Soran Emirate ( Kurdish : میرنشینی سۆران ) was a medieval Kurdish emirate established before the conquest of Kurdistan by Ottoman Empire in 1514 and later revived by Emir Kor centered in Rawandiz from 1816 to 1836. Kor was ousted in an offensive by the Ottomans.
30-610: While no date has been established for the origin of the Soran Emirate, Kurdish historian Sharafkhan Bidlisi mentions the Emirate in Sharafnama in 1597 as established by a shepherd named Isa . Bitlisi claims that villagers quickly followed the popular Isa and attacked the Rewan Castle where they established themselves. They took the name Soran meaning from red after the red stones near
60-438: A centralised and bureaucratic government with a rigid centralisation of authority. The acts for the implementation are needed after delegation. Therefore, the authority for taking the decisions can be spread with the help of the delegation of the authority. The centralisation of authority can be done immediately, if complete concentration is given at the decision-making stage for any position. The centralisation can be done with
90-548: A conqueror and of a legislator, Mehemet Pasha succeeded in extending his sway over the neighbouring provinces of Kerkuk[sic] and Mussul [sic], and in gathering under his flag a large number of Koordish [sic] troop. Moreover, researcher Ghalib writes: [T]hrough many centuries of Ottoman rule, they [Kurds] could not build up a sense of community between the Kurds and the dominant ruler. Kurds remembered their happiness under Soran and other Kurdish emirates. Therefore, they did not welcome
120-518: A native speaker, chose to write this work in that language. His decision was driven both by the desire to reach a wide audience across the Persian-speaking regions and to enhance his dynasty’s legitimacy in the broader world. Upon completing his book, Sharaf Khan sent copies to the Kurdish leaders of Kilis (Husayn Jānbūlād) and Ardalan ( Halo Khan ). This gesture could have been aimed at demonstrating
150-434: A particular group within that organisation. This creates a power structure where the said group occupies the highest level of hierarchy and has significantly more authority and influence over the other groups, who are considered its subordinates. An antonym of centralisation is decentralisation , where authority is shared among numerous different groups, allowing varying degree of autonomy for each. The term has
180-483: A position or at a level in an organisation. Ideally, the decision-making power is held by a few individuals. Centralisation of authority has several advantages and disadvantages. The benefits include: Disadvantages, on the other hand are as follows: As written in V.I. Lenin’s book, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism , "The remarkably rapid concentration of production in ever-larger enterprises are one of
210-421: A variety of meanings in several fields. In political science , centralisation refers to the concentration of a government's power—both geographically and politically—into a centralised government , which has sovereignty over all its administrative divisions . Conversely, a decentralised system of government often has significant separation of powers and local self-governance . Centralisation of authority
240-792: Is the systematic and consistent concentration of authority at a central point or in a person within the organization. This idea was first introduced in the Qin dynasty of China. The Qin government was highly bureaucratic and was administered by a hierarchy of officials, all serving the First Emperor, Qin Shi Huang . The Qin dynasty practised all the things that Han Feizi taught, allowing Qin Shi Huang to own and control all his territories, including those conquered from other countries. Zheng and his advisers ended feudalism in China by setting up new laws and regulations under
270-642: The Egyptian–Ottoman War from 1831 to 1833 , he led a tribal force to Rawandiz and built a citadel in the town as they build up a military. Between 1831 and 1834 he was able to capture several towns and cities in other Kurdish emirates. 1831 he captured the Bahdinan emirate of Amedi . Kor further expanded his influence to Mardin , Cizre and Nusaybin , compelling the ruler of the Bohtan Mir Sevdin, to accept his authority, which caused serious concern in
300-763: The Ottomans in their war against the Iranians , offering them 400 soldiers. In 1578, Sultan Murad III , the Ottoman Sultan, granted Sharafkhan the title of Emir and he became the Mir of the Emirate of Bitlis . Between 1578 and 1588, Sharafkhan virtually led all the Ottoman wars against the Persians . In 1597, Sharafkhan gave the authority of his dynasty to his son Šams-al-Dīn. Sharaf Khan Bidlisi
330-603: The Baliki, Rewendek, Sidek, Shirwani, Rusuri, Malibas, Muzuri , Sheikhab, Nurik, Kheilani, Khoshnaw , Hnearai, Herki , Sheikh Mahmudi, Kassan, Derijiki, Bamami, Sekw, Shikuli, Mendik, Baimar, Balak , and Piraji. Fearing a cooperation between the Soran Emirate and Muhammad Ali of Egypt , the Ottomans dispatched an army to Soran in 1834. Mire Kor was able to repeal the forces and push towards Iran . This led Kurdish notables from Bradost, Akre and Amedi to complain to Reşid Mehmed Pasha of
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#1732851955041360-497: The Bidlis ruler's dynastic authority and gaining broader recognition, while also indicating that Persian was read and written in the courts of other Kurdish rulers. Centralization Centralisation or centralization (see English spelling differences ) is the process by which the activities of an organisation, particularly those regarding planning, decision-making, and framing strategies and policies, become concentrated within
390-592: The Bitlis Emirate at the time and had ruled intermittently as an independent emirate since at least the 9th century. Sharafkhan therefore never took up the common tribal title of " Khan ", preferring instead the royal title of emir or mir , "prince." He was most commonly known as Mir Sharaf (Prince Sharaf). Later his family was taken under protection of the Safavid dynasty . He was schooled at Tahmasb 's court, and wrote in 1596: "When I turned nine (in 1551) I entered
420-578: The Emirate was given to Yazidis led by Hussein Beg who ruled as a brutal tyrant. He was soon toppled by the family of the previous Emir led by Emir Saifuddin who himself was executed by the Ottoman Emperor in Constantinople , pushing the Emirate into anarchy. The last prince of the emirate was Emir Muhammad Kor , who reigned from 1813 to 1836. His father, Mustafa Beg, peacefully handed the princedom to him. In
450-674: The Great Lur , the princes of little Lur, and finally, Saladin the Great and the Ayyubids . The second part lists dynasties that have had coin struck and the khutba recited in their names. (The Khutba is a religious invocation pronounced at the Friday day prayers meeting that mentions the Prophet , the first four caliphs and the current rulers). The third part numbers the families of the hereditary governors, while
480-488: The Ottoman capital Constantinople . Kor then captured Akre and oppressed Yazidis in the newly-conquered areas. Under Emir Kor, the Soran emirate developed a powerful army. It consisted of between 30 and 50,000 tribal musketeers who were given regular salaries, having the appearance of a national army. Kor himself ate each evening with 100-200 soldiers from different tribes. A multitude of different tribes joined his army such as
510-563: The Ottoman government alleging they were oppressed by Mir Kor of Soran. Kor tried to subdue the Assyrians of Tyari in 1834 but suffered a humiliating defeat near the village of Lezan in Lower Tyari. This defeat played a major role in the downfall of the emirate. A second Ottoman offensive was initiated in 1836 which forced Kor to retreat to Rawandiz, mainly due to the lack of support from his tribal allies. After having pressured to surrender by
540-563: The Ottoman officials. Remembering the past is important for keeping one’s own history in mind. Sharafkhan Bidlisi Sharaf al-Din Khan b. Shams al-Din b. Sharaf Beg Bedlisi ( Kurdish : شەرەفخانی بەدلیسی , Şerefxanê Bedlîsî ; Persian : شرفالدین خان بن شمسالدین بن شرف بیگ بدلیسی ; 25 February 1543 – c. 1603–04 ) was a Kurdish Emir of Bitlis . He was also a historian, writer and poet. He wrote exclusively in Persian . Born in
570-592: The Qara Rud village, in central Iran, between Arak and Qom , at a young age he was sent to the Safavids ' court and obtained his education there. He is the author of Sharafnama , one of the most important works on medieval Kurdish history , written in 1597. He created a good picture of Kurdish life and Kurdish dynasties in the 16th century in his works. Outside Iran and Kurdish-speaking countries , Sharaf Khan Bidlisi has influenced Kurdish literature and societies through
600-414: The Soran Emirate including the desire to unite all Kurdish areas under one rule and the use of Kurdish uniforms for his army. On this, Emir Kor's brother Rasul told British writer and traveller Frederick Milingen : With an aspiring genius he had conceived the grande idée of emancipating his country from the authority of the sultans, and of consolidating the power of his family. Uniting the qualities of
630-601: The castle. Qadir Muhammad Muhammad writes that the emirate was likely established sometime between the 1330s and 1430s. Years later, during the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 between the Ottomans and the Safavids , the Emirate was able to conquer land between Erbil and Kirkuk . In 1534, Emir Ezaddin Sher was executed by Suleiman the Magnificent for his treatment of the Emperor's servants and
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#1732851955041660-531: The first few years of his rule, he consolidated his power and began launching attacks toward the neighboring principality of Baban . He occupied Harir in 1822, Koy Sanjaq , Altunkupri , Erbil in 1823, Akre , Ranya in 1824. This established the Zab river as the border between the two emirates. As the region experienced a power vacuum due to the decline of Baban, the Russo-Turkish War from 1828 to 1829, and
690-579: The fourth details the history of the mirs of Bitilis . It was, in a sense, inevitable for Sharaf Khan to compose the Sharafnama in Persian given the circumstances of his time. After his father, Shams al-Dan Khan, sought refuge at the court of Shah Tahmasp, it is not surprising that Sharaf Khan, who received a high-quality education alongside the princes in Shah Tahmasp's palace in Qazvin and mastered Persian like
720-507: The most characteristic features of capitalism." He researched the development of production and decided to develop the concept of production as a centralised framework, from individual and scattered small workshops into large factories, leading the capitalism to the world. This is guided by the idea that once concentration of production develops into a particular level, it will become a monopoly, like party organisations of Cartel, Syndicate, and Trust. Most businesses deal with issues relating to
750-508: The private harem (haram-i khass)... for three years (1551–1554) I served the family (Silsila) of that refined (pakiza atvar) shah as a page at the inner palace." Bedlîsî spoke of his education entailing instruction in the Quran , readings on the principles of shari'a , piety and purity. Due to Shah Tahmasp 's religious disposition, Bidlisi was introduced to religious scholars, who warned him against evil people, and instead encouraged friendship with
780-571: The situation given, Emir Kor travelled to Istanbul for negotiations, where he was given authority over the area of the Emirate of Soran. But on his way home he disappeared in the Black Sea area and the Ottoman Empire supported his brother Rasul as the Emir of the Emirate. The Emirate would ultimately fall victim to the growing centralization of the Ottoman Empire. There were traits of Kurdish awareness by
810-532: The specifics of centralisation or decentralisation of decision-making. The key question is either whether the authority should manage all the things at the centre of a business (centralised), or whether it should be delegated far away from the centre (decentralised). The choice between centralised or decentralised varies. Many large businesses necessarily involve some extent of decentralisation and some extent of centralisation when it begins to operate from several places or any new units and markets added. According to
840-582: The translation of his works by other scholars. He was also a gifted artist and a well-educated man, excelling as much in mathematics and military strategy as he did in history. Sharaf Khan Bidlisi was born on 25 February 1543, in the Markazi province of Iran in the Garmrood village, during the exile of his father. His father was Shamsheddin, a Kurdish Beg , He was a member of the Rojkî tribe, whose members governed
870-437: The virtuous. And once Bidlisi attained maturity, he was taught the martial arts (sipahigira), archery , polo , racing , swordsmanship , and the precepts of chivalry – humanism and generosity. In 1576 Tahmasb of the Safavids gave him the title of Mir of Mirs and appointed him leader of all Iranian Kurdish tribes. He accepted his title, but only two years later, Sharafkhan abandoned his previous stand, and supported
900-560: Was planning for a long time to write a book about Kurdish history , and finally in 1597 he started writing his epic, Sharafnama . Written in Persian , the Sharafnama divides its history into four parts. The first one deals with the five Kurdish dynasties that have enjoyed status as royalty ( Saltant ): the Marwanids of Amed , the Hasanwayhids of Dinavar and Sharizur , the Fadluyids of
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