50-489: Soparnik is a traditional Croatian dish . It is usually a savoury pie with a filling of Swiss chard . Other names are soparnjak , zeljanik or uljenjak . It is the most famous speciality of the Dalmatian region of Poljica , between Split and Omiš . The original season for the dish was the colder time of the year when older, sweeter chard was available. Basically, it is a very simple dish made from common ingredients from
100-1054: A dagger (†); groups of uncertain placement are labelled with a question mark (?) and dashed lines (- - - - -). Jawless fishes (118 species: hagfish , lampreys ) [REDACTED] † Thelodonti , † Conodonta , † Anaspida [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] † Galeaspida [REDACTED] † Osteostraci [REDACTED] † Placodermi [REDACTED] † Acanthodii [REDACTED] (>1,100 species: sharks , rays , chimaeras ) [REDACTED] (2 species: coelacanths ) [REDACTED] Dipnoi (6 species: lungfish ) [REDACTED] Tetrapoda (>38,000 species, not considered fish: amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) [REDACTED] (14 species: bichirs , reedfish ) [REDACTED] (27 species: sturgeons , paddlefish ) [REDACTED] Ginglymodi (7 species: gars , alligator gars ) [REDACTED] Halecomorphi (2 species: bowfin , eyetail bowfin ) [REDACTED] (>32,000 species) [REDACTED] Fishes (without tetrapods) are
150-579: A paraphyletic group and for this reason, the class Pisces seen in older reference works is no longer used in formal classifications. Traditional classification divides fish into three extant classes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, and Osteichthyes), and with extinct forms sometimes classified within those groups, sometimes as their own classes. Fish account for more than half of vertebrate species. As of 2016, there are over 32,000 described species of bony fish, over 1,100 species of cartilaginous fish, and over 100 hagfish and lampreys. A third of these fall within
200-655: A large wood container of a special shape (truncated cone ) in which the meat is preserved in previously prepared, cooled salted lard Pašticada [REDACTED] Dalmatia braised beef dish cooked in a fragrant sweet and sour sauce from southern Croatia Pokladnice (krafne) [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia Airy filled doughnuts , round and usually filled with jelly , marmalade , jam or chocolate as well as butter, nutella and cinnamon Punjena paprika [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia Stuffed pepper dish made of peppers stuffed with
250-518: A mix of minced meat and rice , eggs , spices and salt in tomato sauce, served with mashed potatoes Sir s vrhnjem [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia Homemade fresh curd cheese (quark) with cream, served with bacon and onion Soparnik [REDACTED] Dalmatia A savoury pie with a filling of chard Turoš [REDACTED] Međimurje A type of cheese made from cattle 's milk in cone -shaping chunks of cottage cheese , with
300-436: A more spherical lens . Their retinas generally have both rods and cones (for scotopic and photopic vision ); many species have colour vision , often with three types of cone. Teleosts can see polarized light ; some such as cyprinids have a fourth type of cone that detects ultraviolet . Amongst jawless fish , the lamprey has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. Hearing too
350-419: A protective bony cover or operculum . They are able to oxygenate their gills using muscles in the head. Some 400 species of fish in 50 families can breathe air, enabling them to live in oxygen-poor water or to emerge on to land. The ability of fish to do this is potentially limited by their single-loop circulation, as oxygenated blood from their air-breathing organ will mix with deoxygenated blood returning to
400-470: A rim. To ease the tricky transfer onto the baking hearth the pie may be sprinkled with polenta as a release agent before it is flipped over. Traditionally, soparnik is baked on a well-heated heath, the so-called komin , covered directly with embers. At the latest when the upper layer gets bulged from the steam of the boiling filling, it is to be pierced a few times. The pie needs to be baking for about 15 to 20 minutes (in an oven at 200 °C) until
450-441: A sense of touch and of hearing . Blind cave fish navigate almost entirely through the sensations from their lateral line system. Some fish, such as catfish and sharks, have the ampullae of Lorenzini , electroreceptors that detect weak electric currents on the order of millivolt. Vision is an important sensory system in fish. Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have
500-1390: A significant proportion of connective tissue Istrian stew [REDACTED] Istria A stew made of beans , sour cabbage or sour turnip , potatoes , bacon and spare ribs Janjetina s ražnja [REDACTED] Lika , Dalmatia , Istria Lamb being roasted on a roasting spit, served with fried potato slices or so Kotlovina [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia Fried and stewed meat dish prepared and served outdoors, containing pork chops, sausages etc., stewed in their own juice, wine and various spices (onions, peppers, garlic etc.) Kremšnita [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia A variety of sweet custard and chantilly cream cream cake dessert Kroštule [REDACTED] Dalmatia , Istria A traditional pastry made from fried sweet dough sprinkled with sugar Kulen [REDACTED] Slavonia A type of flavored sausage made of minced pork Međimurska gibanica [REDACTED] Međimurje Layer cake made of puff pastry and four fillings: nuts , fresh cheese , poppy seeds and apples Meso z tiblice [REDACTED] Međimurje A dish prepared from high-quality parts of fresh pork meat (leg or loin), which are after processing stored in tiblica (lodrica),
550-485: A tail fin, jaws, skin covered with scales , and lays eggs. Each criterion has exceptions, creating a wide diversity in body shape and way of life. For example, some fast-swimming fish are warm-blooded, while some slow-swimming fish have abandoned streamlining in favour of other body shapes. Fish species are roughly divided equally between freshwater and marine (oceanic) ecosystems; there are some 15,200 freshwater species and around 14,800 marine species. Coral reefs in
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#1732859284251600-585: A true "land fish" as this worm-like catfish strictly lives among waterlogged leaf litter . Cavefish of multiple families live in underground lakes , underground rivers or aquifers . Like other animals, fish suffer from parasitism . Some species use cleaner fish to remove external parasites. The best known of these are the bluestreak cleaner wrasses of coral reefs in the Indian and Pacific oceans. These small fish maintain cleaning stations where other fish congregate and perform specific movements to attract
650-422: A typical fish is adapted for efficient swimming by alternately contracting paired sets of muscles on either side of the backbone. These contractions form S-shaped curves that move down the body. As each curve reaches the tail fin, force is applied to the water, moving the fish forward. The other fins act as control surfaces like an aircraft's flaps, enabling the fish to steer in any direction. Since body tissue
700-1625: Is a list of dishes found in Croatian cuisine in alphabetical order. Croatian cuisine has developed through centuries, it is heterogeneous and known as a cuisine of the regions. Every region of Croatia has its own distinct culinary tradition. Croatian dishes [ edit ] Name Image Region Description Brudet [REDACTED] Dalmatia , Kvarner , Istria A type of fish stew with spices, vegetables and red or white wine Češnovka [REDACTED] Turopolje A kind of spicy pork garlic sausage Črne čurke [REDACTED] Međimurje Black pudding (blood pudding), first cooked or dried and finally baked Čvarci [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Slavonia A kind of pork cracklings Dalmatinska peka [REDACTED] Dalmatia A dish made of meat, vegetables and/or potatoes, baked under curved metal lid Fiš paprikaš [REDACTED] Slavonia , Baranja Spicy paprika -based thick fish soup prepared with carp or mixed river fish Fritaja [REDACTED] Istria Eggs with asparagus , wild hops , herbs as fennel , mint , feverfew and chicory , tomatoes , young garlic sprouts , spices and small parts of old bread Fritule [REDACTED] Dalmatia , Kvarner , Istria Sweet festive pastry flavoured with rum, made particularly for Christmas Fuži [REDACTED] Istria A traditional Istrian pasta from
750-465: Is an important sensory system in fish. Fish sense sound using their lateral lines and otoliths in their ears, inside their heads. Some can detect sound through the swim bladder. Some fish, including salmon, are capable of magnetoreception ; when the axis of a magnetic field is changed around a circular tank of young fish, they reorient themselves in line with the field. The mechanism of fish magnetoreception remains unknown; experiments in birds imply
800-431: Is denser than water, fish must compensate for the difference or they will sink. Many bony fish have an internal organ called a swim bladder that allows them to adjust their buoyancy by increasing or decreasing the amount of gas it contains. The scales of fish provide protection from predators at the cost of adding stiffness and weight. Fish scales are often highly reflective; this silvering provides camouflage in
850-400: Is different from Wikidata Fish A fish ( pl. : fish or fishes ) is an aquatic , anamniotic , gill -bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull , but lacking limbs with digits . Fish can be grouped into the more basal jawless fish and the more common jawed fish , the latter including all living cartilaginous and bony fish , as well as
900-468: Is divided into two equal parts and put to rest for a while. The first part is spread to a very thin, circle-shaped layer (2 to 3 millimetres) on a flour-powdered board. This is evenly covered with filling, except for a small margin. The other half of the dough is spread in the same manner to form the top of the pie. It is wrapped around the rolling pin and unrolled onto the rest of the pie. The overlapping layers of dough are joined by rolling them in to
950-465: Is the biggest part of the brain; it is small in hagfish and lampreys , but very large in mormyrids , processing their electrical sense . The brain stem or myelencephalon controls some muscles and body organs, and governs respiration and osmoregulation . The lateral line system is a network of sensors in the skin which detects gentle currents and vibrations, and senses the motion of nearby fish, whether predators or prey. This can be considered both
1000-606: The Gnathostomata or (for bony fish) Osteichthyes , also contains the clade of tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates, mostly terrestrial), which are usually not considered fish. Some tetrapods, such as cetaceans and ichthyosaurs , have secondarily acquired a fish-like body shape through convergent evolution . Fishes of the World comments that "it is increasingly widely accepted that tetrapods, including ourselves, are simply modified bony fishes, and so we are comfortable with using
1050-709: The Indo-Pacific constitute the center of diversity for marine fishes, whereas continental freshwater fishes are most diverse in large river basins of tropical rainforests , especially the Amazon , Congo , and Mekong basins. More than 5,600 fish species inhabit Neotropical freshwaters alone, such that Neotropical fishes represent about 10% of all vertebrate species on the Earth. Fish are abundant in most bodies of water. They can be found in nearly all aquatic environments, from high mountain streams (e.g., char and gudgeon ) to
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#17328592842511100-557: The Paleozoic , diversifying into many forms. The earliest fish with dedicated respiratory gills and paired fins , the ostracoderms , had heavy bony plates that served as protective exoskeletons against invertebrate predators . The first fish with jaws , the placoderms, appeared in the Silurian and greatly diversified during the Devonian , the "Age of Fishes". Bony fish, distinguished by
1150-575: The Romans brought to Italy (this is a myth with no historical basis). Intermittently it was widespread as poor man's food and lenten food. Today it is used as a cultural trademark and sold increasingly on markets and in restaurants and found on events and festivals. Since 2005 (2003?) there's a dedicated soparnik festival in the municipality of Dugi Rat . There is also a “ Poljički soparnik " society (" Udruga ‘Poljički soparnik’ "). Soparnik has been declared to be intangible cultural heritage of Croatia by
1200-561: The Silurian , with giant armoured placoderms such as Dunkleosteus . Jawed fish, too, appeared during the Silurian: the cartilaginous Chondrichthyes and the bony Osteichthyes . During the Devonian , fish diversity greatly increased, including among the placoderms, lobe-finned fishes, and early sharks, earning the Devonian the epithet "the age of fishes". Fishes are a paraphyletic group, since any clade containing all fish, such as
1250-469: The abyssal and even hadal depths of the deepest oceans (e.g., cusk-eels and snailfish ), although none have been found in the deepest 25% of the ocean. The deepest living fish in the ocean so far found is a cusk-eel, Abyssobrotula galatheae , recorded at the bottom of the Puerto Rico Trench at 8,370 m (27,460 ft). In terms of temperature, Jonah's icefish live in cold waters of
1300-400: The intertidal zone , are facultative air breathers, able to breathe air when out of water, as may occur daily at low tide , and to use their gills when in water. Some coastal fish like rockskippers and mudskippers choose to leave the water to feed in habitats temporarily exposed to the air. Some catfish absorb air through their digestive tracts. The digestive system consists of a tube,
1350-425: The stout infantfish . Swimming performance varies from fish such as tuna, salmon , and jacks that can cover 10–20 body-lengths per second to species such as eels and rays that swim no more than 0.5 body-lengths per second. A typical fish is cold-blooded , has a streamlined body for rapid swimming, extracts oxygen from water using gills, has two sets of paired fins, one or two dorsal fins, an anal fin and
1400-511: The Croatian ministry of culture in cooperation with the society. The chard leaves are cleaned with water and dried very well to prevent the thin dough from drenching. For that purpose they can be left spread out over night and some flour may be added. The chard may be stripped of stems and is cut into strips. Then chopped onions, parsley, olive oil and salt are mixed in. The dough is made from flour, some salt, some olive oil and water as needed. It
1450-594: The Southern Ocean, including under the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf at a latitude of 79°S, while desert pupfish live in desert springs, streams, and marshes, sometimes highly saline, with water temperatures as high as 36 C. A few fish live mostly on land or lay their eggs on land near water. Mudskippers feed and interact with one another on mudflats and go underwater to hide in their burrows. A single undescribed species of Phreatobius has been called
1500-7328: The addition of salt and red paprika Zagorski štrukli [REDACTED] Hrvatsko Zagorje A dish composed of dough and various types of filling (e.g. a mixture of cottage cheese with eggs, sour cream and salt) which can be either boiled or baked Žganci [REDACTED] Northern Croatia A dish made from buckwheat flour, maize , wheat , or a combination of potato and wheat flour and water, cooking oil and salt See also [ edit ] List of national dishes List of European cuisines References [ edit ] ^ "Sir s vrhnjem" . Oblizeki.com (in Croatian). 2013-08-19 . Retrieved 2024-11-26 . v t e Lists of prepared foods Dishes by origin Africa Angolan Central African Republic Chadian Ethiopian and Eritrean Gabonese Libyan Moroccan Nigerian Nigerien Togolese Tunisian Western Saharan São Tomé and Príncipe Seychelles North America Mexican United States Italian-American Jewish-American New Orleans Regional dishes Regional beverages Southern United States South America Argentine Brazilian Colombian Ecuadorian Paraguayan Peruvian Venezuelan Asia Bangladeshi Burmese Chinese Beijing Sichuan Filipino Indian Iranian (and Persian) Indonesian Israeli Japanese Jordan Korean North Korean Malaysian Nepalese Palestinian Peranakan Singaporean Thai Tibetan Turkish Uzbek Vietnamese Europe Caucasus English French German Greek Hungarian Typical Hungarian dishes Irish Italian Sicilian Liechtensteiner Maltese Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Sámi Scottish Spanish Ukrainian Oceania Australian Hawaiian New Zealand Caribbean Anguillian Cuban Jamaican Misc./other Azerbaijan Crimean Tatar Jewish National dishes By type and origin Breads American British Indian Pakistani Swiss Cheeses American British Cornish Dutch English French German Greek Irish Italian Polish Spanish Swiss Condiments Filipino French fry accompaniments Indian Indonesian Japanese Pakistani Desserts and sweets American Argentine Bangladeshi Brazilian British Chinese Filipino French German Indian Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Tteok Pakistani Polish Romanian Russian Spanish Sri Lankan Taiwanese Thai Turkish Soups and stews Chinese French German Indonesian Italian Japanese Pakistani Spanish Snack foods Snack foods by country Indian Indonesian Japanese Misc. American sandwiches Foods with religious symbolism Indonesian noodles Pakistani meat Pakistani rice Pakistani vegetable Puddings (savoury) Vietnamese noodles Vietnamese specialities By type By cooking style Baked goods Twice-baked Casseroles Deep fried Smoked Steamed By preparation style Dips Dried Fermented Soy products Food pastes Garnishes Gravies Instant Pickled Pickled fruits Rolled Sauces Dessert sauces Fish sauces Hot sauces Instant sauces Spreads Stuffed dishes Breads, grains and seeds Almond Breads bread dishes Buns Flatbreads Quick breads Rolls Sourdough breads Sweet breads Buckwheat Crackers Dumplings Fried dough Legume Chickpea Peanut Maize Noodles Noodle dishes Fried noodle dishes Ramen Pancakes Pasta Pasta dishes Rice Fried rice Rice cakes Rice pudding Rice and beans Sesame seed Toast Dairy-based Butter dishes Cheese dishes Fondues Cheeses Brined Yogurt-based Fruits and vegetables Apple Avocado Banana Broccoli Cabbage Carrot Cassava Cherry Eggplant Garlic Grape Lemon Melon Onion Plum Potato French fry Salads Arab Thai Soy-based Squash and pumpkin Strawberry Sweet potato Tofu Tomato Fish and seafood Clam Cod Crab Fish head Fish stews Fried fish Herring Raw fish Salmon Shrimp Sushi and sashimi Tuna Meat-based Barbecue Beef Shredded beef Steak Veal Chicken Duck Egg Scrambled eggs Goat Hamburgers Hot dogs Kebabs Lamb Meatball Mixed grill Pork Bacon Ham dishes Hams Sausages Sausage dishes Soups and stews Bean Blood Cheese Cream Fish and seafood Vegetable Sweets Cakes Candies Chocolate bars Chocolate-covered Cookies Sandwich cookie Shortbread Desserts Custard Doughnuts Pastries Choux pastry Poppy seed Pies, tarts and flans Puddings Misc. Ancient Bacon substitutes Baozi Brand name snacks Breakfast Cereals Drinks Brunch Chifa Christmas Chutneys Coconut Coconut milk Coffee Comfort Hangover remedies Hors d'oeuvre Tapas Made from maple Mushroom Pastries Pies, tarts and flans Porridges Relishes Sandwiches Soul Spit-roasted Street Syrups Tortilla-based Traditional [REDACTED] Food portal [REDACTED] Category: Lists of foods Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Croatian_dishes&oldid=1259588751 " Category : Croatian cuisine Hidden categories: CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with short description Short description
1550-556: The attention of the cleaners. Cleaning behaviors have been observed in a number of fish groups, including an interesting case between two cichlids of the same genus, Etroplus maculatus , the cleaner, and the much larger E. suratensis . Fish occupy many trophic levels in freshwater and marine food webs . Fish at the higher levels are predatory , and a substantial part of their prey consists of other fish. In addition, mammals such as dolphins and seals feed on fish, alongside birds such as gannets and cormorants . The body of
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1600-550: The body, and produce a concentrated urine. The reverse happens in freshwater fish : they tend to gain water osmotically, and produce a dilute urine. Some fish have kidneys able to operate in both freshwater and saltwater. Fish have small brains relative to body size compared with other vertebrates, typically one-fifteenth the brain mass of a similarly sized bird or mammal. However, some fish have relatively large brains, notably mormyrids and sharks , which have brains about as large for their body weight as birds and marsupials . At
1650-561: The exact root is unknown; some authorities reconstruct a Proto-Indo-European root * peysk- , attested only in Italic , Celtic , and Germanic . About 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion , fishlike animals with a notochord and eyes at the front of the body, such as Haikouichthys , appear in the fossil record . During the late Cambrian , other jawless forms such as conodonts appear. Jawed vertebrates appear in
1700-445: The extinct placoderms and acanthodians . Most fish are cold-blooded , their body temperature varying with the surrounding water, though some large active swimmers like white shark and tuna can hold a higher core temperature . Many fish can communicate acoustically with each other, such as during courtship displays . The earliest fish appeared during the Cambrian as small filter feeders ; they continued to evolve through
1750-411: The filling has boiled and the fireplace poker gives a rustling sound when scuffing the top (or the dough is brown, respectively). Thereafter, it is taken out, swept clean and flipped over again. After cooling it is spread with olive oil and sprinkled with finely chopped garlic. It is usually cut to rhombical pieces for serving. List of Croatian dishes This
1800-405: The front of the brain are the olfactory lobes , a pair of structures that receive and process signals from the nostrils via the two olfactory nerves . Fish that hunt primarily by smell, such as hagfish and sharks, have very large olfactory lobes. Behind these is the telencephalon , which in fish deals mostly with olfaction. Together these structures form the forebrain. Connecting the forebrain to
1850-412: The gills flows in the opposite direction to the water, resulting in efficient countercurrent exchange . The gills push the oxygen-poor water out through openings in the sides of the pharynx. Cartilaginous fish have multiple gill openings: sharks usually have five, sometimes six or seven pairs; they often have to swim to oxygenate their gills. Bony fish have a single gill opening on each side, hidden beneath
1900-532: The gills. Oxygen-rich blood then flows without further pumping, unlike in mammals, to the body tissues. Finally, oxygen-depleted blood returns to the heart. Fish exchange gases using gills on either side of the pharynx . Gills consist of comblike structures called filaments. Each filament contains a capillary network that provides a large surface area for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide . Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen-rich water through their mouths and pumping it over their gills. Capillary blood in
1950-447: The gut, leading from the mouth to the anus. The mouth of most fishes contains teeth to grip prey, bite off or scrape plant material, or crush the food. An esophagus carries food to the stomach where it may be stored and partially digested. A sphincter, the pylorus, releases food to the intestine at intervals. Many fish have finger-shaped pouches, pyloric caeca , around the pylorus, of doubtful function. The pancreas secretes enzymes into
2000-452: The heart from the rest of the body. Lungfish, bichirs, ropefish, bowfins, snakefish, and the African knifefish have evolved to reduce such mixing, and to reduce oxygen loss from the gills to oxygen-poor water. Bichirs and lungfish have tetrapod-like paired lungs, requiring them to surface to gulp air, and making them obligate air breathers. Many other fish, including inhabitants of rock pools and
2050-455: The intestine to digest the food; other enzymes are secreted directly by the intestine itself. The liver produces bile which helps to break up fat into an emulsion which can be absorbed in the intestine. Most fish release their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia . This may be excreted through the gills or filtered by the kidneys . Salt is excreted by the rectal gland. Saltwater fish tend to lose water by osmosis ; their kidneys return water to
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2100-419: The midbrain is the diencephalon ; it works with hormones and homeostasis . The pineal body is just above the diencephalon; it detects light, maintains circadian rhythms, and controls color changes. The midbrain contains the two optic lobes . These are very large in species that hunt by sight, such as rainbow trout and cichlids . The hindbrain controls swimming and balance.The single-lobed cerebellum
2150-443: The nine largest families; from largest to smallest, these are Cyprinidae , Gobiidae , Cichlidae , Characidae , Loricariidae , Balitoridae , Serranidae , Labridae , and Scorpaenidae . About 64 families are monotypic , containing only one species. Fish range in size from the huge 16-metre (52 ft) whale shark to some tiny teleosts only 8-millimetre (0.3 in) long, such as the cyprinid Paedocypris progenetica and
2200-496: The ocean. Fish are caught for recreation , or raised by fishkeepers as ornaments for private and public exhibition in aquaria and garden ponds . Fish have had a role in human culture through the ages, serving as deities , religious symbols, and as the subjects of art, books and movies. The word fish is inherited from Proto-Germanic , and is related to German Fisch , the Latin piscis and Old Irish īasc , though
2250-402: The open ocean. Because the water all around is the same colour, reflecting an image of the water offers near-invisibility. Fish have a closed-loop circulatory system . The heart pumps the blood in a single loop throughout the body; for comparison, the mammal heart has two loops, one for the lungs to pick up oxygen, one for the body to deliver the oxygen. In fish, the heart pumps blood through
2300-541: The pasta dough rolled into a thin sheet, cut into strips three to four centimetres wide, placed over each other, then cooked and served with a mild red veal sauce Grahova pretepena juha [REDACTED] Međimurje , Northern Croatia Type of traditional thick bean soup from Međimurje prepared with stirred flour mixed with milk and sour cream Hladnetina [REDACTED] Northern Croatia , Central Croatia Pork jelly made from low-grade cuts of pig meat, such as trotters, that contain
2350-463: The presence of swim bladders and later ossified endoskeletons , emerged as the dominant group of fish after the end-Devonian extinction wiped out the apex placoderms. Bony fish are further divided into the lobe-finned and ray-finned fish . About 96% of all living fish species today are teleosts , a crown group of ray-finned fish that can protrude their jaws . The tetrapods , a mostly terrestrial clade of vertebrates that have dominated
2400-531: The region: Chard with onions and parsley between two layers of simplest dough. Among the numerous local variations there are also sweet ones, for example with nuts, dried fruits or caramel . In 2016, the European Commission listed soparnik as a non-material national heritage of Croatia certified with the specific geographical origin. In the region it is said to be the prototype of the Italian pizza , which
2450-415: The taxon Osteichthyes as a clade, which now includes all tetrapods". The biodiversity of extant fish is unevenly distributed among the various groups; teleosts , bony fishes able to protrude their jaws , make up 96% of fish species. The cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships of all groups of living fishes (with their respective diversity ) and the tetrapods. Extinct groups are marked with
2500-688: The top trophic levels in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems since the Late Paleozoic , evolved from lobe-finned fish during the Carboniferous , developing air-breathing lungs homologous to swim bladders. Despite the cladistic lineage, tetrapods are usually not considered to be fish, making "fish" a paraphyletic group. Fish have been an important natural resource for humans since prehistoric times, especially as food . Commercial and subsistence fishers harvest fish in wild fisheries or farm them in ponds or in breeding cages in
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