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180-599: While some documents on the "Rote Kapelle Special Commission" are available, others for example, from the Military Historical Archives in Prague and Moscow have not been examined. At the same time, none of the former Gestapo or Abwehr personnel made reports after the war, for obvious reasons. This means that the history of the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle is only partially complete. The name Rote Kapelle

360-711: A V-Mann . Vayssairat exposed the name of Auguste, real name Eugène Granet. He was arrested and gave the name of Michel, Roland Madigou was tortured for 12 days in Fresnes Prison before giving the name of an individual François who was hiding in Bordeaux . He was arrested by the Sonderkommando on 13 August 1943 during a meeting with Vayssairat and taken to Fresnes Prison . Pauriol was tortured for three weeks but choose to remain silent before eventually exposing his own identity as Pauriol. However, he never exposed any information on

540-515: A list of agents who believed had already been captured. The secret report was written in Hebrew, Yiddish and Polish in the forlorn hope that should the report be discovered that it would take three translators to read it fully. Trepper needed to employ subterfuge to ensure the report reached Soviet intelligence. He started by trying to convince Giering that it was important that he met with French resistance fighter and PCF agent Juliette Moussier, while he

720-492: A marketing buzz for the project). Still others (such as Microsoft ) discuss code names publicly, and routinely use project code names on beta releases and such, but remove them from final product(s). In the case of Windows 95, the code name "CHICAGO" was left embedded in the INF File structure and remained required through Windows Me. At the other end of the spectrum, Apple includes the project code names for Mac OS X as part of

900-453: A "B", cargo aircraft with a "C". Training aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft were grouped under the word "miscellaneous", and received "M". The same convention applies to missiles, with air-launched ground attack missiles beginning with the letter "K" and surface-to-surface missiles (ranging from intercontinental ballistic missiles to antitank rockets) with the letter "S", air-to-air missiles "A", and surface-to-air missiles "G". Throughout

1080-478: A "pivotal" role in Soviet air-strategy. Code names were adopted by the following process. Aerial or space reconnaissance would note a new aircraft at a Warsaw Pact airbase. The intelligence units would then assign it a code name consisting of the official abbreviation of the base, then a letter, for example, "Ram-A", signifying an aircraft sighted at Ramenskoye Airport . Missiles were given designations like "TT-5", for

1260-500: A German radio station in Gleiwitz . The SD took concentration-camp inmates condemned to die, and fitted them with Polish Army uniforms which Heinz Jost had acquired from Admiral Wilhelm Canaris ' Abwehr (military intelligence). Leading this mission and personally selected by Heydrich was SS veteran Alfred Naujocks , who later reported during a War Criminal proceeding that he brought a Polish-speaking German along so he could broadcast

1440-642: A Gestapo officer. Heinz Pannwitz was employed August 1943 to take over direction of the Sonderkommando investigation operation in France as team leader. Pannwitz had been working in Gestapo HQ in Berlin since the spring of 1943 in the investigation of the Red Orchestra. While in Berlin, Pannwitz had read Giering's reports and was disinclined to believe that Trepper had exposed his colleagues for any altruistic reasons. Trepper

1620-517: A PCF contact could convince Soviet intelligence that he was free. He warned Soviet intelligence of the arrests in Paris and convinced them to seriously participate in the funkspiel, so as both poison the funkspiel communications in a way that was beneficial to the Soviets and at the same time expose German plans. However, this was complete fabrication. Trepper claimed he managed to contact Soviet intelligence which

1800-453: A Sondekommando officer who was his guard and he used this to his advantage. Trepper managed to convinced Giering, with the help of Berg, that Katz needed instruction on how to approach Moussier and suggested speaking to Katz in Yiddish, a language that the Sonderkommando translator was capable of understanding, since he didn't know French and Katz couldn't speak German. By speaking Yiddish, Trepper

1980-544: A decree on 1 July 1937, clearly defining the SD's areas of responsibility as those dealing with "learning ( Wissenschaft ), art, party and state, constitution and administration, foreign lands, Freemasonry and associations" whereas the "Gestapo's jurisdiction was Marxism, treason, and emigrants". Additionally, the SD was responsible for matters related to "churches and sects, pacifism, the Jews, right-wing movements", as well as "the economy, and

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2160-622: A further house at 12 Rue de Namur, Brussels and raided it As well as arresting Soviet agent and radio specialist Johann Wenzel , two messages that were waiting to be enciphered were discovered in the house that contained details of such startling content, the plans for Case Blue , that Henry Piepe immediately drove to Berlin from Brussels to report to German High Command. The start of the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle cannot be precisely established. Walter Schellenberg , recorded details in his memoirs of an agreement that came about between Fritz Thiele , Wilhelm Canaris , Heinrich Müller and himself in

2340-478: A message from Giering, supposedly from Trepper to inform Soviet Intelligence that the French Rote Kapelle was still functioning, as well his own report and a letter instructing Duclos to send the report to Soviet intelligence as soon as possible. Trepper suggested to Giering that the transmissions should cease for a month, to give the appearance of the network being reorganised, to which he agreed. However, when

2520-498: A message in Polish from the German radio station "under siege" to the effect that it was time for an all out confrontation between Germans and Poles. To add documented proof of this attack, the SD operatives placed the fictitious Polish troops (killed by lethal injection, then shot for appearance) around the "attacked" radio station with the intention of taking members of the press to the site of

2700-407: A mixture of fear and foreboding," and people wanted as little to do with them as possible. Belonging to the security apparatus of Nazi Germany obviously had its advantages but it was also fraught with occupationally related social disadvantages as well, and if post-war descriptions of the SD by historians are any indication, membership therein implied being a part of a "ubiquitous secret society" which

2880-584: A myriad of cameras and photographic equipment, focusing efforts on important strategic locations like government buildings, police stations, postal services, public utilities, logistical routes, and above all, airfields. Hitler worked out a sophisticated plan to acquire the Sudetenland, including manipulating Slovak nationalists to vie for independence and the suppression of this movement by the Czech government. Under directions from Heydrich, SD operative Alfred Naujocks

3060-504: A piece of paper that he hid in the leg of his bed frame. For months before his capture, Trepper had been trying to warn Soviet intelligence of the existence of the Sonderkommando but had failed and he planned to use the paper to record a report, that should he escape could be passed to the Soviets to warn them. In minute detail, he recorded his arrest, his interrogation, details of the Sonderkommando staff, records of his time in Fresnes prison and

3240-728: A plot from Ernst Röhm 's SA using subversive means. On 20 April 1934 Hermann Göring handed over control of the Geheime Staatspolizei ( Gestapo ) to Himmler. Heydrich, named chief of the Gestapo by Himmler on 22 April 1934, also continued as head of the SD. These events further extended Himmler's control of the security mechanism of the Reich, which by proxy also strengthened the surveillance power of Heydrich's SD, as both entities methodically infiltrated every police agency in Germany. Subsequently,

3420-510: A result of Piepe's work, almost immediately found three transmitter signals. Piepe chose a location at 101 Rue des Atrébates, that provided the strongest signal. The house was raided by the Abwehr on 12 December 1941 where they found Soviet agent Anatoly Gurevich 's transmitter and arrested radio operators Mikhail Makarov and his assistant Anton Danilov. On the 30 July 1942, the Funkabwehr identified

3600-573: A single Kreis , and, in turn, to be composed of wards ( Revier ), but such an ambitious network never emerged. Eventually, the SD-sub-districts acquired the simple designation of 'outposts' ( Aussenstellen ) as the lowest level-office in the field structure. The SD was mainly an information-gathering agency, while the Gestapo—and to a degree the Criminal Police ( Kriminalpolizei or Kripo)—was

3780-586: A small independent Gestapo unit, known as the "Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle" was established in Paris, France in November 1942. The unit was led by Friedrich Panzinger and the investigation was led by Heinrich Reiser . The Belgium investigation was conducted by Karl Giering of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) department AMT IV A 2. The Berlin unit was led by Horst Kopkow . When the Belgium investigation

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3960-598: A unit of Verfügungstruppe or Totenkopf [Death Head] formations. Correspondingly, SD affiliated units, including the Einsatzgruppen followed German troops into Austria, the Sudetenland, Bohemia, Moravia, Poland, Lithuania, as well as Russia. Since their task included cooperating with military leadership and vice versa, suppression of opposition in the occupied territories was a joint venture. There were territorial disputes and disagreement about how some of these policies were to be implemented. Nonetheless, by June 1941,

4140-404: A well-prepared and well-researched back story. They hoped the large size of the trade would expose Trepper, who would endorse the large trade by signing the contract, in a gesture of goodwill. However, the ruse failed. Giering decided to start arresting employees of Simex. On 19 November 1942, Suzanne Cointe, a secretary at Simex, Alfred Corbin the commercial director of the firm and Vladimir Keller,

4320-610: Is a means of identification where the official nomenclature is unknown or uncertain. The policy of recognition reporting names was continued into the Cold War for Soviet, other Warsaw Pact , and Communist Chinese aircraft. Although this was started by the Air Standards Co-ordinating Committee (ASCC) formed by the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, it was extended throughout NATO as

4500-447: Is to never have to report to anyone that their son "was killed in an operation called 'Bunnyhug' or 'Ballyhoo'." Presently, British forces tend to use one-word names, presumably in keeping with their post-World War II policy of reserving single words for operations and two-word names for exercises. British operation code names are usually randomly generated by a computer and rarely reveal its components or any political implications unlike

4680-659: The Einsatzgruppen . In fact, all members of the Einsatzgruppen wore the SD sleeve diamond on their uniforms. The SD-SiPo was the primary agency, in conjunction with the Ordnungspolizei , assigned to maintain order and security in the Nazi ghettos established by the Germans throughout occupied Eastern Europe. On 7 December 1941, the same day as the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor ,

4860-673: The Reichsführer-SS "), or SD , was the intelligence agency of the SS and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany . Established in 1931, the SD was the first Nazi intelligence organization and the Gestapo (formed in 1933) was considered its sister organization through the integration of SS members and operational procedures. The SD was administered as an independent SS office between 1933 and 1939. That year,

5040-518: The Funkabwehr , the German radio counterintelligence organisation. The name of Kapelle was an accepted Abwehr term to denote secret radio transmitters and the counterintelligence operation against them. The Sonderkommando was small organisation of around 12–15 investigators that included two typists. When it moved to Paris, it was located in the third floor in four rooms (335-339) of the French ministry of

5220-649: The Lorenz Textophon . Several days or weeks later the prisoners would be visited by General Judge of the Luftwaffe Manfred Roeder who conducted a shorter, formal interrogation. The prisoner's final statement would then be recorded: "I stand by my statements to the Secret State Police. They correspond to the truth and I make them the subject of my judicial hearing today" The interrogation by Werner Krauss , Heinrich Scheel and Günther Weisenborn were

5400-619: The NATO reporting name for aircraft, rockets and missiles. These names were considered by the Soviets as being like a nickname given to one's unit by the opponents in a battle. The Soviets did not like the Sukhoi Su-25 getting the code name " Frogfoot ". However, some names were appropriate, such as "Condor" for the Antonov An-124 , or, most famously, "Fulcrum" for the Mikoyan MiG-29 , which had

5580-718: The Nuremberg Laws were passed in 1935, the SD reported that the measures against the Jews were well received by the German populace. In 1936, the police were divided into the Ordnungspolizei (Orpo or Order Police) and the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo or Security Police). The Orpo consisted mainly of the Schutzpolizei (urban police), the Gendarmerie (rural police) and the Gemeindepolizei (municipal police). The SiPo

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5760-504: The Rhine ) was deliberately named to suggest the opposite of its purpose – a defensive "watch" as opposed to a massive blitzkrieg operation, just as was Operation Weserübung ( Weser -exercise), which signified the plans to invade Norway and Denmark in April 1940. Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to

5940-598: The USAAF , invented a system for the identification of Japanese military aircraft. Initially using short, " hillbilly " boys' names such as " Pete ", " Jake ", and " Rufe ", the system was later extended to include girls' names and names of trees and birds, and became widely used by the Allies throughout the Pacific theater of war. This type of naming scheme differs from the other use of code names in that it does not have to be kept secret, but

6120-535: The "life domain" or Lebensgebiet of the German population. Gathered information was then distributed by the SD through secret internal political reports entitled Meldungen aus dem Reich (reports from the Reich) to the upper echelons of the Nazi Party, enabling Hitler's régime to evaluate the general morale and attitude of the German people so they could be manipulated by the Nazi propaganda machine in timely fashion. When

6300-551: The 19 November 1942. When the Gestapo entered the Simexco office they found only one person, a clerk, but managed to discover all the names and addresses of Simexco employees and shareholders from company records. Over the month of November, most of the people associated with the company were arrested and taken to St. Gilles Prison in Brussels or Fort Breendonk in Mechelen . On 25 July 1942,

6480-637: The Abwehr that Corbin had given Trepper the name of a dentist, as he had been suffering toothache. After being tortured, Corbin provided Giering of the address of Trepper's dentist. Trepper was subsequently arrested on 24 November by Giering, while he was sitting in a dentist's chair. On the 24 November, Giering contacted Hitler to inform him of the capture of Trepper. Both Trepper and Gurevich, who had been arrested on 9 November 1942, in Marseilles were brought to Fresnes Prison . They were treated well by Giering, who led

6660-452: The Abwehr, in an attempt to avoid interrogation. She admitted the existence of Soviet agent Anatoly Gurevich and his probable location, as well as exposing several members of the Trepper espionage network in France. As part of the routine investigation, Harry Piepe discovered that the firm Simexco in Brussels was being used as a cover for Soviet espionage operations by the Trepper network. It

6840-616: The American names (e.g., the 2003 invasion of Iraq was called "Operation Telic" compared to Americans' "Operation Iraqi Freedom", obviously chosen for propaganda rather than secrecy). Americans prefer two-word names, whereas the Canadians and Australians use either. The French military currently prefer names drawn from nature (such as colors or the names of animals), for instance Opération Daguet ("brocket deer") or Opération Baliste ("Triggerfish"). The CIA uses alphabetical prefixes to designate

7020-468: The Chief Commissariat Officer for Brussels, who was responsible for the company. In the meeting Piepe showed the two photographs that had been discovered at the house at 101 Rue des Atrébates, to the commanding officer who immediately identified the aliases of Leopold Trepper and Anatoly Gurevich . As part of a combined operation with Giering in Paris, Piepe raided the offices of Simexco on

7200-549: The Dutch agent Maurice Peper was arrested by Piepe in Brussels. Between late 1940 and July 1942, Peper worked first for Gurevich and then Jeffremov as courier who operated between Johann Wenzel in Brussels and Anton Winterink in Amsterdam. He was betrayed by Jeffremov, who informed the Sonderkommando of a covert meeting, known as a treff that was to take place in a Brussels street by Peper and Hermann Isbutzki. Peper agreed to work for

7380-620: The German ethnic body" and once any symptoms of "disease and germs" appeared, it was their job to "remove them by every appropriate means". Regular reports—including opinion polls, press dispatches, and information bulletins were established. These were monitored and reviewed by the head of the Inland-SD, Otto Ohlendorf (responsible for intelligence and security within Germany) and by the former Heidelberg professor and SD member Reinhard Höhn  [ de ] . This activity aimed to control and assess

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7560-479: The Gestapo were searching for him and never made contact with Rajchmann. Giering then tried to establish a meeting with a contact, using information from the correspondence between Simexco and an employee of the Paris office of the Belgian Chamber of Commerce. That ultimately proved unsuccessful, so Giering turned back to investigating Simexco. Since he had begun monitoring Simexco Brussels, he had been suspicious of

7740-586: The Harnacks, who were arrested on 7 September 1942 while they were on holiday in the Preila on the Curonian Spit . The Harnacks were interrogated by Kriminalinspektor Walter Habecker . Habecker was an older officer, a bald-headed thug of the old school who was under the command of Horst Kopkow , who was 17 years younger. He had been ordered to use "Enhanced interrogation", (Verschärfte Vernehmung) on prisoners and if that

7920-805: The Italian Duce had expressed great concern previously in the wake of an Austrian SS unit's attempt to stage a coup not more than three weeks after the Röhm affair , an episode that embarrassed the SS, enraged Hitler, and ended in the assassination of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss on 25 July 1934. Nonetheless, to facilitate the incorporation of Austria into the greater Reich, the SD and Gestapo went to work arresting people immediately, using lists compiled by Heydrich. Heydrich's SD and Austrian SS members received financing from Berlin to harass Austrian Chancellor von Schuschnigg 's government all throughout 1937. One section of

8100-574: The Jewish Affairs department within the SD) was at first to remove any semblance of "Jewish influence from all spheres of public life", which included the encouragement of wholesale Jewish emigration. Official bureaucratization increased apace with numerous specialized offices formed, aiding towards the overall persecution of the Jews. Because the Gestapo and the SD had parallel duties, Heydrich tried to reduce any confusion or related territorial disputes through

8280-662: The Nazi hierarchy, making the SS and its intelligence organ, the SD, responsible only to the Führer. The purge became known as the Night of the Long Knives , with up to 200 people killed in the action. Moreover, the brutal crushing of the SA and its leadership sent a clear message to everyone that opposition to Hitler's regime could be fatal. It struck fear across the Nazi leadership as to the tangible concern of

8460-401: The Nazi revolution in general, membership in the SS and the SD appealed more to the impressionable youth. Most SD members were Protestant by faith, had served in the military, and generally had a significant amount of education, representing "an educated elite" in the general sense – with about 14 percent of them earning doctorate degrees. Heydrich viewed the SD as spiritual-elite leaders within

8640-503: The PCF clandestine radio transmission organisation. Bourgeois identified "Michel" as Roland Madigou, an intermediary between Trepper and Fernand Pauriol , the main wireless telegraphy specialist for the PCF, indicating that Treppers deception was designed to penetrate the PCF. Certainly the impact of the June transmission generated suspicions about Treppers loyalty, due to the odd way the PCF had received

8820-409: The PCF. Vion was in contact with Robert Giraud, who was the main liaison between the Trepper network and the PCF and he was arrested on 12 December 1942. Through Giraud, the Sonderkommando discovered a radio transmitter that included details of the cipher keys used by the PCF. These keys enabled the Sonderkommando to start the funkspiel operation for Trepper's radio transmitter on 17 December 1943, which

9000-401: The PCF. The Sonderkommando discovered six storage locations in different areas of Paris during the investigation of Pauriol, with the main one located in a house in Longjumeau that contained all the modern equipment necessary to build radio transmitters. As the months past, Giering became ill with throat cancer and Giering's deputy, Gestapo officer Kriminalkommissar Heinrich Reiser, took over

9180-403: The Parisian command in June 1943. Geiring refused to release command of the investigation. Reiser formerly took over command of the unit in August 1943, when Giering's throat cancer reached an advanced stage and he had to retire. Reiser was an ineffective officer and was ordered to return to Germany to work at the Karlsruhe police station, and he was replaced by Kriminalkommissar Alfred Goepfert,

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9360-469: The Polish-Jewish forger Abraham Rajchmann . Rajchmann was an informer to the Belgian Police Judiciaire des Parquets (Judiciary Police). It was Rajchmann who had been forging identity documents in the secret room of Rue des Atrébates. Rajchmann in turn betrayed Soviet agent Konstantin Jeffremov who was arrested on 22 July 1942 in Brussels in a sting operation , while attempting to obtain forged identity documents for himself to enable him to escape. Jeffremov

9540-411: The Press", but the SD was instructed to "avoid all matters which touched the 'state police executive powers' ( staatspolizeiliche Vollzugsmaßnahmen ) since these belonged to the Gestapo, as did all individual cases." In 1938, the SD was made the intelligence organization for the State as well as for the Nazi Party, supporting the Gestapo and working with the General and Interior Administration. As such,

9720-407: The Reich , the SD was infiltrated in 1944 by a former Russian national who was working for the Americans. The agent's parents had fled the Russian Revolution , and he had been raised in Berlin, and then moved to Paris. He was recruited by Albert Jolis of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Seventh Army detachment. The mission was codenamed RUPPERT. How extensive the SD's knowledge was about

9900-401: The SD and SS were ultimately created to identify and eradicate internal enemies of the State, as well as to pacify, subjugate, and exploit conquered territories and peoples. The SS Security Service, known as the SS SD-Amt , became the official security organization of the Nazi Party in 1934. Consisting at first of paid agents and a few hundred unpaid informants scattered across Germany, the SD

10080-403: The SD came into immediate, fierce competition with German military intelligence, the Abwehr, which was headed by Admiral Canaris. The competition stemmed from Heydrich and Himmler's intention to absorb the Abwehr and Admiral Canaris' view of the SD as an amateur upstart. Canaris refused to give up the autonomy that his military intelligence organ possessed. Additional problems also existed, like

10260-404: The SD carefully tracked foreign opinion and criticism of Nazi policies, censoring when necessary and likewise publishing hostile political cartoons in the SS weekly magazine, Das Schwarze Korps . An additional task assigned to the SD and the Gestapo involved keeping tabs on the morale of the German population at large, which meant they were charged to "carefully supervise the political health of

10440-624: The SD developed an organization of agents and informants throughout the Reich and later throughout the occupied territories , all part of the development of an extensive SS state and a totalitarian regime without parallel. The organization consisted of a few hundred full-time agents and several thousand informants. Historian George C. Browder writes that SD regiments were comparable to SS regiments, in that: SD districts ( Bezirke ) emerged covering several Party circuits ( Kreis ) or an entire district ( Gau ). Below this level, SD sub-districts ( Unterbezirke ) slowly developed. They were originally to cover

10620-625: The SD left their mission somewhat vaguely defined so as to "remain an instrument for all eventualities". One such eventuality would soon arise. For a while, the SS competed with the Sturmabteilung (SA) for influence within Germany. Himmler distrusted the SA and came to deplore the "rabble-rousing" brownshirts (despite once having been a member) and what he saw as indecent sexual deviants amid its leadership. At least one pretext to secure additional influence for Himmler's SS and Heydrich's SD in "protecting" Hitler and securing his absolute trust in their intelligence collection abilities, involved thwarting

10800-607: The SD provided fictitious information that there was an assassination plot on Hitler's life and that an SA putsch to assume power was imminent since the SA were allegedly amassing weapons. Additionally, reports were coming into the SD and Gestapo that the vulgarity of the SA's behavior was damaging the party and was even making antisemitism less palatable. On 30 June 1934 the SS and Gestapo acted in coordinated mass arrests that continued for two days. The SS took one of its most decisive steps in eliminating its competition for command of security within Germany and established itself firmly in

10980-488: The SD that was nothing more than a front for subversive activities against Austria ironically promoted "German-Austrian peace". Throughout the events leading to the Anschluß and even after the Nazis marched into Austria on 12 March 1938, Heydrich – convinced that only his SD could pull off a peaceful union between the two German-speaking nations – organized demonstrations, conducted clandestine operations, ordered terror attacks, distributed propaganda materials, encouraged

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11160-416: The SD was a criminal organisation, along with the rest of Heydrich's RSHA (including the Gestapo) both individually and as branches of the SS in the collective. Heydrich was assassinated in 1942 ; his successor, Ernst Kaltenbrunner , was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the Nuremberg trials, sentenced to death and hanged in 1946. The SD, one of the oldest security organizations of

11340-425: The SD was divided into two departments, the interior department ( Inland-SD ) and the foreign department ( Ausland-SD ), and placed under the authority of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). The Interior Security Service ( Inland-SD ), responsible for intelligence and security within Germany, was known earlier as Department II and later, when placed under the Reich Security Main Office, as its Department III. It

11520-440: The SD was made the sole "party information service" on 9 June 1934. Under pressure from the Reichswehr (German armed forces) leadership (whose members viewed the enormous armed forces of the SA as an existential threat) and with the collusion of Göring, Joseph Goebbels , the Gestapo and SD, Hitler was led to believe that Röhm's SA posed a serious conspiratorial threat requiring a drastic and immediate solution. For its part,

11700-404: The SD was transferred over to the Reich Security Main Office ( Reichssicherheitshauptamt ; RSHA), as one of its seven departments. Its first director, Reinhard Heydrich , intended for the SD to bring every single individual within the Third Reich's reach under "continuous supervision". Following Germany's defeat in World War II , the tribunal at the Nuremberg trials officially declared that

11880-503: The SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, and Waffen-SS. On 31 July 1941, Göring gave written authorisation to SD Chief Heydrich to ensure a government-wide cooperative effort in the implementation of the so-called Final Solution to the Jewish question in territories under German control. An SD headquarter's memorandum indicated that the SD was tasked to accompany military invasions and assist in pacification efforts. The memo explicitly stated: The SD will, where possible, follow up immediately behind

12060-415: The SS and Gestapo. Machinations by the SD, the Gestapo, and the SS helped to bring Austria fully into Hitler's grasp and on 13 March 1938, he signed into law the union with Austria as tears streamed down his face. Concomitant to its machinations against Austria, the SD also became involved in subversive activities throughout Czechoslovakia. Focusing on the Sudetenland with its 3 million ethnic Germans and

12240-429: The SS and the "cream of the cream of the NSDAP." According to historian George C. Browder, "SD men represented no pathological or psychically susceptible group. Few were wild or extreme Nazi fanatics. In those respects they were 'ordinary men'. Yet in most other respects, they were an extraordinary mix of men, drawn together by a unique mix of missions." Along with members of the Gestapo, SD personnel were "regarded with

12420-403: The SS and the SD task forces were systematically shooting Jewish men of military age, which soon turned to "gunning down" old people, women, and children in the occupied areas. On 20 January 1942, Heydrich chaired a meeting, now called the Wannsee Conference , to discuss the implementation of the plan. Facilities such as Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz have their origins in

12600-454: The SS started infiltrating all leading positions of the security apparatus of the Reich. Even before Hitler became Chancellor in January 1933, the SD was a veritable "watchdog" over the SS and over members of the Nazi Party and played a critical role in consolidating political-police powers into the hands of Himmler and Heydrich. Once Hitler was appointed Chancellor by German President Paul von Hindenburg , he quickly made efforts to manipulate

12780-417: The SS, was first formed in 1931 as the Ic-Dienst (Intelligence Service ) operating out of a single apartment and reporting directly to Heinrich Himmler . Himmler appointed a former junior naval officer, Reinhard Heydrich , to organise the small agency. The office was renamed Sicherheitsdienst (SD) in the summer of 1932. The SD became more powerful after the Nazi Party took control of Germany in 1933 and

12960-677: The Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names ( Jubilee , Frankton ). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name Overlord was personally chosen by Winston Churchill himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions. Winston Churchill was particular about the quality of code names. He insisted that code words, especially for dangerous operations, would be not overly grand nor petty nor common. One emotional goal he mentions

13140-454: The Simex translator were all immediately arrested. Keller was immediately tortured using a rope tied around his legs and tightened with a stick, but failed to provide any information. Corbin interrogation failed to disclose the location of Gilbert, so Giering decided to send for a torture expert. Both Keller and Corbin were then sent to Fresnes Prison . However, on 24 November 1942, Corbin's wife told

13320-406: The Simexco trading company in Brussels including the banker, Charles Drailly, the salesman Jean Passelecq, Simexco shareholder Robert Jean Christen, the accountant Henry Seghers, the secretary Erich Nutis and the company secretary Jeanne Ponsaint, who hadn't been rounded in the initial raid on Simexco. The people associated with Simex in Paris were also betrayed along with their families. When many of

13500-465: The Sonderkommando had full control of the Red Orchestra in Belgium and the Netherlands well before the end of 1942 and the funkspiel was in operation. There is no clear indication as to when Giering, Piepe and the Sonderkommando moved to Paris, although various sources indicate it was either mid-September 1942 or October 1942. Gilles Perrault reports it was later summer rather than early autumn . When

13680-437: The Sonderkommando after being tortured and revealed that he was to meet Anton Winterink a few days later in Amsterdam. Piepe escorted Peper to Amsterdam who allowed Peper to attend the meeting. On 18 or 19 August 1942 (sources vary), Winterink was arrested by Piepe at the meeting in cafe in Amsterdam. A total of 17 people from Winterink's group were arrested and a radio transmitter was seized from Winterink's apartment. Winterink

13860-478: The Sonderkommando returned to confirm with Moussier whether the message was sent, she was missing. Trepper had instructed her to disappear immediately and not reveal any details of the meeting. Moussier went into hiding. During the summer, Moussier's main contact Fernand Pauriol , visited Moussier and her husband Milo in Beugne l'Abbe, west of Luçon and arranged for the couple to disappear. On 25 December 1942, Trepper

14040-510: The Soviet Union, to discuss matters of exceptional interest, however Himmler rejected the idea. Instead, Pannwitz reversed the idea, by transmitting a long message to Soviet intelligence that described a powerful group of anti-Nazis who favoured the Soviet Union and who wanted to talk to a representative from the country. The rendezvous was arranged to take place at Hillel Katzs ' old apartment at Rue Edmond-Roger. When Pannwitz and Trepper attended

14220-499: The Todt offices. The director of the Todt offices in Paris was shown the photograph found in the Atrebates raid and immediately confirmed that the man was Monsieur Gilbert , the alias that Trepper was using in his dealings with Simex. Giering and Pipe decide to try a simple ruse to trap Trepper by posing as Mainz businessmen seeking to buy 1.5million marks worth of industrial diamonds, using

14400-588: The US (just across the Bering Strait from Nome, Alaska). The names of colors are generally avoided in American practice to avoid confusion with meteorological reporting practices. Britain, in contrast, made deliberately non-meaningful use of them, through the system of rainbow codes . Although German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, in 1942, Captain Frank T. McCoy, an intelligence officer of

14580-548: The United Kingdom and the United States. In the interim, he hoped to eventually contact Soviet intelligence to warn them. After his initial interrogation at Fresnes, Trepper was imprisoned on a third floor room on the 11 Rue des Saussaies in Paris where further interrogations took place. He offered to collaborate with the Abwehr, by naming all his associates and insisted that wireless contact be maintained with Soviet intelligence. Giering subsequently treated Trepper leniently in

14760-506: The United States code names are commonly set entirely in upper case. This is not done in other countries, though for the UK in British documents the code name is in upper case while operation is shortened to OP e.g., "Op. TELIC". This presents an opportunity for a bit of public-relations ( Operation Just Cause ), or for controversy over the naming choice (Operation Infinite Justice, renamed Operation Enduring Freedom ). Computers are now used to aid in

14940-535: The agency remained active in foreign operations to such a degree that the head of the Reich Foreign Ministry office, Joachim von Ribbentrop , complained of their meddling, since Hitler would apparently make decisions based on SD reports without consulting him. According to historian Richard Breitman , there was animosity between the SS leadership and Ribbentrop's Foreign Office atop their "jurisdictional disputes". Aside from its participation in diminishing

15120-471: The aging president. On 28 February 1933, Hitler convinced Hindenburg to declare a state of emergency which suspended all civil liberties throughout Germany, due at least in part to the Reichstag fire on the previous night. Hitler assured Hindenburg throughout that he was attempting to stabilize the tumultuous political scene in Germany by taking a "defensive measure against Communist acts of violence endangering

15300-561: The allies by staging a comeback, through the assassination of prominent allied individuals including Winston Churchill , although how that could be achieved was not disclosed. However, Pannwitz was arrested on 3 May 1945. Code name A code name , codename , call sign , or cryptonym is a code word or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in industrial counter-espionage to protect secret projects and

15480-403: The available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an aptronym or backronym , although policy was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major conference meetings had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had a number as part of their meaning, e.g., the third meeting

15660-400: The disharmony there which the Czech government could not seem to remedy, Hitler set Heydrich's SD in motion in what came to be known as "Case Green" . Passed off as a mission to liberate Sudeten Germans from alleged Czech persecution, Case Green was in fact a contingency plan to outright invade and destroy the country, as Hitler intended to "wipe Czechoslovakia off the map." This operation

15840-437: The early plots to kill Hitler by key members of the military remains a contested subject and a veritable unknown. According to British historian John Wheeler-Bennett , "in view of the wholesale destruction of Gestapo archives it is improbable that this knowledge will ever be forthcoming. That the authorities were aware of serious 'defeatism' is certain, but it is doubtful whether they suspected anyone of outright treason." Given

16020-638: The espionage network in Belgium was broken up. The Belgian courier Isidore Springer and his wife, the dance teacher Flore Valaerts were the first ones to arrive. By the end of the summer when the Dutch network was under investigation, it was decided to establish a radio transmitter in Lyon to take over from the Parisian network if the need arose. A new residency was established by Springer that became Trepper's 6th espionage network in Europe. When Germaine Schneider arrived in

16200-497: The exception to the standard process as he largely dictated their confession. By the time of the interrogation phase, the Gestapo already knew many of people's names. The torture and interrogation would often last a particularly long time, even to determine the smallest detail. For example, Wilhelm Guddorf was asked to provide details of three communists that he had met in Sachsenhausen concentration camp in November 1939, while he

16380-421: The executive agency of the political-police system. The SD and Gestapo did have integration through SS members holding dual positions in each branch. Nevertheless, there was some jurisdictional overlap and operational conflict between the SD and Gestapo. In addition, the Criminal Police kept a level of independence since its structure had been longer-established. As part and parcel of its intelligence operations,

16560-468: The expectation that he would serve as a double agent in Paris. Trepper informed Giering that his family and relatives in the USSR would be killed if it became known to Soviet intelligence that he had been captured. Giering agreed that should Trepper collaborate, his arrest would remain a secret. The Germans regarded the arrest as one of their most important operational achievements. When his interrogation began, he

16740-810: The fifth rocket seen at Tyura-Tam . When more information resulted in knowing a bit about what a missile was used for, it would be given a designation like "SS-6", for the sixth surface-to-surface missile design reported. Finally, when either an aircraft or a missile was able to be photographed with a hand-held camera, instead of a reconnaissance aircraft, it was given a name like " Flanker " or " Scud " – always an English word, as international pilots worldwide are required to learn English. The Soviet manufacturer or designation – which may be mistakenly inferred by NATO – has nothing to do with it. Jet-powered aircraft received two-syllable names like Foxbat , while propeller aircraft were designated with short names like Bull . Fighter names began with an "F", bombers with

16920-473: The fingers and the fingers squeezed together. It was said to cause intense pain. Habecker would go on to interrogate Rudolf von Scheliha , Carl Helfrich  [ de ] , Günther and Joy Weisenborn and many others including Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf After the first six arrests the Gestapo had obtained sufficient evidence to arrest a large number of people. Between 12 and 16 September 1942, another 35 people were arrested and taken to either

17100-411: The first extermination camp was opened at Chelmno near Lodz by Ernst Damzog , the SD and SiPo commander in occupied Poznań (Posen). Damzog had personally selected the staff for the killing centre and later supervised the daily operation of the camp, which was under the command of Herbert Lange . Over a span of approximately 15 months, 150,000 people were killed there. According to the book Piercing

17280-478: The functioning of the group. The investigation into why Moussier was missing was still ongoing but she couldn't be located. Giering decided with the help of Trepper to try another line of investigation. He ordered the Sonderkommando Rote Kapelle to search for Fernand Pauriol , a name given to him by the V-Mann Abraham Rajchmann . However, although they searched all over France for several months, there

17460-446: The funkspiel operation, but it was still many weeks before the GRU realised it had been deceived. The reasons for Trepper changing the dates in his memoir are not clear. Trepper named his associate "Michel" as Louis Grojnowski  [ de ] as the person he wished to meet. However, Grojnowski ran the trade union organisation Main-d'œuvre immigrée but was not directly associated with

17640-417: The gas chamber and it was now considered judenrein by the Germans. Even the family cemetery had been destroyed and ploughed up. Hillel Katz was the next lieutenant that Trepper betrayed, and was arrested on the 2 December 1942. Over the next several days many members of the espionage network in France and Belgium were betrayed by Trepper and arrested. These included many employees and people associated with

17820-630: The governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by the Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the War Office . This procedure was coordinated with the United States when it entered the war . Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be reassigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from

18000-540: The governments of Czechoslovakia, Great Britain, and France, whose tepid reaction to the Austrian Anschluss had precipitated this crisis to some degree, ensued. The Sudetenland Crisis came to an end when Neville Chamberlain and Hitler signed the Munich Agreement on 29 September 1938, effectively ceding the Sudetenland to Nazi Germany. Involvement in international affairs by the SD certainly did not end there and

18180-513: The incident. Immediately in the wake of the staged incidents on 1 September 1939, Hitler proclaimed from the Reichstag in a famous radio address that German soldiers had been "returning" fire since 5:45 in the morning, setting the Second World War in Europe into motion. The SD was tasked with the detection of actual or potential enemies of the Nazi leadership and the neutralization of such opposition, whether internal or external. To fulfill this task,

18360-534: The interior at 11 Rue des Saussaies . As a unit, they did not outwardly present themselves as Gestapo officials. Instead they wore suits and ties to work to enable them to operate clandestinely, with the demeanour of businessmen In March 1944, the unit moved to rooms on the Rue de Courcelles next to Avenue Hoche due to a disagreement between Heinz Pannwitz and the Security police and SD commander  [ de ] (BdS). It

18540-470: The interrogation of Trepper. The Sonderkommando hoped to use Trepper and the remains of his network in France to discover and destroy the French Communist Party (PCF) resistance in France. To do this, Giering had to keep the arrest of Trepper secret. Trepper believed that the German goal was to weaken the Allies in a manner that would enable the Germans to eventually make a separate peace treaty with

18720-706: The intimidation of opponents, and had his SS and SD personnel round up prominent anti-Nazis, most of whom ended up in Mauthausen concentration camp The coordinated efforts of the SiPo and Heydrich's SD during the first days of the Anschluß effectively eliminated all forms of possible political, military and economic resistance within Austria. Once the annexation became official, the Austrian police were immediately subordinated to Heydrich's SD,

18900-523: The large amount of business telegrams the company had exchanged with Simex in Paris. However, only an examination of the companies register would provide the evidence that Trepper working under the codename Gilbert was involved in the company. Giering decided not to contact the French economic police, for fear of informers exposing the investigation. Giering visited the Seine District Commercial Court where he discovered that Léon Grossvogel

19080-532: The late summer 1942 it was decided she would teach wireless telegraphy to the agents on site and established a radio transmitter on Fourvière Hill, close to 16 Rue des Anges where she lived. Giering knew the names of the agents in Lyon as they had been provided by Trepper, who clarified the investigation details that Giering already knew. In November 1942, Schneider was arrested hiding in Marcelle Capre's apartment in Paris, after being betrayed by Jeffremov. Katz

19260-597: The like from business rivals, or to give names to projects whose marketing name has not yet been determined. Another reason for the use of names and phrases in the military is that they transmit with a lower level of cumulative errors over a walkie-talkie or radio link than actual names. During World War I , names common to the Allies referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by

19440-603: The location. A new meeting was set for 18 or 25 April 1943, on the Sunday of the week but these were missed. The GRU didn't believe that Trepper messages were part of a deception plan and continued to arrange meeting dates, although the Comintern believed he was captured and tried to warn them. By 26 May, the PCF still believed the French network had not been compromised. The message exchange proves that Trepper passed his message to Moussier in June 1943. On 5 June, Duclos confirmed that Trepper

19620-431: The metro station on 20 December 1941. At the time of his arrest, Robinson had four false passports in his possession, as well as the famous Robinson Papers that were discovered under the floorboards of his hotel room. Griotto was arrested the next day. In 1937, a safehouse was established at 42 Avenue Berthelot in Lyon by Joseph Katz, the brother of Hillel Katz. At the beginning of 1942, the safehouse began to be used when

19800-406: The most senior people in the espionage network had been arrested, Trepper turned to exposing his closest associates in the smaller networks that made up the main group in France. The first of these were Anna Maximovitch who was arrested with her brother Basile Maximovitch on 12 December 1942. It was important for the Sonderkommando to move quickly, so that Soviet Intelligence didn't discover that

19980-466: The nature of the intelligence operations assigned to the SD, there were clear delineations between what constituted a full member ( Mitglied ) of the SD and those who were considered "associates" ( Mitarbeiter ) with a further subset for clerical support personnel (typists, file clerks, etc.) who were connoted as V-persons ( Vertrauensleute ). All SD personnel, whether simply associates or full members were required to swear an oath of secrecy, had to meet all

20160-418: The network had been compromised. Both Grossvogel and Katz had refused to divulge any information, even though they were subject to enhanced interrogation, so the unit had to turn to other leads. The investigation progressed with the arrest of Fernand Vion, who was responsible for centralising intelligence for transmission by the French Communist Party (PCF). He was also responsible for the technical apparatus in

20340-490: The network. Schneider on his released contacted Trepper to inform him that Jeffremov was under arrest. Rajchmann was arrested by Piepe on 2 September 1942 when his usefulness as an informer to the Abwehr was at an end. Rajchmann also decided to cooperate with the Abwehr resulting in his betrayal of his mistress, the Comintern member Malvina Gruber , who was arrested on 12 October 1942. Gruber immediately decided to cooperate with

20520-409: The office. Both Trepper and Gurevich showed an extreme hostility towards each other, so they were offered few chances to meet. In March 1943, Gurevich started a funkspiel operation using his codes that was known as "Mars". On 28 March, Gurevich sent his first funkspiel radio transmission. He was informed by Soviet intelligence that he had been promoted to Captain for restarting a transmitter crucial to

20700-511: The official name of the final product, a practice that was started in 2002 with Mac OS X v10.2 "Jaguar". Google and the AOSP also used this for their Android operating system until 2013, where the code name was different from the release name. Sicherheitsdienst Sicherheitsdienst ( German: [ˈzɪçɐhaɪtsˌdiːnst] , "Security Service"), full title Sicherheitsdienst des Reichsführers-SS ("Security Service of

20880-552: The overarching agency under which the Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD , also known as the Einsatzgruppen , was subordinated; this was one of the principal reasons for the later war-crimes indictment against the organization by the Allies. The Einsatzgruppen's part in the Holocaust has been well documented. Its mobile killing units were active in the implementation of the Final Solution (the plan for genocide ) in

21060-503: The part of the agency supporting an operation. In many cases with the United States, the first word of the name has to do with the intent of the program. Programs with "have" as the first word, such as Have Blue for the stealth fighter development, are developmental programs, not meant to produce a production aircraft. Programs that start with Senior, such as Senior Trend for the F-117, are for aircraft in testing meant to enter production. In

21240-544: The planning actions undertaken by Heydrich. Heydrich remained chief of the Security Police (SiPo) and the SD (through the RSHA) until his assassination in 1942, after which Ernst Kaltenbrunner was named chief by Himmler on 30 January 1943, and remained there until the end of the war. The SD was declared a criminal organization after the war and its members were tried as war criminals at Nuremberg . Whatever their original purpose,

21420-504: The political aspect of the investigation was developed at the expense of the operational investigation. In April 1945, the Sonderkommando unit moved to the Bregenz area of Vorarlberg in Austria . At that point the unit consisted of eight SS officers and men along with twenty French and ten Flemish agents. According to Gestapo officer Friedrich Berger, Pannwitz planned to continue the war against

21600-471: The power of the SA and its scheme to kill Röhm, the SD took part in international intrigue, first by activities in Austria, again in Czechoslovakia, and then by helping provoke the "reactive" war against Poland. Code-named " Operation Himmler " and part of Hitler's plan to justify an attack upon Poland, the SD's clandestine activity for this mission included faking a Polish attack against "innocent Germans" at

21780-546: The presence of a Sonderkommando guard that was a fatal mistake by Giering. On the first visit he instructed Moussier to contact Duclos. On the second visit, Moussier confirmed that she had made the contact, and instructed Katz that Trepper should make the visit. At the time, Giering was extremely suspicious that Trepper was setting some kind of trap but couldn't discern what it was, but finally agreed to it. On 23 May 1943, Trepper received permission from Giering to contact Moussier., In early June 1943, Trepper met Moussier and passed

21960-554: The presentation of fake and real evidence of wrongdoing and torture. On the 5 September 1942, Heilmann was arrested and shortly after on the 8th, Libertas Schulze-Boysen was arrested. Gestapo Kriminalsekretär Alfred Göpfert was assigned to interrogate Libertas Schulze-Boysen. Göpfert used subterfuge in the form of Gertrud Breiter, a Gestapo secretary who worked in Department IV E-6 to befriend Schulze-Boysen and then inform on her. Breiter used deceit to convince Schulze-Boysen that she

22140-549: The prison at Gestapo HQ or to the city jail on Alexanderplatz . In this operation, house searches were conducted, looking for evidence. For example, when Hannelore Thiel was arrested on 16 September 1942, the search found an amplifying device for a Volksempfänger radio, a KPD pamphlet Organisiert den revolutionären Massenkampf gegen Faschismus und imperialistischen Krieg ("Organize the revolutionary mass struggle against fascism and imperialist war") as well as several books that included Das Kapital by Karl Marx . When Helmut Roloff

22320-509: The racial exemption for members of the Abwehr from the Nazi Aryan-screening process, and then there was competition for resources which occurred throughout Nazi Germany's existence. On 27 September 1939, the SiPo became a part of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) under Heydrich: From February 1944 forward, the sections of the Abwehr were incorporated into Amt VI. The SD was

22500-424: The reach and influence of Himmler's intelligence collection and policing powers. During the autumn of 1937, Hitler secured Mussolini 's support to annex Austria (Mussolini was originally apprehensive of the Nazi takeover of Austria) and informed his generals of his intentions to invade both Austria and Czechoslovakia . Getting Mussolini to approve political intrigue against Austria was a major accomplishment, as

22680-399: The rendezvous, they were surprised to discover Rajchmann staying in the apartment with no sign of Soviet intelligence. On 13 September 1943 Trepper escaped custody while visiting a pharmacy that had multiple exits. When Pannwitz informed Heinrich Müller of the escape, he persuaded Müller not to tell Himmler. When Pannwitz took over the unit, he changed the work ethos of the unit, such that

22860-515: The report in the first place, resulting in the GRU instructing Duclos to determine how they had received it. For between four and five months, the Sonderkammado were operating against the PCF with the help of Trepper, that resulted in many GRU and PCF people being captured. Gurevich was placed in a room next to Trepper at Rue des Saussaies. Although Trepper had betrayed some details on Gurevich, Giering hadn't determined his identity when he arrived at

23040-418: The requirements for SS membership, were assigned SD code numbers ( Chiffre Nummer ) and if they were "above the level of V-person" they had to carry "an SD identification card." The vast majority of early SD members were relatively young, but the officers were typically older by comparison; nevertheless, the average age of an SD member was approximately 2 years older than the average Nazi Party member. Much like

23220-452: The selection. And further, there is a distinction between the secret names during former wars and the published names of recent ones. A project code name is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or acronym) which is given to a project being developed by industry , academia , government, and other concerns. Project code names are typically used for several reasons: Different organizations have different policies regarding

23400-520: The stakes and claimed that the Czechs were slaughtering Sudeten Germans. He demanded the unconditional and prompt cession of the Sudetenland to Germany in order to secure the safety of endangered ethnic Germans. Around this time, early plots by select members of the German General Staff emerged, plans which included ridding themselves of Hitler. Eventually a diplomatic showdown pitting Hitler against

23580-459: The start of the Gestapo operation to arrest the group. Schulze-Boysen was the first of the Berlin group to the arrested on 31 August 1942. He was placed in "house arrest" (Hausgefängnis) and taken to Gestapo HQ at 8 Prinz Albrecht Street where he was interrogated by Kriminalkommissar Johannes Strübing  [ de ] . Strübing used the typical gamut of Gestapo techniques for interrogation that included physical threats, blackmail , flattery ,

23760-515: The state". Wasting no time, Himmler set the SD in motion as they began creating an extensive card-index of the Nazi regime's political opponents, arresting labor organizers, socialists, Jewish leaders, journalists, and communists in the process, sending them to the newly established prison facility near Munich, Dachau . Himmler's SS and SD made their presence felt at once by helping rid the regime of its known political enemies and its perceived ones, as well. As far as Heydrich and Himmler were concerned,

23940-471: The success of the funkspiel operation. The first meeting between Trepper and Robinson had took place in early September 1941 in Medardo Griotto , a forger and his wife Anna Griotto's house. So Giering decided to send Rajchmann to contact Medardo Griotto to arrange a meeting at a metro station on Avenue de Suffren . Robinson who was an extremely careful man who was nevertheless arrested by Piepe and Reiser at

24120-550: The summer of 1942, to establish a "special commission" to investigate the problem. German counter-intelligence spent months assembling the data and finally Wilhelm Vauck , a cryptanalyst in the Abwehr succeeded in decrypting around 200 of the captured messages. On 15 July 1942, Vauck decrypted a message that was dated 10 October 1941. and addressed to Kent , ( Anatoly Gurevich ) that gave the addresses of several individuals of German nationality. This resulted in another meeting between Schellenberg, Thiele, Canaris and Müller where it

24300-454: The technical director of Soviet Red Army Intelligence in western Europe, to warn him. Trepper advised Schneider to sever all contact with Jeffremov and move to a hideout in Lyons . Giering instead focused on Germaine Schneider's husband Franz Schneider as the next lead. In November 1942, Franz Schneider was interrogated by Giering but he was released from protective custody as he wasn't part of

24480-517: The territories overrun by the Nazi war machine. This SD subsidiary worked closely with the Wehrmacht in persecuting Jews, communists, partisans, and other groups, as well. Starting with the invasion of Poland throughout the campaign in the East, the Einsatzgruppen ruthlessly killed anyone suspected of being an opponent of the regime, either real or imagined. The men of the Einsatzgruppen were recruited from

24660-409: The time, Trepper was worried that Giering would discover his code name "Domb" that he was known in French Communist Party groups. The Sonderkommando sent an agent to Nowy Targ , to enquire after Trepper's family. While he was being interrogated, he was read a report that detailed how all his family, 48 members in total, including his mother, brothers, sisters, aunts, uncles and cousins had been sent to

24840-419: The troops as they move in and, as in the Reich, will assume responsibility for the security of political life. Within the Reich, security measures are the responsibility of the Gestapo with SD cooperation. In occupied territory, measures will be under the direction of a senior SD commander; Gestapo officials will be allotted to individual Einsatzstäbe . It will be necessary to make available for special deployment

25020-681: The uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the V-2 was called Operation Crossbow . The atomic bomb project centered in New Mexico was called the Manhattan Project , derived from the Manhattan Engineer District which managed the program. The code name for the American A-12 / SR-71 spy plane project, producing the fastest, highest-flying aircraft in the world,

25200-407: The unit moved, it relocated to offices in the French ministry of the interior at 11 Rue des Saussaies . Before leaving, Piepe and Giering agreed that Rajchmann would be the best person to take to Paris and find Trepper. When they arrived in Paris, Giering sent Rajchmann out to visit all the dead letterboxes that he knew about, while leaving a message to Trepper to contact him. However, Trepper knew

25380-438: The use and publication of project code names. Some companies take great pains to never discuss or disclose project code names outside of the company (other than with outside entities who have a need to know, and typically are bound with a non-disclosure agreement ). Other companies never use them in official or formal communications, but widely disseminate project code names through informal channels (often in an attempt to create

25560-406: The various members of the PCF, whom he had an absolute belief in. Unlike Trepper, Gurevich refused to name any agents he had recruited. The first person that Trepper betrayed was Léon Grossvogel who was arrested in November 1942. During the search of Léon Grossvogel's apartment, Trepper's passport had been discovered and when Giering showed it to Trepper, he admitted that that was his real name. At

25740-594: Was Oxcart . The American group that planned that country's first ICBM was called the Teapot Committee . Although the word could stand for a menace to shipping (in this case, that of Japan), the American code name for the attack on the subtropical island of Okinawa in World War II was Operation Iceberg . The Soviet Union's project to base missiles in Cuba was named Operation Anadyr after their closest bomber base to

25920-545: Was "TRIDENT". Joseph Stalin , whose last name means "man of steel", was given the name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone". Ewen Montagu , a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in Beyond Top Secret Ultra that during World War II , Nazi Germany habitually used ad hoc code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function. Some German code names: Conversely, Operation Wacht am Rhein (Watch on

26100-418: Was "sinister" and a "messenger of terror" not just for the German population, but within the "ranks of the Nazi Party itself." The SD used SS-ranks . When in uniform they wore the grey Waffen-SS uniform with army and Ordnungspolizei rank insignia on the shoulder straps, and SS rank insignia on the left collar patch. The right collar patch was black without the [REDACTED] runes. The branch color of

26280-468: Was a cryptonym that was used by the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the security and counter-espionage part of the Schutzstaffel (SS), which referred to resistance radio operators as "pianists", their transmitters as "pianos", and their supervisors as "conductors". The Rote Kapelle was a collective name that was used by the Gestapo , the German secret police, for the purpose of identification, and

26460-563: Was a shareholder of Simex . He knew from the Jeffremov interrogation that Grossvogel was one of Trepper's assistants. Giering and Piepe decided to contact the Organisation Todt in Paris for help to determine if they could provide a way to identify where Trepper was located, instead of approaching Simex directly. Giering obtained a signed certificate of cooperation from Otto von Stülpnagel , the military commander of occupied France and visited

26640-437: Was able to relay secret instructions to Katz, simply to tell Moussier that he had a report and needed to pass it to Jacques Duclos for transmission to Soviet intelligence, without the Sonderkommando guards, translator or Giering knowing what he was doing. Katz made two visits to Moussier, all the while under heavy surveillance by the Sonderkommando but was allowed to enter the apartment of Moussier and speak to her along without

26820-400: Was akin to earlier SD efforts in Austria; however, unlike Austria, the Czechs fielded their own Secret Service, against which Heydrich had to contend. Once "Case Green" began, Heydrich's SD spies began covertly gathering intelligence, even going so far as having SD agents use their spouses and children in the cover scheme. The operation covered every conceivable type of intelligence data, using

27000-403: Was also a matter of convenience as it was closer to where the staff were headquartered. On 26 June 1941, a radio transmission was intercepted by the Funkabwehr , the German radio counterintelligence organisation in Brussels. This was the first of many. In August 1941, when the Abwehr realised the nature of the signals, they created a counterintelligence operation with the name Rote Kapelle that

27180-517: Was arrested on 17 December 1942, after a courier was spotted by Rajchmann. During interrogation Katz denied being part of the network instead stating that his relations with the brother were familial in nature only. However, by the end of the month he was transported to a concentration camp in Germany, via Fresnes Prison in Belgium. Isidore Springer was arrested on the 19 December 1942 and committed suicide in Fresnes Prison 5 days later. Flore Valaerts

27360-407: Was arrested. On 7 July 1943, the first part of Treppers report was transmitted to Soviet intelligence by Jacques Duclos . The second part followed on 10 July. In June 1943, Soviet GRU officer Ivan Bolchakov conducted an analysis of the received messages from December 1942 and found that 23 out 63 were of sufficient quality and only 4 were considered valuable. It was indication of the low quality of

27540-461: Was beheaded in January 1944. In Berlin, the Gestapo had been monitoring the movements and tapped the telephone calls of the couples, Harro and Libertas Schulze-Boysen as well as Greta and Adam Kuckhoff , along with Arvid and Mildred Harnack since July 1942. Horst Heilmann had phoned Harro Schulze-Boysen and Waldemar Lentz to warn them that they were likely being watched and this hastened

27720-474: Was being investigated and hunted by the Sonderkommando. On 25 December 1943, the first message sent by the funkspiel, was an request for Trepper to meet with a PCF contact. The meeting fell through resulting in Jacques Duclos receiving a message from the GRU on 18 February to arrange a new meeting with PCF contact "Michel". New dates were arranged for 7 or 14 March which was also missed due to Trepper changing

27900-475: Was captured 17 September 1942, the first radio transmitter built in a suitcase, which was non-functional was recovered by the Gestapo. By the end of October 1942, more than 100 people had been arrested and final reports were being prepared. The Sonderkommando then moved to Hamburg on 15 October 1942, when the RSHA sent Habecker to lead a new investigation using the leads they garnered from the interrogations. Erna Eifler

28080-455: Was completed, Giering moved to Paris to take over the investigation there. The unit had to work in occupied French territory but not under the command of the BdS but instead was commanded by the RSHA. Gestapo interrogations followed a standard process. Prisoners were interrogated and tortured several times in the first few days and their confession recorded onto an auto recording device, for example

28260-581: Was composed of the Kripo and the Gestapo. Heydrich became Chief of the SiPo and continued as Chief of the SD. Continued escalation of antisemitic policies in the spring of 1937 from the SD's Department of Jewish Affairs ( German : Abteilung II/112: Juden ) – staffed by members like Adolf Eichmann , Herbert Hagen , and Theodor Dannecker – led to the eventual removal ( Entfernung ) of Jews from Germany ; regardless of concerns about where they were headed. Adolf Eichmann's original task (in his capacity as deputy for

28440-417: Was correct, but the claim that he received a response on the 23 February is false. The 23 February date which was both detailed by VE Tarrant in "The Red Orchestra" and Gilles Perraults "The Red Orchestra" was in fact the beginning of May, when Moussier is handed the message. This meant that Trepper had been imprisoned for more 4 months, while in contact with the PCF without them knowing he was captured, while it

28620-549: Was decided that the investigation should include Germany and that the Belgium and the Low Countries investigation would continue to be carried out jointly by the Gestapo and the Abwehr, while the German investigation would be carried out only by the Gestapo. In July 1942, the investigation was transferred from Ast Belgium to Section IV. A.2. of the Sicherheitsdienst . After the arrest of Leopold Trepper and Anatoly Gurevich ,

28800-427: Was divided into the following sections: The SD and the SiPo were the main sources of officers for the security forces in occupied territories. SD-SiPo led battalions were typically placed under the command of the SS and Police Leaders , reporting directly to the RSHA in Berlin. The SD also maintained a presence at all concentration camps and supplied personnel, on an as-needed basis, to such special action troops as

28980-402: Was glad to see Giering leave as the it would be to his advantage but only partially right: Pannwitz believed that the funkspiel had achieved its objectives by gaining the Soviets trust and wanted to initiate a more direct approach with the Soviets, in essence an attempt to sow distrust between the allies. He suggested to Himmler that an envoy who was specially selected by Trepper could be sent to

29160-409: Was hostile to her superiors and that Göpfert didn't have any serious evidence against her and due to her family connections with Hermann Göring , her life would be safe. Schulze-Boysen began to believe that Breiter was a friend. She confided in her many details of the resistance but also tried to use Breiter to warn her friends, which sealed her fate. The next couple to be picked up by the Gestapo were

29340-540: Was imprisoned there. His torture lasted from 15 October to 16 October at 4 a.m. In Berlin, the Gestapo was ordered to assist Henry Piepe and they selected Giering, who took what reports Piepe had prepared and took over the investigation in Brussels Giering's investigation linked the name Carlos Alamos with GRU officer Mikhail Makarov , who had been arrested during the Rue des Atrébates raid. On Giering's instructions, Makarov

29520-720: Was in custody to prove to Soviet intelligence that he was still free and enable the funkspiel operation to continue. Moussier was the liaison between Trepper's network and the French Communist Party via Fernand Pauriol , the director of the PCF communications. However, Giering decided to send Rajchmann instead and she pretended not know him. The reason for this was that Trepper had instructed her beforehand not to recognise anybody from Trepper's network, apart from Trepper himself. Once Trepper learned that Katz has been arrested, he suggested that Katz should meet Moussier. During his imprisonment, Trepper had become friends with Willi Berg,

29700-399: Was informed that he would be running a funkspiel that was known as "Eiffel". When Trepper wrote his memoir, "Le grand jeu" (The Great Game), he attached such great importance to the funkspiel as a successful operation that he considered it his greatest victory. Trepper wrote that he succeeded in turning the worst of situations in his favour by convincing the Germans that only a meeting with

29880-574: Was known earlier as Department III and later, after September 1939, as Department VI of the Reich Security Main Office. It was nominally commanded by Heydrich, but run by his chief of staff Heinz Jost . In March 1942 Jost was fired and replaced by Walter Schellenberg , a deputy of Heydrich. After the 20 July plot in 1944, Department VI took over the functions of the Military Intelligence Service ( Abwehr ). Department VI

30060-434: Was no sign of him. Giering decided to adopt another approach. On the 27 May 1943, he used the Trepper's codes to forward a message to Soviet intelligence to send them the name of a radio technician to repair Trepper's malfunctioning radio transmitter. The plan worked as they received the name of a Saint-Denis , Paris based repair technician, named Georges "JoJo" Vayssairat. Vayssairat was arrested and tortured, and also became

30240-441: Was not effective he had been ordered to take further necessary action as needed. Habecker was known for using two particularly brutal torture techniques. The first was known as "Hanging", where the prisoner had their hands tied behind their knees and then they were hung on a ladder and then whipped. The second was known as the "Tibetan Prayer Windmill" where pencil-sized pieces of wood, that he called "chopsticks", were inserted between

30420-457: Was originally headed by Hermann Behrends and from September 1939 by Otto Ohlendorf. It was within this organization that Adolf Eichmann began working out the details for the Final Solution to the Jewish Question . Department III was divided into the following sections: The Foreign Security Service ( Ausland-SD ), responsible for intelligence activities beyond the boundaries of Germany,

30600-479: Was quickly professionalized under Heydrich, who commissioned National Socialist academics and lawyers to ensure that the SS and its Security Service in particular, operated "within the framework of National Socialist ideology." Heydrich was given the power to select men for the SS Security Service from among any SS subdivisions since Himmler considered the organization of the SD as important. In September 1939,

30780-455: Was re-activated to engage in sabotage activities designed to incite a response from the Slovaks and the Czechs, a mission that ultimately failed. In June 1938 a directive from the SD head office indicated that Hitler issued an order at Jueterbog to his generals to prepare for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. To hasten a presumed heavy response from the French, British, and Czechs, Hitler then upped

30960-489: Was sent to Plötzensee Prison where she was guillotined on 20 August 1943. The radio repair technician Otto Schumacher who was the last to arrive in Lyon, fled to Paris with his wife Helene Humbert-Laroche when the arrests began. The couple were arrested by the Sonderkommando in early 1943. During his incarceration, Trepper was provided with paper, pencil and a dictionary by Giering, in the hope that Trepper's writings or scribbles would prove useful. Trepper had managed to save

31140-406: Was so sure in his deliberations that the Germans didn't believe he was sincere. To allay their fears he phoned his secretary Hillel Katz which established his bona fides. According to Piepe, when Trepper talked, it was not out of fear of torture or defeat, but out of duty. While he gave up the names and addresses of most of the members of his own network, he was sacrificing his associates to protect

31320-402: Was started by Abwehrstelle Belgium ( Ast Belgium ), a field office of Abwehr IIIF. In October–November 1941, Abwehr officer Henry Piepe was ordered to take charge of the investigation. Piepe became the liaison between the Sonderkommando and the Abwehr. By September 1941, over 250 messages had been intercepted. On 30 November 1941, close range direction-finding teams moved into Brussels and as

31500-609: Was successful. The arrest of Vion and Giraud, led to the arrest of the courier Käte Voelkner on 7 January 1943. Since the early 1930's Henry Robinson had been living clandestinely and legally within France as the police had neither his photograph, nor his fingerprints, nor was he registered on the electoral roll and he lived alone in a hotel in Rue du Général Bertrand. Giering began the investigation into Robinson in December 1942 based on information provided by Trepper. The capture of Robinson and his espionage network were essential to ensure

31680-414: Was taken to Berlin to undergo interrogation. Instead of being sent to Breendonk or a concentration camp, he was taken to Giering's home, where Giering hoped the homely environment would make him talk. However, Makarov never exposed any details of the network and he was sent back to Saint-Gilles prison in Brussels. Giering then turned to Rita Arnould as the new lead in the investigation and she identified

31860-513: Was taken to Brussels where he was tortured for two weeks before he agreed to work for the Sonderkommando. On 22 September 1942, Winterink began a funkspiel operation under the name "Beam Tanne. Peper also betrayed Augustin Sésée , the reserve radio operator in the Jeffremov network, who was arrested in August 1942. Sésée was initially sent to Saint-Gilles prison in Brussels and then taken to Berlin where he

32040-536: Was the first to be arrested on the 15 October. Due to the German tradition of Sippenhaft , the term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members, many family members and others who were only tangentially linked to the resistance were arrested and charged as well. For example, when Eifler was arrested, Heinz Priess who hid her in Hamburg and his mother Marie Priess were also arrested. The Abwehr in Brussels and

32220-497: Was to be tortured but immediately agreed to cooperate. As a collaborator, he exposed several important members of the espionage network in Belgium and the Netherlands. Eventually Jeffremovs commitment led him to work for Sonderkommando in a funkspiel operation. Through Jeffremov, contact was made with the Belgian courier Germaine Schneider who carried intelligence between Brussels and Paris. However, Schneider contacted Leopold Trepper ,

32400-432: Was used as a means to generate monies that could be used in day-to-day operations by the espionage group unbeknownst to the employees of the company and at the same time provide travel documentation and facilities for European wide telephone communication between group members. Piepe was concerned about the large number of telegrams the company was sending to Berlin, Prague and Paris and decided to investigate it. Piepe visited

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