but was not linked with the rest of the West Coast until 1965. No settlements exist on

306-468: A large area of land near Ripponvale. The stone fruit industry is commemorated with the giant sculpture of stone fruit which stands outside the northern end of the town. It was built by the Cromwell Rotary Club in 1990 with the design coming from Otto Muller. The sculpture is regularly repainted. The decision to build Clyde Dam and use Cromwell as the accommodation base brought many changes to

357-570: A mountain bike trail park at Shannon Farm. It was thought that it would include 14 kilometres of grade 3 (intermediate) to 5 (expert) trails. The Cromwell golf club held its first meeting in 1903. The course was redesigned in 2010 by Greg Turner and Scott MacPherson. The Cromwell Golf Club has held the New Zealand Open final qualifying event on more than one occasion. It has also held the South Island Amateur Championships,

408-518: A nearby mountainside, as with the Eisenhower Tunnel bypassing Loveland Pass in the Rockies, to allow faster traffic flow throughout the year. The top of a pass is frequently the only flat ground in the area, and may be a high vantage point. In some cases this makes it a preferred site for buildings. If a national border follows the ridge of a mountain range, a pass over the mountains is typically on

459-706: A population of 2,391 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 714 people (42.6%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 1,242 people (108.1%) since the 2006 census . There were 963 households, comprising 1,215 males and 1,173 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 46.5 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 387 people (16.2%) aged under 15 years, 330 (13.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,224 (51.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 447 (18.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 95.1% European/ Pākehā , 5.6% Māori , 1.4% Pasifika , 1.3% Asian , and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

510-553: A series of granite cliffs. In the first ten months after opening, 62560 people had ridden the trail. Some of the trail has steeper climbs and is more remote and a safety video was made to prepare riders in what to expect on the trail. Other trails in the Cromwell area include the 16 kilometre Cromwell Heritage Precinct to Smith's Way along the Lake Dunstan foreshore. In August 2022, the Cromwell mountain bike club were planning to build

561-756: A style of street racing which may take place on these roads. There are thousands of named passes around the world, some of which are well-known, such as the Khyber Pass close to the present-day Afghanistan-Pakistan border on the ancient Silk Road , the Great St. Bernard Pass at 2,473 metres (8,114 ft) in the Alps , the Chang La at 5,360 metres (17,590 ft), the Khardung La at 5,359 metres (17,582 ft) in Ladakh , India and

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612-846: Is also used, particularly in Europe. In the highest mountain range in the world, the Himalayas, passes are denoted by the suffix "La" in Tibetan, Ladhakhi, and several other regional languages. Examples are the Taglang La at 5,328 m (17,480 ft) on the Leh-Manali highway , and the Sia La at 5,589 m (18,337 ft) in the Eastern Karakoram range. Scotland has the Gaelic term bealach (anglicised "balloch"), while Wales has

663-661: Is at the confluence of the Clutha River / Mata-Au and the Kawarau River . The town was named Cromwell in the middle of 1863 by J. A. Connell of the Dunedin firm Connell and Moodie, who was from Northern Ireland. Because of "a silly rivalry between a Northern Irish surveyor and Southern Irish miners" in the district he decided "to put the curse of Cromwell on them". Cromwell is between State Highway 6 (linking to Wānaka , 50 kilometres (31 mi) north, and Queenstown via

714-654: Is located at 50 Alpha Street. Horse racing has occurred on the racecourse land since 1862, with the Cromwell Jockey Club operating the racecourse between 1867 and 1999. In 1876, the Cromwell Racecourse Reserve Act was enacted for the purposes of establishing a board of trustees and putting aside the land for the public racecourse. The racecourse land has also been used as the Cromwell racecourse aerodrome , for outdoor concerts and pony club events. It has

765-462: Is nicknamed the "Fruit Bowl of the South". The population of Cromwell was 838 people in 1951; 885 people in 1956 and 942 people in 1961. Cromwell is described by Statistics New Zealand as a small urban area, and covers 15.63 km (6.03 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 7,440 as of June 2024, with a population density of 476 people per km . Cromwell had a population of 5,610 at

816-564: Is surrounded by the Pisa mountain range to the north (including Mount Pisa, 1963 metres) the Dunstan Mountains to the northeast (including Mount Dunstan, 1667 metres) Mount Difficulty (1285 metres) to the west and the Old Woman Range and Cairnmuir mountains to the south. Nearby settlements are at Bannockburn , Lowburn , Tarras , and Ripponvale. Cromwell has a strategic location between

867-747: Is the Brenner pass in the Alps . Some mountain passes above the tree line have problems with snow drift in the winter. This might be alleviated by building the road a few meters above the ground, which will make snow blow off the road. There are many words for pass in the English-speaking world. In the United States, pass is very common in the West , the word gap is common in the southern Appalachians , notch in parts of New England , and saddle in northern Idaho . The term col , derived from Old French,

918-619: The 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 1,269 people (29.2%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 1,863 people (49.7%) since the 2006 census . There were 2,109 households, comprising 2,898 males and 2,709 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.07 males per female, with 1,041 people (18.6%) aged under 15 years, 912 (16.3%) aged 15 to 29, 2,604 (46.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,053 (18.8%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 90.1% European/ Pākehā , 9.1% Māori , 2.0% Pasifika , 3.9% Asian , and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

969-654: The Kawarau Gorge , 60 kilometres (37 mi) west) and State Highway 8 leading to the Lindis Pass , 75 kilometres (47 mi) northeast, and Alexandra , 33 km south. The road to Alexandra winds through the Cromwell Gorge . A point near Cromwell lies 119 kilometres from the sea, the farthest from the sea anywhere in New Zealand. A prominent feature surrounding much of the town is the man-made Lake Dunstan . Cromwell

1020-520: The Lindis and the Haast passes, and acts as a hub between the towns of Wānaka, Queenstown and Alexandra. Cromwell is also the home of the Cromwell Chafer Beetle ( Prodontria lewisi ) . The 45th parallel south runs just north of the township. Cromwell lay at the confluence of the Clutha River and the Kawarau River , which was noted for the difference between the colours of the waters of

1071-528: The Otago gold rush and is now more known as one of the sub regions of the Central Otago wine region . In 2018, the town of Cromwell was home to a population of 5610 people. Māori refer to the area as "Tirau", referring to their plantings of Ti cabbage trees to stand as navigation markers and also as food for travellers. Pākeha goldiggers called it as "The Junction", "The Point", or "Kawarau Junction", as it

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1122-583: The Palakkad Gap at 140 metres (460 ft) in Palakkad , Kerala , India . The roads at Mana Pass at 5,610 metres (18,410 ft) and Marsimik La at 5,582 metres (18,314 ft), on and near the China–India border respectively, appear to be world's two highest motorable passes. Khunjerab Pass between Pakistan and China at 4,693 metres (15,397 ft) is also a high-altitude motorable mountain pass. One of

1173-492: The semi-arid climate (Bsk) classification . The first Pākehā to visit was Nathanael Chalmers in 1853, guided there by Reko and Kaikōura . He was stricken by dysentery, so his guides returned him down the Clutha, shooting the rapids in a mōkihi reed boat. Official explorations of the northern and western parts of Central Otago began in the late 1850s, but detailed surveys did not commence until 1861. In 1862, gold

1224-538: The 1890s. but was short lived. The population decreased with smaller scale mining activities continuing until the 1930s. The Cromwell railway station, connecting Cromwell to Dunedin was opened in July 1921. It burnt down in 1942 and was subsequently rebuilt. it was closed in 1976 with the railway line from Clyde to Cromwell being closed in 1980. Soldiers from Cromwell served in World War I with 13 losing their lives. A cenotaph

1275-464: The 1988 NZ Seniors Championship and the 2001 Freyberg Masters. In 2019, The golf course was ranked the 22nd best course out of the top 50 courses by New Zealand Golf Digest. The golf course is an 18 hole is a sand-based, links-style course. The Cromwell bowling club was established in August 1911. An artificial green was installed in 2015 which widened the playing season to ten months of the year. The club

1326-440: The 2022 / 23 summer season due to traffic safety issues entering the park but a resolution was achieved. The Cromwell public library is located at 43 The Mall. It is open six days each week and is administered by Central Otago and Queenstown Lakes Library consortia. The library has wifi, computer facilities and wheelchair access as well as a range of fiction and non – fiction books, magazines and DVDs. The Cromwell rugby club

1377-517: The Haast Pass road between Haast and Makarora . The road passes through predominantly unmodified beech forest. Between the township of Haast and the summit of the pass, State Highway 6 follows the route of the Haast River, and provides access and viewing points for several notable waterfalls including (west-to-east): Roaring Billy Falls , Thunder Creek Falls , and Fantail Falls . Ngāi Tahu used

1428-454: The border, and there may be a border control or customs station, and possibly a military post. For instance, Argentina and Chile share the world's third-longest international border , 5,300 kilometres (3,300 mi) long, which runs north–south along the Andes mountains and includes 42 mountain passes. On a road over a pass, it is customary to have a small roadside sign giving the name of

1479-557: The construction of the new Deadman's Point Bridge . The town centre was relocated between 1984 and 1985 to a new site known as "The Mall," that now houses the main retail, service and civic buildings in Cromwell. Several of the old buildings of the town which escaped the flooding have been retained as a historic precinct close to the shore of the Kawarau. The lake started to fill in autumn of 1992 with 2000 hectares including farmland and 17 orchards also being flooded by Lake Dunstan. Cromwell

1530-728: The early 20th century, a railway from the West Coast through the pass to Otago was suggested by local MP Tom Seddon ; it would have linked the Ross Branch with the Otago Central Railway , which then terminated in Omakau . However, the line never came to fruition; the Otago Central Railway terminated in Cromwell and no railway was built south of Ross , just a lightly laid bush tramway to serve logging interests near Lake Ianthe . Mountain pass Mountain passes make use of

1581-589: The east at Makarora in 1936, and proceeded as far as the Gates of Haast , but was then halted for several years because of diversion of resources to the Second World War. Further work on the western side of the Gates of Haast did not begin again until 1946. Progress was slow, and by 1955, there was still 10 miles of roadway to be formed on the western side of the gorge. The Haast Pass road between Otago and southern Westland

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1632-578: The famous but non-motorable mountain passes is Thorong La at 5,416 metres (17,769 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area , Nepal. Cromwell, New Zealand Cromwell ( Māori : Tīrau ) is a town in Central Otago region of the South Island of New Zealand. Cromwell is located on the shores of Lake Dunstan where the Kawarau river joins Lake Dunstan. Cromwell was established during

1683-479: The pass and its elevation above mean sea level . Apart from offering relatively easy travel between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops with a minimum of descent. As a result, it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them convenient routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor. Passes traditionally were places for trade routes, communications, cultural exchange, military expeditions etc. A typical example

1734-504: The pass to cross from Lake Wānaka to the West Coast . At the time of European exploration, it was notorious for its use in 1835 by a war party led by Te Pūoho-o-te-rangi ; a surprise crossing enabled Te Pūoho to ambush seasonal villages in the Makarora valley . Europeans first learnt of the pass when Huruhuru drew a map for the explorer Edward Shortland in 1844. The first European ascent

1785-476: The road from Cromwell in Otago had to be hand-carried across a catwalk over the river from one truck on the Otago side to another truck on the West Coast side. The official opening of the entire Haast Highway was held on 6 November 1965, following the completion of the last 50 kilometres (31 mi) section between Haast and Paringa. However, a chipseal surface on the entire route was not completed until 1995. In

1836-684: The similar bwlch (both being insular Celtic languages). In the Lake District of north-west England, the term hause is often used, although the term pass is also common—one distinction is that a pass can refer to a route, as well as the highest part thereof, while a hause is simply that highest part, often flattened somewhat into a high-level plateau. In Japan they are known as tōge , which means "pass" in Japanese. The word can also refer to narrow, winding roads that can be found in and around mountains and geographically similar areas, or specifically to

1887-461: The town. In the early stages, a government information centre in Cromwell was set on fire in a late-night attack. Approximately one-third of the town was rebuilt on higher ground. A total of 60 homes and 50 commercial properties were affected. The changes included the doubling of the residential area, relocation of the old town centre (now called "Old Cromwell Town"), upgrading of services, the provision of modern educational and sports facilities, and

1938-515: The two rivers and also for the historic bridge at the convergence of the two. Since the construction of the Clyde Dam and the filling of Lake Dunstan in the early 1990s the river confluence was drowned, as was the old town centre. Cromwell receives around 400 mm of rain a year due to its inland location. Although it is widely believed to have a continental climate, the town officially has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with rainfall just enough to escape

1989-413: Was $ 40,400, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 429 people (21.4%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,188 (59.3%) people were employed full-time, 321 (16.0%) were part-time, and 33 (1.6%) were unemployed. The Highlands Motorsport Park is located on the western edge of Cromwell. The park includes a $ 25 million classic car museum as well as

2040-447: Was 16.6, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 59.8% had no religion, 30.7% were Christian , 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.4% were Hindu , 0.4% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 468 (23.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 288 (14.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

2091-561: Was 16.8, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 35.7% were Christian , 0.2% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.2% were Hindu , 0.2% were Muslim , 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 666 (14.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 852 (18.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 747 people (16.3%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

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2142-421: Was built in the 1980s. It was upgraded in 2007. Located on Barry Avenue, the indoor complex contains a 25-metre pool, a learners' pool and a toddler's pool. The Kiwi water park is located five minutes outside of Cromwell on state highway 6 . The park containing various inflatable obstacles, water toys and diving boards. It attracted 30,000 visitors in the summer of 2021/22. There was doubt that it would open for

2193-516: Was claimed by Julius Haast , Canterbury's provincial geologist, who led a five-man expedition in January 1863. He named the Haast River after himself, "directed, so he said, by his provincial superindendent", and returned to Lake Wānaka "nearly shoeless" after six weeks. By 1880, there was a good packhorse track across the pass, but work to form a road across the pass did not commence until 1929 when work began at Lake Hāwea . A further phase commenced from

2244-451: Was discovered below the Junction by two miners, Horatio Hartley and Christopher Reilly . Once the word of a gold strike was out, there was an influx of several thousand miners to the area as well as supporting nine hotels in Cromwell. Cromwell was declared a municipality in 1866. The government funded the construction of a bridge across the Clutha in 1866 (which cost 28,000 pounds). This

2295-609: Was established in 1888 and had its 125th Jubilee in 2013. It has had many successes with the 2007 team winning every trophy that season. Cromwell lost the Central Otago rugby final to Wakatipu in 2022. The Lake Dunstan mountain bike trail was opened in May 2021. It connects Cromwell to Clyde and the Otago Central Rail Trail. The Lake Dunstan mountain bike trail is 55 kilometres long and includes cantilevered platforms to get around

2346-550: Was from the Wānaka side in March 1861, when the exploring survey John Holland Baker, seeking new sheep country, looked down from the saddle towards the West Coast. Charles Cameron, a gold prospector, claimed to have made the first crossing to the coast in 1863. However he was widely believed to have only got to the upper reaches of the Haast River / Awarua . The honour of first official crossing

2397-573: Was officially altered to Haast Pass / Tioripatea. The pass lies within the limits of Mount Aspiring National Park and forms part of the boundary between the Otago and West Coast regions. The Haast Pass is one of the three passes where a road crosses over the Southern Alps – alongside the Lewis Pass and Arthur's Pass , although the Homer Tunnel passes under the Main Divide. The Haast Pass rises to

2448-504: Was officially opened in November 1960, but it was announced that a complete road closure would be required in the New Year to replace the existing temporary Bailey bridge at Gates of Haast with a permanent structure. In September 1961, the new Callender-Hamilton bridge was opened, after 3 months of total road closure. During this period, supplies for the Haast township, normally delivered via

2499-433: Was rebuilt in 1891. Bishop Selwyn visited in 1866. Cromwell's newspaper, The Cromwell Argus , was established in 1869. The Cromwell council chambers were completed in 1869 and the Cromwell district hospital was established in 1875 with wards to provide beds for ten inpatients. The population was 424 people in 1878 and increased to 429 people in 1881. Gold mining by individuals was replaced by dredging by companies in

2550-444: Was that 2,730 (59.8%) people were employed full-time, 663 (14.5%) were part-time, and 75 (1.6%) were unemployed. The statistical area of Lindis-Nevis Valleys, which includes Bannockburn and Pisa Moorings , surrounds but does not include Cromwell. It covers 2,884.61 km (1,113.75 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 3,420 as of June 2024, with a population density of 1.2 people per km . Lindis-Nevis Valleys had

2601-428: Was unveiled on 25 April 1923 to recognise their sacrifice. A further 11 soldiers from Cromwell died during World War II . A memorial hall was built in the 1950s which is dedicated to those fallen in the two World Wars. As gold ran out, Cromwell became the service centre for an extensive farming and stone fruit growing area. An irrigation scheme was built in the 1920s diverting water from the Kawarau river to irrigate

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