Ottoman Empire
27-407: Egyptian–Ottoman War may refer to: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1485–91) Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–17) Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–33) Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41) See also [ edit ] Ottoman–Mamluk War (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
54-583: A conventional army, whereas the Ottomans relied on a conventional army only, with light cavalry combining with infantry units. The Nasrid Dynasty of Granada sought Ottoman assistance against the Spanish , but Sultan Bayezid could only send limited support due to his involvement in the Ottoman-Mamluk conflict. Nasrid–Ottoman relations were established, and a fleet under Kemal Reis was nevertheless dispatched to
81-634: A land and sea attack on the Mamluks in 1485. Led by the new governor of Karaman, Karagöz Mehmed Pasha, the Ottoman forces, largely drawn from provincial troops, subdued the rebellious Turgudlu and Vasak tribes and captured many fortresses in Cilicia . Karagöz Mehmed's army was defeated by the Mamluks in battle outside Adana on 9 February 1486. Reinforcements from Istanbul, including Janissaries , were dispatched by Bayezid under his own son-in-law Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha , but
108-638: The Ottoman Sultanate invaded the Mamluk Sultanate 's territories of Anatolia and Syria . This war was an essential event in the Ottoman struggle for the domination of the Middle-East . After multiple encounters, the war ended in a stalemate and a peace treaty was signed in 1491, restoring the status quo ante bellum . It lasted until the Ottomans and the Mamluks again went to war in 1516–17 ; in that war
135-540: The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 . Ramadanids The Ramadanid Emirate ( Modern Turkish : Ramazanoğulları Beyliği ) was an autonomous administration and a de facto independent emirate that existed from 1352 to 1608 in Cilicia , taking over the rule of the region from the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia . The emirate was a protectorate of the Mamluk Sultanate until the end of the 14th century, then it
162-555: The Mamluks seized an Ottoman ambassador who was returning from Deccan with an Indian ambassador and gifts for the Ottoman Sultan. The conflict began when Bozkurt of Dulkadir (also called Alaüddevle), ruler of Dulkadirids , attacked the Mamluk city of Malatya , with the support of Bayezid. The Mamluks fought back and although they lost the first battle, they would eventually defeat Alaüddevle and his Ottoman allies. Bayezid launched
189-439: The Mamluks, including Alaüddevle, thus restoring a line of Mamluk-oriented buffer states along the border. In 1490, the Mamluks would again return to the offensive, advancing into Karaman and laying siege to Kayseri . As soon as Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha marched against them with a relief army however, they raised the siege and returned to Cilicia. By this time the Mamluks were weary of the war and its heavy financial burden, while
216-547: The Mamluks, instead focusing his troops in suppressing revolts by the Turgudlu and Vasak tribes, securing his rear. In 1488, the Ottomans launched a major attack, from both land and sea: the navy was led by Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, released from captivity, and the army by the governor of Rumeli , Hadim Ali Pasha . On this occasion, the Ottomans requested of the Venetians the use of Famagusta harbour to supply their troops by sea, but
243-501: The Ottoman throne in 1481, his brother Cem Sultan , who enjoyed great support in Anatolia , rose up and contended with him for the throne. After he was defeated in battle, he sought refuge first in the Ramadanids , and from there passed into Mamluk domains. Although the Mamluks declined to offer him any military support, this act aroused the hostility of Bayezid, which was further fanned when
270-601: The Ottomans and the Mamluks remained in stalemate during the beginning of the 16th century, until Mamluk power was dramatically challenged by the incursion of the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean from 1505, thereby threatening Mamluk traditional trade routes and a major source of revenue, and leading to the catastrophic Portuguese-Mamluk War . The Ottoman Empire would ultimately take over the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517, following
297-565: The Ottomans defeated and conquered the Mamluks. Despite being two Sunni Muslim states, the relationship between the Ottomans and the Mamluks was adversarial: both states vied for control of the spice trade , and the Ottomans aspired to eventually take control of the Holy Cities of Islam . The two states however were separated by a buffer zone occupied by Turkmen states such as Karamanids , Aq Qoyunlu , Ramadanids , and Dulkadirids , which regularly switched their allegiance from one power to
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#1732851842407324-632: The Ottomans grew concerned over a possible Crusade directed against them. Thus both powers were eager to settle the inconclusive conflict. A treaty was signed which fixed their mutual border at the Gülek Pass in the Taurus Mountains , leaving the Cilician plain to the Mamluks. The Ottomans were able to prevail on the Mamluks at sea, but on land the Mamluks successfully resisted the Ottomans, thanks to their string of fortresses in Anatolia and Syria , and
351-508: The Turkmen tribes. Most of its provincial commanders were recalled to Constantinople and imprisoned in the Rumeli Hisar . In the meantime, the Mamluks laid siege to Adana, which fell after three months. Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha was able to achieve a minor victory in destroying a Mamluk detachment, but Cilicia was securely in Mamluk hands. More importantly, the Ottomans' Turkmen allies began to turn to
378-434: The Venetians rejected the request and even dispatched a fleet to Cyprus to guard against an Ottoman landing. The Mamluks also sought naval assistance from Italian powers, but were turned down as well. The Ottoman fleet then moved to Alexandretta , hoping to intercept the Mamluk forces as they came up from Syria, while the Ottoman army, numbering some 60,000 men, secured control of Cilicia. Another great storm however destroyed
405-526: The amir of Aleppo moved on to the Turkmens after this defeat and he conquered Misis Castle. The Ramadanids played an important role in 15th century Ottoman - Mamluk relations, being a buffer state located in the Mamluk al-'Awasim frontier zone. In 1516, Selim I incorporated the beylik into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state . The beys of Ramadanids held the administration of
432-540: The buffer principalities of Beylik of Dulkadir , led by Bozkurt of Dulkadir centered on Elbistan and Maras . The Ottomans were a stronger military power, but were weakened by internal dissensions and the lack of a strong centralized leadership by the Sultan Bayezid, who remained in Constantinople . Throughout the conflict, the Mamluk army was characterized by the usage of brilliant nomadic cavalry in addition to
459-603: The coasts of Spain. Ottoman support ended up being insufficient, in part leading to the Fall of Granada in 1492. With famine and plague spreading, a peace treaty was eventually sealed in May 1491, with the Mamluks remaining a powerful entity against the Ottomans , although they were financially exhausted. The boundaries between the two powers remained essentially unchanged. The opposition between
486-520: The combined Ottoman army was again defeated before Adana on 15 March. Karagöz Mehmed fled the field, while Hersekzade Ahmed was taken captive, and Cilicia returned to Mamluk control. In 1487, the Ottomans again sent a major army consisting of a great number of regular army units and Janissaries, supported by the fleet and the forces of Dulkadir, and led by the Grand Vizier Koca Davud Pasha . Davud Pasha however avoided operations against
513-625: The death of Ramazan Bey, his son Ibrahim Bey made an alliance with the Karaman Emirate . Alaeddin Bey and Ibrahim Bey together tried to remove the Mameluks' control in the province. After this alliance a great Mameluk army moved in and began to plunder but Ibrahim Bey's army achieved a great victory against the Mameluks in Belen. Also in this battle Temur Bey, the general of the Mameluks, had been captured. Yilboga,
540-509: The fleet, and the Mamluks were able to advance into Cilicia. The two armies met at Ağaçarıyı near Adana on 26 August 1488. Initially, the Ottomans made good progress on their left, but their own right flank was driven back. When the Karaman soldiers fled the battlefield, the Ottomans were forced to retreat, conceding the field and the victory to the Mamluks. The Ottoman army withdrew to Karaman to regroup, suffering more casualties to attacks by
567-748: The northern regions of Mamluk Sultanate , from Antioch to Gaza with the approval of the Sultan. They were known in the Middle East as Türkmens or Yüreğirli (en:from Yüreğir) The Ilkhanate fell into disarray after the death of Abu Sa'id , thus could not support Armenian Kingdom in guarding Cilicia. In addition, internal conflicts within the Armenian Kingdom made Türkmens turn their eyes to unstable Cilicia, and in 1352, Ramazan Beg led Turkmens to settle south of Çaldağı and founded their first settlement, Camili . Later that year, Ramazan Beg visited Cairo and
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#1732851842407594-560: The other. Nevertheless, both the Venetian historian Domenico Malipiero and the Ottoman chronicler Tursun Bey report that as early as 1468, Mehmed II planned to campaign against the Mamluks in Syria, which was only averted by the refusal of Uzun Hassan and Karamanids to cooperate, leading to the invasion and eventual annexation of the Karaman Beylik by Mehmed. When Bayezid II ascended
621-558: The title Egyptian–Ottoman War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian–Ottoman_War&oldid=1180990434 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk War (1485%E2%80%9391) The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1485–1491, took place when
648-464: The towns of: Tarsus, Ayas , Sarvandikar , Sis at the four corners of Cilicia plain and appointed an Amir and a Garrison for each. Tarsus, the former capital of Cilicia , were settled by the moors that arrived from Egypt. The Türkmen Emirate which began to be known as the Ramadanids set the city of Adana as their center of power, and many Türkmen families of Yüreğir origin moved to the city. After
675-603: The turn of the 11th century and thus was not affected by the Sunni tariqa expansionism of the 13th century. In the late 14th century, the Yüreğir Turks moved to Cilicia and had a distinct culture with influence from Bektashi traditions of shamanic rituals along with Islam . Mongol invasion of Asia forced Oghuz Turks to migrate into Anatolia and Levant in great numbers. A Turkish tribe from Yüreğir in Transoxiana settled in
702-689: Was assented by the Sultan to establish the new frontier Turkmen Emirate in Cilicia. Yüreğir Türkmens lived as a small community for 7 years in southeast of Adana, and named their new land, Yüreğir . In 1359, Mamluk Sultanate Army marched into Cilicia and took over Adana and Tarsus , two major cities of the plain, leaving few castles to the Armenians. In 1375, the Mamluks gained control of the remaining areas of Cilicia, thus ending three centuries of Armenian rule. The Mamluk Sultanate authorized Ramazan Beg's Türkmen Emirate to administer Cilicia, but took direct control of
729-582: Was de facto independent for more than a century, and then, from 1517, a protectorate of the Ottoman Empire . The capital was Adana . The Ramadanid Emirate was the only emirate in Anatolia that was not a successor of the Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate . It is often misclassified as an Anatolian beylik , though it was an entity under the Mamluks. Cilicia was part of the Seljuks for a short time around
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