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128-446: Today, there exist small communities of Solresol enthusiasts scattered across the world. There are multiple versions of Solresol, and they each have minor differences. Currently, there are three small variations on the language, each of which mostly edit vocabulary and a small amount of the grammar. Sudre created the language, and thus his version deserves the title of being the original version of Solresol. Vincent Gajewski popularised

256-405: A Catholic , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , or Anglican Christian priest), " Rabbi " for Jewish clergy, or Professor . Holders of an academic doctorate , such as a Ph.D. , are addressed as "Doctor" (abbreviated Dr.). Some honorifics act as complete replacements for a name, as "Sir" or "Ma'am", or "Your Honour/Honor". Subordinates will often use honorifics as punctuation before asking

384-527: A rule of thumb , affixes are not hyphenated unless the lack of a hyphen would hurt clarity. The hyphen may be used between vowel letters (e.g., ee , ea , ei ) to indicate that they do not form a digraph . Some words have both hyphenated and unhyphenated variants: de-escalate /deescalate , co-operation /cooperation , re-examine /reexamine , de-emphasize /deemphasize , and so on. Words often lose their hyphen as they become more common, such as email instead of e-mail . When there are tripled letters,

512-445: A standard stream , instead of a file, is to be worked with. Although software ( hyphenation algorithms ) can often automatically make decisions on when to hyphenate a word at a line break, it is also sometimes useful for the user to be able to insert cues for those decisions (which are dynamic in the online medium, given that text can be reflowed ). For this purpose, the concept of a soft hyphen (discretionary hyphen, optional hyphen)

640-419: A style in the grammatical third person , and as a form of address in the second person. Some languages have anti-honorific ( despective or humilific ) first person forms (expressions such as "your most humble servant" or "this unworthy person") whose effect is to enhance the relative honor accorded to the person addressed. The most common honorifics in modern English are usually placed immediately before

768-556: A certain kind of white-collar work. Again, even expatriate professionals in the Philippines were affected by these reasons when they resided and married a Filipino or were naturalized so it is not unusual for them to be addressed Filipino style. Spanish has a number of honorific forms that may be used with or as substitutes for names, such as señor or caballero ("Mr.", "Sir", "Gentleman"); señora ("Madam", "Mrs.", "Lady", "ma'am") and señorita ("Miss", "young lady"); licenciado for

896-618: A different glyph). Webster's Third New International Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary use a double hyphen for integral hyphens and a single hyphen for line-breaks, whereas Kromhout's Afrikaans–English dictionary uses the opposite convention. The Concise Oxford Dictionary (fifth edition) suggested repeating an integral hyphen at the start of the following line. Prefixes (such as de- , pre- , re- , and non- ) and suffixes (such as -less , -like , -ness , and -hood ) are sometimes hyphenated, especially when

1024-463: A doctoral degree (for instance Colombian presidents are often referred to as Doctor ___); likewise "Maestro" is used for artistic masters, especially painters. Additionally, older people and those with whom one would speak respectfully (e.g., one's boss or teacher), are often addressed as usted, abbreviated ud. , a formal/respectful way of saying "you" (e.g. Dra. Polo, ¿cómo está usted? Dr. Polo, how are you?). The word usted historically comes from

1152-411: A group of alien-lovers clarifies that they stood near a group of people who loved aliens, as "alien" can be either an adjective or a noun. On the other hand, in the phrase a hungry pizza-lover , the hyphen will often be omitted (a hungry pizza lover), as "pizza" cannot be an adjective and the phrase is therefore unambiguous. Similarly, a man-eating shark is nearly the opposite of a man eating shark ;

1280-582: A hard hyphen is intended (for example, self-con·scious , un·self-con·scious , long-stand·ing ). Similarly, hyphens may be used to indicate how a word is being or should be spelled. For example, W-O-R-D spells "word" . In nineteenth-century American literature, hyphens were also used irregularly to divide syllables in words from indigenous North American languages, without regard for etymology or pronunciation, such as "Shuh-shuh-gah" (from Ojibwe zhashagi , "blue heron") in The Song of Hiawatha . This usage

1408-433: A hyphen may be or should be used for clarity, depending on the style guide. For example, the phrase more-important reasons ("reasons that are more important") is distinguished from more important reasons ("additional important reasons"), where more is an adjective. Similarly, more-beautiful scenery (with a mass-noun ) is distinct from more beautiful scenery . (In contrast, the hyphen in "a more-important reason"

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1536-521: A hyphen when no confusion is likely: grade point average and department store manager . When a compound modifier follows the term to which it applies, a hyphen is typically not used if the compound is a temporary compound. For example, "that gentleman is well respected", not "that gentleman is well-respected"; or "a patient-centered approach was used" but "the approach was patient centered." But permanent compounds, found as headwords in dictionaries, are treated as invariable, so if they are hyphenated in

1664-402: A hyphen. Jane Doe and John Smith might become Jane and John Smith-Doe, or Doe-Smith, for instance. In some countries only the woman hyphenates her birth surname, appending her husband's surname. With already-hyphenated names, some parts are typically dropped. For example, Aaron Johnson and Samantha Taylor-Wood became Aaron Taylor-Johnson and Sam Taylor-Johnson . Not all hyphenated surnames are

1792-789: A large degree, many classical constructs are still occasionally employed to convey formality, humility, politeness or respect. Honorific language in Chinese is achieved by using honorific or beautifying alternatives, prefixing or suffixing a word with a polite complement, or by dropping casual-sounding words. In general, there are five distinct categories of honorific language: Indian honorifics abound, covering formal and informal relationships for commercial, generational, social, and spiritual links. Honorifics may be prefix, suffix, or replacement types. There are many variations. Italian honorifics are usually limited to formal situations. Professional titles like Ingegnere (engineer) are often substituted for

1920-590: A larger civil aircraft are usually addressed as "Captain" plus their full name or surname. This tradition is slowly diminishing in the United States and most European Union countries. However, many countries, especially in Asia , follow this tradition and address airline pilots, military pilots, and flight instructors exclusively as "Captain" even outside of the professional environment. In addition, such countries' etiquette rules dictate that this title must be placed on all

2048-517: A maximum of five per word. The main method of communication is by using the seven solfège syllables (a form of solmization ), which may be accented, lengthened or repeated. The simplest way to use these syllables is to speak them as if they were regular syllables . Due to predating the IPA , there are no specific pronunciation rules beyond the standard readings of the solfège. Due to each syllable being fairly distinct, they may be pronounced in almost any way

2176-409: A member of a princely dynasty, or "Her Grand Ducal Highness" for a member of a family that reigns over a grand duchy . Verbs with these honorifics as subject are conjugated in the third person (e.g. "you are going" vs. "Your Honour is going" or "Her Royal Highness is going".) Protocol for monarchs and aristocrats can be very complex, with no general rule; great offence can be given by using a form that

2304-653: A minister or secretary of state as "Your Excellency" or Mr./Madam Secretary, etc. A prime minister may be addressed as "the Honorable". In the UK, members of the Privy Council are addressed as "the Right Honourable   ...". A member of Parliament or other legislative body may have particular honorifics. A member of a Senate, for example, may be addressed as "Senator". The etiquette varies and most countries have protocol specifying

2432-435: A monarch ranking as a king/queen or emperor and his/her consort may be addressed or referred to as "Your/His/Her Majesty", "Their Majesties", etc. (but there is no customary honorific accorded to a female monarch's consort, as he is usually granted a specific style). Monarchs below kingly rank are addressed as "Your/His/Her Highness ", the exact rank being indicated by an appropriate modifier, e.g. "His Serene Highness " for

2560-410: A multitude of pronouns that are extremely nuanced—for example, there are so many ways to say 'I', and most of them already indicate the speaker's gender and often their age and societal standing relative to the person they are speaking to." The most common Thai honorifics are used to differentiate age between friends, family, and peers. The most commonly used are: Turkish honorifics generally follow

2688-420: A noun: thus two-thirds majority and one-eighth portion but I drank two thirds of the bottle or I kept three quarters of it for myself . However, at least one major style guide hyphenates spelled-out fractions invariably (whether adjective or noun). In English, an en dash , – , sometimes replaces the hyphen in hyphenated compounds if either of its constituent parts is already hyphenated or contains

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2816-512: A person with bachelor's or a professional degree (e.g., attorneys and engineers ); maestro for a teacher, master mechanic, or person with a master's degree; doctor ("doctor"); etc. Also used is don (male) or doña (female) for people of rank or, in some Latin American countries (e.g., Puerto Rico ), for any senior citizen. In some Latin American countries, like Colombia , "Doctor" is used for any respected figure regardless of whether they have

2944-702: A person's name. Honorifics used (both as style and as form of address) include, in the case of a man, " Mr. " (irrespective of marital status ), and, in the case of a woman, previously either of two depending on marital status: " Miss " if unmarried and " Mrs. " if married, widowed, or divorced; more recently, a third, " Ms. ", became the more prevalent norm, mainly owing to the desire to avoid identifying women by their marital status. Further considerations regarding identifying people by gender currently are raised with varying prevalence and details; in some environments, honorifics such as Mx. , Ind. or Misc. may be used so as not to identify people by gender. In some environments,

3072-474: A person. Sometimes, the term "honorific" is used in a more specific sense to refer to an honorary academic title . It is also often conflated with systems of honorific speech in linguistics, which are grammatical or morphological ways of encoding the relative social status of speakers. Honorifics can be used as prefixes or suffixes depending on the appropriate occasion and presentation in accordance with style and customs . Typically, honorifics are used as

3200-488: A range of values, although many styles prefer an en dash (see Dash § En dash §§ Ranges of values ). It is sometimes used to hide letters in words ( filleting for redaction or censoring ), as in " G-d ", although an en dash can be used as well ("G–d"). It is often used in reduplication . Due to their similar appearances, hyphens are sometimes mistakenly used where an en dash or em dash would be more appropriate. Some stark examples of semantic changes caused by

3328-472: A sign of Filipino professionals' obsession with flaunting their educational attainment and professional status. Despite this, some of their clients (especially non-Filipinos) would address them as simply Mr. or Mrs./Ms. followed by their surnames (or even Sir/Ma'am) in conversation. It is very rare, however, for a Filipino (especially those born and educated abroad) to address Filipino architects, engineers, and lawyers, even mentioning and referring to their names,

3456-598: A significant amount of overlap in what they advise. Hyphens are mostly used to break single words into parts or to join ordinarily separate words into single words. Spaces are not placed between a hyphen and either of the elements it connects except when using a suspended or "hanging" hyphen that stands in for a repeated word (e.g., nineteenth- and twentieth-century writers ). Style conventions that apply to hyphens (and dashes) have evolved to support ease of reading in complex constructions; editors often accept deviations if they aid rather than hinder easy comprehension. The use of

3584-430: A single hyphen-minus in math mode ( $ -$ ) renders a minus sign, two hyphen-minuses ( -- ) renders an en dash, and three hyphen-minuses ( --- ) renders an em dash. The hyphen-minus character is also often used when specifying command-line options . The character is usually followed by one or more letters that indicate specific actions. Typically it is called a dash or switch in this context. Various implementations of

3712-412: A single word. The use of hyphens is called hyphenation . The hyphen is sometimes confused with dashes ( en dash – , em dash — and others), which are wider, or with the minus sign − , which is also wider and usually drawn a little higher to match the crossbar in the plus sign + . As an orthographic concept, the hyphen is a single entity. In character encoding for use with computers, it

3840-405: A space (for example, San Francisco–area residents , hormone receptor–positive cells , cell cycle–related factors , and public-school–private-school rivalries ). A commonly used alternative style is the hyphenated string ( hormone-receptor-positive cells , cell-cycle-related factors ). (For other aspects of en dash–versus–hyphen use, see Dash § En dash .) When an object is compounded with

3968-429: A strict word order. To make a word plural, an acute accent is added above the last syllable, which in speech is pronounced by lengthening the last letter of said syllable. Examples of how to mark plural masculine and feminine words: This only affects the first word in a noun phrase . That is, it only affects a noun when the noun is alone, as above. If the word is accompanied by a grammatical particle (la, fa or lasi),

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4096-792: A substitute for names. The most common honorifics in Pakistan are usually placed immediately before the name of the subject or immediately after the subject. There are many variations across Pakistan. Persian honorifics generally follow the second name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g., Name Agha [= Mr. Name], Name Khanom [= Ms. Name], Name Ostad [teacher or cleric], Name Rayis [manager, leader or director]). Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. A more formal honorific referring to gender would be Jenab [His Excellency], which precedes Name Agha [= Mr. Name] and Sarkar [= Her Excellency], which precedes Name Khanom [= Ms. Name]. A newer honorific

4224-554: A superior a question or after responding to an order: "Yes, sir" or even "Sir, yes, sir." Judges are often addressed as "Your Honour/Honor" when on the bench, the plural form is "Your Honours" and the style is "His/Her Honour". If the judge has a higher title, that may be the correct honorific to use, for example, for High Court Judges in England: "Your Lordship" or "My Lord". Members of the U.S. Supreme Court (as well as some state-level appellate judges) are addressed as "Justice". Similarly,

4352-559: A table of sounds using the modern IPA. Due to the paucity of syllables, it is necessary to leave a brief pause between words so that each word remains clearly separate. As noted by Boleslas Gajewski: "one should take great care to pause after every word; this slight pause is necessary to separate the words, so that the listener does not become confused". In Solresol morphology , each word is divided into categories of either meaning or function, where longer words are generally more specific. Words are differentiated by three main characteristics:

4480-432: A verbal noun, such as egg-beater (a tool that beats eggs), the result is sometimes hyphenated. Some authors do this consistently, others only for disambiguation; in this case, egg-beater, egg beater, and eggbeater are all common. An example of an ambiguous phrase appears in they stood near a group of alien lovers , which without a hyphen implies that they stood near a group of lovers who were aliens; they stood near

4608-488: A whole, tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and many nouns, though primarily names, and in many cases one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. In Japan , there are three rough divisions of honorifics: Indonesia's Javanese majority ethnicity has many honorifics. For example: Korean honorifics are similar to Japanese honorifics, and similarly, their use

4736-939: Is Arjomand [esteemed], which comes after other honorifics (except those referring to gender), and is not gender-specific (e.g., Ostad Arjomand Name Surname , or Rayis Arjomand Sarkar Khanom Name Surname ). They are generally used in very formal situations. The usage of Filipino honorifics differs from person to person, though commonalities occur like the occasional insertion of the word po or ho in conversations, and their dependence on age-structured hierarchies. Though some have become obsolete, many are still widely used in order to denote respect, friendliness, or affection. Some new "honorifics", mainly used by teenagers, are experiencing surges in popularity. The Filipino language has honorifics like Binibini/Ate ("Miss", "Big sister"), Ginang/Aling/Manang ("Mrs.", "Madam"), Ginoo/Mang/Manong/Kuya ("Mister", "Sir", "Big brother") that have roots in Chinese culture. Depending on one's relation with

4864-454: Is Sayın /Muhterem [esteemed], which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender-specific. (e.g. Sayın/Muhterem Name Surname, or Sayın/Muhterem Surname). They are generally used in very formal situations. Honorifics in Vietnamese are more complex compared to Chinese, where the origins of many of these pronouns can be traced, and many have fallen out of usage or have been replaced due to

4992-467: Is augmentative ; after it is superlative . Sifa is the opposite ( diminutive ): Questions in Solresol are not given much attention in the original documentation, nor do they have many examples. Sudre's publication includes three examples of interrogative sentences: To make this an affirmative statement, you add the personal pronoun afterwards: Gajewski instead places the subject of the sentence after

5120-513: Is a Micronesian language spoken on the Pingelap atoll and on two of the eastern Caroline Islands, called the high island of Pohnpei. Pingelapese does not employ many honorifics into their speech. Their society is structured in a way that everyone is seen as equal, most likely due to the fact that there are so few of them due to emigration. There is no structured hierarchy to enforce the use of honorific speech. There are not many polite vocabulary words and

5248-563: Is a prefix honorific used with elders, similar to mzee , but may also mean grandfather. Other prefix honorifics are ndugu , for brother or a close male friend, and dada for a sister or close female friend; thus, John and Jane would be Ndugu John and Dada Jane, respectively. Amongst the Akan ethnic groups of West Africa's Ghana , the word nana is used as an aristocratic pre-nominal by chiefs and elders alike. In Yorubaland , also in West Africa,

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5376-410: Is also acceptable to treat those titles and descriptions (except Doctor ) as adjectival nouns (i.e., first letter not capitalized, e.g. architect (name) ) instead. Even though Doctor is really a title in standard English, the "created" titles Architect, Attorney, and Engineer (among other examples) are a result of vanity (titles herald achievement and success; they distinguish the title holder from

5504-470: Is also written as orangutan or orang utan , and lily-of-the-valley may be hyphenated or not. A suspended hyphen (also called a suspensive hyphen or hanging hyphen , or less commonly a dangling or floating hyphen ) may be used when a single base word is used with separate, consecutive, hyphenated words that are connected by "and", "or", or "to". For example, short-term and long-term plans may be written as short- and long-term plans. This usage

5632-608: Is extensively used in the Malay language -speaking cultures in Brunei and Malaysia . In contrast Singapore , whose Malay royalty was abolished by the British colonial government in 1891, has adopted civic titles for its leaders. Being Muslim, Malay people address high-ranking religious scholars as tok imam (grandpa imam). Tok dalang is a honorific used to address a village leader. Pakistan has numerous honorific forms that may be used with or as

5760-613: Is generally inconvenient to enter on most keyboards and the glyphs for this hyphen and the hyphen-minus are identical in most fonts ( Lucida Sans Unicode is one of the few exceptions). Consequently, use of the hyphen-minus as the hyphen character is very common. Even the Unicode Standard regularly uses the hyphen-minus rather than the U+2010 hyphen. The hyphen-minus has limited use in indicating subtraction; for example, compare 4+3−2=5 (minus) and 4+3-2=5 (hyphen-minus) — in most typefaces,

5888-531: Is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Korean grammar as a whole tends to function on hierarchy; honorific stems are appended to verbs and some nouns, and in many cases, one word may be exchanged for another word entirely with the same verb or noun meaning, but with different honorific connotations. Linguists say there are six levels of honorifics in Korean but, in daily conversation, only four of them are widely used in contemporary Korean. Suffix -ssi-(씨)

6016-495: Is not exactly correct. There are differences between "Your Highness" and "Your Royal Highness"; between "Princess Margaret" and "The Princess Margaret". All these are correct, but apply to people of subtly different rank. An example of a non-obvious style is "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother ", which was an official style, but unique to one person. In music, a distinguished conductor or virtuoso instrumentalist may be known as "Maestro". In aviation, pilots in command of

6144-586: Is not necessary, because the syntax cannot be misinterpreted.) A few short and common words—such as well , ill , little , and much —attract special attention in this category. The hyphen in "well-[past_participled] noun", such as in " well-differentiated cells ", might reasonably be judged superfluous (the syntax is unlikely to be misinterpreted), yet plenty of style guides call for it. Because early has both adverbial and adjectival senses, its hyphenation can attract attention; some editors, due to comparison with advanced-stage disease and adult-onset disease , like

6272-469: Is now common and specifically recommended in some style guides. Suspended hyphens are also used, though less commonly, when the base word comes first, such as in "investor-owned and -operated ". Uses such as "applied and sociolinguistics" (instead of "applied linguistics and sociolinguistics") are frowned upon; the Indiana University style guide uses this example and says "Do not 'take a shortcut' when

6400-493: Is now rare and proscribed, except in some place names such as Ah-gwah-ching . Compound modifiers are groups of two or more words that jointly modify the meaning of another word. When a compound modifier other than an adverb – adjective combination appears before a term, the compound modifier is often hyphenated to prevent misunderstanding, such as in American-football player or little-celebrated paintings . Without

6528-463: Is represented in Unicode by any of several characters . These include the dual-use hyphen-minus , the soft hyphen , the nonbreaking hyphen , and an unambiguous form known familiarly as the "Unicode hyphen", shown at the top of the infobox on this page. The character most often used to represent a hyphen (and the one produced by the key on a keyboard) is called the "hyphen-minus" by Unicode, deriving from

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6656-404: Is royal language, which is used for the two highest-ranking chiefs. Next, respect honorifics are used with other superiors and people who are considered respected equals. There is not only the use of honorifics, but humiliative language as well, which is used to lower oneself below higher-ranking people, showing respect and reverence. This speech was lost in Pingelap when Pohnpei speakers migrated to

6784-477: Is sometimes preferable to break a word into two so that it continues on another line rather than moving the entire word to the next line. The word may be divided at the nearest break point between syllables ( syllabification ) and a hyphen inserted to indicate that the letters form a word fragment, rather than a full word. This allows more efficient use of paper, allows flush appearance of right-side margins ( justification ) without oddly large word spaces, and decreases

6912-421: Is still hyphenated by both Dorland's and Merriam-Webster's Medical , the solid (that is, unhyphenated) styling ( protooncogene ) is a common variant, particularly among oncologists and geneticists. A diaeresis may also be used in a like fashion, either to separate and mark off monographs (as in coöperation ) or to signalize a vocalic terminal e (for example, Brontë ). This use of the diaeresis peaked in

7040-421: Is that meanings can be inverted by reversing the syllables in words. For instance fala means good or tasty, and lafa means bad. Interruptions in the logical order of words in each category are usually caused by these reversible words. However, not all words are reversible in this sense, such as dorefare meaning neck, and refaredo meaning wardrobe, which are obviously not opposites. The following table shows

7168-400: Is the opposite of colonial anti-equality. Thirdly, the power of American colonialism lies in its emphasis on education—an education that supposedly exposed Filipinos to the "wonders" of the American way of life. Through education, the American colonial state bred a new elite of Filipinos trained in a new, more "modern", American system. People with advanced degrees like law or engineering were at

7296-499: Is the word fasol , defined as "here" in Sudre's dictionary, but "why?" in Gajewski's. The third is an unofficial version developed over time by the community, dubbed "Modern Solresol". It uses Sudre's version as a base, with tweaks to the grammar and vocabulary, such as changing the definitions of sisol and sila from meaning "Sir" and "Young man", to an honorifics system inspired by what

7424-439: Is used at most honorific verbs, but not always. It is considered very impolite and offensive not to use honorific sentences or words with someone who is older or has a higher social status, and most Koreans avoid using non-honorific sentences with someone they have met for the first time. In Korean, names, first or last, always precede a title, e.g., Park Sonsaengnim, Park Kwanjangnim, etc. A complex system of Titles and honorifics

7552-505: Is used in Japanese; both are gender-neutral titles, one to be respectful, and one to be affectionate. Gajewski's publication brought various additions that don't conflict with the original version of the language, such as various new methods of communication, including a set of symbols, using the seven colours of the rainbow, using tonic sol-fa to sign the language, and more. Solresol can be communicated by using any seven distinct items, with

7680-407: The getopt function to parse command-line options additionally allow the use of two hyphen-minus characters, -- , to specify long option names that are more descriptive than their single-letter equivalents. Another use of hyphens is that employed by programs written with pipelining in mind: a single hyphen may be recognized in lieu of a filename, with the hyphen then serving as an indicator that

7808-473: The glyph for hyphen-minus will not have the optimal width, thickness, or vertical position, whereas the minus character is typically designed so that it does. Nevertheless, in many spreadsheet and programming applications the hyphen-minus must be typed to indicate subtraction, as use of the Unicode minus sign will not be recognised. The hyphen-minus is often used instead of dashes or minus signs in situations where

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7936-405: The names of these units (such as metre or kilogram )—the numerical value is always separated from it with a space: a 25 kg sphere . When the unit names are spelled out, this recommendation does not apply: a 25-kilogram sphere , a roll of 35-millimetre film . In spelled-out fractions , hyphens are usually used when the fraction is used as an adjective but not when it is used as

8064-409: The 19th century, it was common to hyphenate adverb–adjective modifiers with the adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a craftily-constructed chair"). However, this has become rare. For example, wholly owned subsidiary and quickly moving vehicle are unambiguous, because the adverbs clearly modify the adjectives: "quickly" cannot modify "vehicle". However, if an adverb can also function as an adjective, then

8192-522: The Chinese language that convey self-deprecation, social respect, politeness, or deference. During the ancient and imperial periods, Chinese honorifics varied greatly based on one's social status, but with the end of Imperial China , many of these distinctions fell out of favour due to the May Fourth Movement . As such, honorific usage today is mostly used in formal situations and business settings only. Although Chinese honorifics have simplified to

8320-423: The Philippines encountered lowland societies that already used Iberian linguistic class markers like "Don" and "Doña." Secondly, the fundamental contradiction of the American colonial project. The Americans who occupied the Philippines justified their actions through the rhetoric of " benevolent assimilation ". In other words, they were only subjugating Filipinos to teach them values like American egalitarianism, which

8448-428: The Pingelap atoll and adapted their more casual way of speaking. Even though the younger generation of Pingelapese speakers does not use honorific speech, elders in the language report being taught a form of 'language of respect'. This language was to be used to address elders and leaders in the community. Women were also told to use it towards their brothers and with their children. Phrases could be made polite by adding

8576-600: The advent of the Internet have given rise to a subset of common nouns that might have been hyphenated in the past (e.g., toolbar , hyperlink , and pastebin ). Despite decreased use, hyphenation remains the norm in certain compound-modifier constructions and, among some authors, with certain prefixes (see below ). Hyphenation is also routinely used as part of syllabification in justified texts to avoid unsightly spacing (especially in columns with narrow line lengths , as when used with newspapers ). When flowing text, it

8704-455: The apex of this system. Their prestige, as such, not only rested on their purported intelligence, but also their mastery of the colonizer's way of life. This, Lisandro Claudio suspects, is the source of the magical and superstitious attachment Filipinos have to attorneys, architects and engineers. The language they use is still haunted by their colonial experience. They linguistically privilege professionals because their colonizers made them value

8832-506: The basic titles or either Sir or Ma'am/Madam are to be employed for simplicity, as they are unnecessary when he or she is included in a list of wedding sponsors, or when their name appears in the list of officials of a country club or similar organization. They are uncalled for in public donations, religious activities, parents–teachers association events, athletic competitions, society pages of newspapers, and in any activity that has nothing to do with one's title or educational attainment. It

8960-581: The changing times. An honorific, or a pronoun, in Vietnamese when referring to a person acts as a way to define two peoples' degree of relationship with one another. Examples of these pronouns include 'chị' older sister, 'ông' male elder and 'chú' younger uncle (younger brother of father/only used on father's side). The exclusive use of the Vietnamese words for 'I' and 'you' are considered informal and rude. Rather honorifics are used to refer to oneself and to others. These terms generally differ from province to province, or region to region. As with East Asian tradition,

9088-425: The cited dictionary, the hyphenation will be used in both attributive and predicative positions. For example, "A cost-effective method was used" and "The method was cost-effective" ( cost-effective is a permanent compound that is hyphenated as a headword in various dictionaries). When one of the parts of the modifier is a proper noun or a proper adjective , there is no hyphen (e.g., "a South American actor"). When

9216-428: The classes without repeating syllables, are: 1. 'do': man, his body and spirit, intellectual faculties, qualities and nourishment; 2. 're': clothing, the house, housekeeping and the family 3. 'mi': man's actions and his flaws 4. 'fa': the countryside, travel, war, the sea 5. 'sol': fine arts and sciences 6. 'la': industry and commerce 7. 'si': the city, government and administration With repeating syllables,

9344-428: The compound is a familiar one, it is usually unhyphenated. For example, some style guides prefer the construction high school students , to high-school students . Although the expression is technically ambiguous ("students of a high school"/"school students who are high"), it would normally be formulated differently if other than the first meaning were intended. Noun–noun compound modifiers may also be written without

9472-548: The days of the week, and temperature [weather conditions]", e.g. redodo "one", remimi "two" (according to Gajewski). Words of syllable length 4 fall into various themed categories. For example, words beginning with 'sol', which include no repeating syllables, have meanings related to arts or sciences (e.g. soldoredo, "art"; solmiredo, "acoustic"). However, if words of syllable length 4 have a pair of repeated syllables, their meanings relate to sickness or medicine (e.g. solsolredo, "migraine"; solreresol, "smallpox"). More specifically,

9600-415: The dieresis as optional (as in naive and naïve ) despite the juxtaposition of a and i. Hyphens are occasionally used to denote syllabification , as in syl-la-bi-fi-ca-tion . Various British and North American dictionaries use an interpunct , sometimes called a "middle dot" or "hyphenation point", for this purpose, as in syl·la·bi·fi·ca·tion . This allows the hyphen to be reserved only for places where

9728-509: The familial roles for which are more often described elsewhere in the Swahili-speaking world as baba mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger father) or mama mkubwa/mdogo (older/younger mother). Furthermore, parents are oftentimes addressed by a combination of their parental title and the name of a child, e.g. Baba Zekiyah refers to the father of Zekiyah. While Swahili is Bantu, it is highly influenced by Arabic and Hindi languages and cultures. Babu

9856-464: The female sex, a bar, hyphen or macron is added to the final syllable of the corresponding article or the word itself. In speech, this is indicated by repeating the vowel of the syllable, with a glottal stop separating the repeated vowel from the rest of the word. However, in modern translations, pronouns do not change depending on gender. Instead, they are simply translated into English as neutral pronouns; it and they. A unique feature of Solresol

9984-622: The first expression is ordinarily open" (i.e., ordinarily two separate words). This is different, however, from instances where prefixes that are normally closed up (styled solidly) are used suspensively. For example, preoperative and postoperative becomes pre- and postoperative (not pre- and post-operative ) when suspended. Some editors prefer to avoid suspending such pairs, choosing instead to write out both words in full. A hyphen may be used to connect groups of numbers, such as in dates (see § Usage in date notation ), telephone numbers or sports scores . It can also be used to indicate

10112-429: The first modifier in a compound is an adverb ending in -ly (e.g., "a poorly written novel"), various style guides advise no hyphen. However, some do allow for this use. For example, The Economist Style Guide advises: "Adverbs do not need to be linked to participles or adjectives by hyphens in simple constructions   ... Less common adverbs, including all those that end -ly , are less likely to need hyphens." In

10240-400: The first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g. Name Bey [Mr.], Name Hanım [Ms.], Name Beyefendi [literally meaning "Lord Master"], Name Hanımefendi [literally meaning "Lady Master"], Name Hoca [teacher or cleric], Name Öğretmen [solely for teacher]), Name Agha [high official]. Such honorifics are used in both formal and informal situations. Another honorific

10368-650: The first name, nickname, or surname is usually restricted to Filipino vernacular and social conversation, even in television and film. Despite this, non-Filipinos and naturalized Filipinos (such as expat students and professionals) also address older people in the Filipino way. On a professional level, many use educational or occupational titles such as Architect, Engineer, Doctor, Attorney (often abbreviated as Arch./Archt./Ar., Engr., Dr. [or sometimes Dra. for female doctors], and Atty. respectively) on casual and even formal bases. Stricter etiquette systems frown upon this practise as

10496-423: The first refers to a shark that eats people, and the second to a man who eats shark meat . A government-monitoring program is a program that monitors the government, whereas a government monitoring program is a government program that monitors something else. Some married couples compose a new surname (sometimes referred to as a double-barrelled name ) for their new family by combining their two surnames with

10624-422: The given name is more commonly used e.g., "Mr Khai Dinh") in order not to cause confusion. This is due to many Vietnamese sharing the same surname (e.g., up to 40% of Vietnamese share the surname Nguyen). Wuvulu-Aua does not normally incorporate honorifics as it is reserved for only the utmost respect. Originally without any honorifics, the semantics of pronouns change depending on the social context. In particular,

10752-480: The honorific "Mstr." may be used for a boy who has not yet entered adult society; similar to this, "Miss" may be considered appropriate for a girl but inappropriate for a woman (but unless parallel to "Mstr." the reasoning is not explicit). All the above terms but "Miss" are written as abbreviations —most were originally abbreviations (e.g., from "Mister", "Mistress"), others may be considered as coined to directly parallel them for consistency. Abbreviations that include

10880-442: The honorific title vuestra merced (literally "your mercy"). This formal you is accompanied by verb conjugation that is different from the informal you tú . Intimate friends and relatives are addressed as tú . In some regions, addressing a relative stranger as tú can be considered disrespectful or provocative, except when it is directed to a person notably younger than the speaker, or in an especially informal context. Pingelapese

11008-431: The honorifics to be used for its state, judicial, military and other officeholders. Former military officers are sometimes addressed by their last military rank, such as "Admiral", "Colonel", "General", etc. This is generally adopted only by those officers who served and at least obtained the rank equivalency of Major. In the U.S., veterans of all ranks who have served during wartime and were honorably discharged may 'bear

11136-635: The hyphen in English compound nouns and verbs has, in general, been steadily declining. Compounds that might once have been hyphenated are increasingly left with spaces or are combined into one word. Reflecting this changing usage, in 2007, the sixth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary removed the hyphens from 16,000 entries, such as fig-leaf (now fig leaf ), pot-belly (now pot belly ), and pigeon-hole (now pigeonhole ). The increasing prevalence of computer technology and

11264-432: The hyphen, there is potential confusion about whether the writer means a "player of American football" or an "American player of football" and whether the writer means paintings that are "little celebrated" or "celebrated paintings" that are little. Compound modifiers can extend to three or more words, as in ice-cream-flavored candy , and can be adverbial as well as adjectival ( spine-tinglingly frightening ). However, if

11392-653: The hyphenated variant of these words is often more common (as in shell-like instead of shelllike ). Closed-up style is avoided in some cases: possible homographs , such as recreation (fun or sport) versus re-creation (the act of creating again), retreat (turn back) versus re-treat (give therapy again), and un-ionized (not in ion form) versus unionized (organized into trade unions ); combinations with proper nouns or adjectives ( un-American , de-Stalinisation ); acronyms ( anti-TNF antibody , non-SI units ); or numbers ( pre-1949 diplomacy , pre-1492 cartography ). Although proto-oncogene

11520-488: The initial and final letters (a type of contraction) are typically written in most English dialects (modern U.K. English , Australian English , South African English as examples) without full stops ( periods ) but in U.S. English and Canadian English always end with a period. Other honorifics may denote the honored person's occupation, for instance " Doctor ", " Esquire ", " Captain ", " Coach ", " Officer ", " The Reverend " (for all Christian clergy ) or "Father" (for

11648-406: The initial syllable, word length, and whether it has a pair of repeated syllables. Words of syllable length 1 and 2 are used for pronouns and common particles, and those with repeated syllables are tenses. Words of syllable length 3 are devoted to words used frequently (at the time of Solresol's creation). The ones which include repeating syllables are reserved for "numbers, the months of the year,

11776-524: The language as the president of the Central Committee for the study and advancement of Solresol, founded by Madame Sudre. Boleslas Gajewski, the son of Vincent, published the Grammar of Solresol. This is the most publicised version of Solresol, thanks to the translation to English by Stephen L. Rice from 1997, with a chunk of the vocabulary changed from the original, as well as some of the grammar. One example

11904-512: The language they use can be classified as a commoners' language. However, among the Micronesian languages, Pohnpeian is the only language that uses a thoroughly developed honorific speech. This demonstrates that a highly structured hierarchical society was very important in their culture. There are multiple ways that Pohnpeic speakers show respect through their language. In the Pohnpeic language there

12032-500: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, but it was never applied extensively across the language: only a handful of diaereses, including coöperation and Brontë , are encountered with any appreciable frequency in English; thus reëxamine , reïterate , deëmphasize , etc. are seldom encountered. In borrowings from Modern French, whose orthography utilizes the diaeresis as a means to differentiate graphemes , various English dictionaries list

12160-453: The latter characters are unavailable (such as type-written or ASCII-only text), where they take effort to enter (via dialog boxes or multi-key keyboard shortcuts ), or when the writer is unaware of the distinction. Consequently, some writers use two or three hyphen-minuses ( -- or --- ) to represent an em dash. In the TeX typesetting languages, a single hyphen-minus ( - ) renders a hyphen,

12288-413: The middle of the line. Examination of an original copy on vellum (Hubay index #35) in the U. S. Library of Congress shows that Gutenberg's movable type was set justified in a uniform style, 42 equal lines per page. The Gutenberg printing press required words made up of individual letters of type to be held in place by a surrounding nonprinting rigid frame. Gutenberg solved the problem of making each line

12416-413: The modified noun), although not in predicative position (after the modified noun). This is applied whether numerals or words are used for the numbers. Thus 28-year-old woman and twenty-eight-year-old woman or 32-foot wingspan and thirty-two-foot wingspan , but the woman is 28 years old and a wingspan of 32 feet . However, with symbols for SI units (such as m or kg )—in contrast to

12544-414: The most formal texts. It may be necessary to distinguish an incidental line-break hyphen from one integral to a word being mentioned (as when used in a dictionary ) or present in an original text being quoted (when in a critical edition ), not only to control its word wrap behavior (which encoding handles with hard and soft hyphens having the same glyph ) but also to differentiate appearance (with

12672-486: The non-Philippine (i.e. international standard) way. Even foreigners who work in the Philippines or naturalized Filipino citizens, including foreign spouses of Filipinos, who hold some of these titles and descriptions (especially as instructors in Philippine colleges and universities) are addressed in the same way as their Filipino counterparts, although it may sound awkward or unnatural to some language purists who argue that

12800-607: The official letters and social invitations, business cards, identification documents, etc. In the U.S., when addressing a pilot, common etiquette does not require the title "Captain" to be printed on official letters or invitations before the addressee's full name. However, this is optional (akin to " Esq. " after an attorney's name, in the U.S.) and may be used where appropriate, especially when addressing airline pilots with many years of experience. Occupants of state and political office may be addressed with an honorific. A president may be addressed as Your Excellency or Mr./Madam President,

12928-429: The ordinary Signore / Signora (mister or Mrs.), while Dottore or Dottoressa (doctor) is used freely for any graduate of a university. For college professors on academic settings, the honorifics Professore or Professoressa prevail over Dottore or Dottoressa . Masculine honorifics lose their e ending when juxtaposed to a surname: e.g., Dottor Rossi, Cardinal Martini, Ragionier Fantozzi. Verbs are conjugated in

13056-434: The original ASCII standard, where it was called "hyphen   (minus)". The word is derived from Ancient Greek ὑφ' ἕν ( huph' hén ), contracted from ὑπό ἕν ( hypó hén ), "in one" (literally "under one"). An (ἡ) ὑφέν ( (he) hyphén ) was an undertie -like ‿ sign written below two adjacent letters to indicate that they belong to the same word when it was necessary to avoid ambiguity, before word spacing

13184-454: The parallelism of early-stage disease and early-onset disease . Similarly, the hyphen in little-celebrated paintings clarifies that one is not speaking of little paintings. Hyphens are usually used to connect numbers and words in modifying phrases. Such is the case when used to describe dimensional measurements of weight, size, and time, under the rationale that, like other compound modifiers, they take hyphens in attributive position (before

13312-421: The particle will take the gender and or number marking instead: Parts of speech (as well as more specific definitions for certain words) are derived from verbs by placing a circumflex above one of the syllables in writing, and by pronouncing said syllable with rinforzando (sudden emphasis or crescendo ). With the accent placed on the first syllable, the word becomes a noun. In four-syllable words, accentuating

13440-526: The party being addressed, various honorifics may be used. As such addressing a man who is older, has a higher rank at work or has a higher social standing, one may use Mr or Sir followed by the First/ last/ or full name. Addressing a woman in a similar situation as above one may use "Miss", or "Madam" and its contraction "Ma'am", followed by First/ last/ or full name. Older married women may prefer to be addressed as "Mrs." The use of Sir/Miss/Madam or Ma'am, followed by

13568-513: The person's name, an informal pronoun , or some other style implying social equality, such as "brother", "sister", "friend", or " comrade ". This was also the practice in Revolutionary France and socialist countries which used Citoyen[ne] ("Citizen") as the manner of address. Also, some revolutionary governments abolished or banned the use of honorifics. One example is Turkey, which abolished honorifics and titles in 1934. Although it

13696-641: The placement of hyphens to mark attributive phrases: In the ASCII character encoding, the hyphen (or minus) is character 45 10 . As Unicode is identical to ASCII (the 1967 version) for all encodings up to 127 10 , the number 45 10 (2D 16 ) is also assigned to this character in Unicode, where it is denoted as U+002D - HYPHEN-MINUS . Unicode has, in addition, other encodings for minus and hyphen characters: U+2212 − MINUS SIGN and U+2010 ‐ HYPHEN , respectively. The unambiguous § "Unicode hyphen" at U+2010

13824-738: The problem of rivers . This kind of hyphenation is most useful when the width of the column (called the "line length" in typography) is very narrow. For example: We,       therefore,      the representatives of the United States of America ... We, therefore, the represen- tatives of the United States of America ... Rules (or guidelines) for correct hyphenation vary between languages, and may be complex, and they can interact with other orthographic and typesetting practices. Hyphenation algorithms , when employed in concert with dictionaries, are sufficient for all but

13952-409: The reader prefers. Although the seventh note is more modernly pronounced as "Ti" in a lot of countries, "Si" is still generally preferred within the Solresol community. Sudre outlined a way of transcribing the phonetics of French (and thus many other languages) into Solresol, primarily used for proper nouns. Using common pronunciations as given by the likes of Wiktionary , it is possible to reconstruct

14080-503: The rest of society) and insecurity (the title holder's achievements and successes might be ignored unless announced to the public), even due to historical usage of pseudo-titles in newspapers when Filipinos first began writing in English. Possible reasons are firstly, the fact the English taught to Filipinos was the "egalitarian" English of the New World, and that the Americans who colonized

14208-465: The result of marriage. For example Julia Louis-Dreyfus is a descendant of Louis Lemlé Dreyfus whose son was Léopold Louis-Dreyfus. Connecting hyphens are used in a large number of miscellaneous compounds, other than modifiers, such as in lily-of-the-valley , cock-a-hoop , clever-clever , tittle-tattle and orang-utan . Use is often dictated by convention rather than fixed rules, and hyphenation styles may vary between authors; for example, orang-utan

14336-550: The same length to fit the frame by inserting a hyphen as the last element at the right-side margin. This interrupted the letters in the last word, requiring the remaining letters be carried over to the start of the line below. His double hyphen , ⸗ , appears throughout the Bible as a short, double line inclined to the right at a 60-degree angle. The English language does not have definitive hyphenation rules, though various style guides provide detailed usage recommendations and have

14464-493: The same syllables yield: 1. 'do': religion 2. 're': construction and various trades 3. 'mi': prepositions, adverbial phrases and isolated adverbs 4. 'fa': sickness 5. 'sol': sickness (cont.) 6. 'la': industry and commerce (as in the non-repeating type) 7. 'si': justice, the magistracy, and the courts Finally, combinations of five syllables designate animals, plants and minerals. By default, all animate nouns and pronouns imply that they are of male sex. To differentiate

14592-460: The second person dual pronoun is used as an honorific address. The dual reference communicates that the second person is to be respected as two people. This honorific is typically reserved for in-laws. It is undocumented if any other honorifics exist beyond this one. People who have a strong sense of egalitarianism , such as Quakers and certain socialists , and others, eschew honorific titles. When addressing or referring to someone, they often use

14720-399: The second person singular possessive suffix -mwi . Other ways to utilize honorific speech is by changing words entirely. According to Thai translator, Mui Poopoksakul, "The Thai language is absolutely immediate in its indication of the speaker and addressee's places in the society and their relationship to each other. Thai has honorifics as well as what I like to call 'dishonorifics': it has

14848-451: The second syllable creates an agent noun. The penultimate syllable produces an adjective, and the last creates an adverb. For example, On computers using keyboard layouts without the circumflex accent, the syllable may either be printed using capital letters, or a caret placed between letters of a syllable or after a syllable. Due to the grammar and word order of Solresol, distinguishing parts of speech aren't usually required to understand

14976-403: The sentence. The various tense-and-mood particles are the double syllables, as given in vocabulary above. In addition, according to Gajewski, passive verbs are formed with faremi between this particle and the verb. The subjunctive is formed with mire before the pronoun. The negative do only appears once in the clause, before the word it negates. The word fasi before a noun or adjective

15104-416: The surname is written prior to the given name (i.e., Hoang Khai Dinh: Hoang is the surname and Khai Dinh is the given name). This occurs in all formal situations. However, placing the surname last has become a commonality in order to cater to westerners, for example, on social media sites such as Facebook. When referring to a person as Mr or Mrs (teacher, painter, etc.) as in the English tradition of 'Mr Hoang',

15232-440: The text, reversed its meaning. Scribes used the mark to connect two words that had been incorrectly separated by a space. This era also saw the introduction of the marginal hyphen, for words broken across lines. The modern format of the hyphen originated with Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, c.  1455 with the publication of his 42-line Bible . His tools did not allow for a sublinear hyphen, and he thus moved it to

15360-468: The third person singular (as opposed to the second person singular) when addressing someone using an honorific and the formal pronoun Lei (with a capital L) is used instead of the informal tu . In Japanese, honorifics called keigo ( 敬語 ) are used in everyday conversation. Most of them denote how the speaker's status relates to the one they are speaking to, and their use is mandatory in many formal and informal social situations. Japanese grammar , as

15488-706: The title' of the highest rank held, as codified in law, 10 USC 772e, both officer and enlisted. In areas of East Africa where the Bantu language Swahili is spoken, mzee is frequently used for an elder to denote respect by younger speakers. It is used in direct conversation and used in referring to someone in the third person. Other honorifics include mukubwa (for ministers, employers, and authorities), dada/kaka (for peers, friends, colleagues), and mama/baba (for parents and grandparents). Additionally, some Arabic loanwords are used in coastal regions as honorifics, too, such as ami (paternal uncle) and haloo (maternal aunt),

15616-482: The unhyphenated spelling resembles another word or when the affixation is deemed misinterpretable, ambiguous, or somehow "odd-looking" (for example, having two consecutive monographs that look like the digraphs of English, like e+a, e+e, or e+i). However, the unhyphenated style, which is also called closed up or solid , is usually preferred, particularly when the derivative has been relatively familiarized or popularized through extensive use in various contexts. As

15744-546: The verb instead of before the verb, a construction common in European languages. Some examples are: In all versions of the language, there are words in the 4-syllable, repeated "Mi" section of the dictionary which includes some common questions, such as: Each "note" of Solresol is represented as a symbol, for example, " Do " is a circle. Honorific An honorific is a title that conveys esteem, courtesy, or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to

15872-512: The word ogbeni is used as a synonym for the English "mister". Titled members of the region's aristocracy are therefore called oloye instead, this being the word for "chief". Although the former of the two titles is only used by men, aristocrats of either gender are addressed using the latter of them. Some honorifics used by Ancient Romans , such as Augustus , turned into titles over time. Chinese honorifics ( 敬語 ; Jìngyǔ ) and honorific language are words, word constructs, and expressions in

16000-433: The words of up to two syllables from Gajewski's dictionary: The definite article has different forms for nominative, genitive and dative case, or, in other words, for "the", "to the", and "of the": 'la', 'fa' and 'la si', respectively. Apart from stress and length, Solresol words are not inflected. To keep sentences clear, especially with the possibility of information loss while communicating, certain parts of speech follow

16128-440: Was abolished, titles such as " ağa " (for landlords) and " paşa " (for high-ranking military officials) continued to be used by people. Feminist criticism of the use of separate honorifics for married and unmarried women ( Mrs. and Miss ) has led to some women adopting the honorific " Ms. " Footnotes Citations Hyphen The hyphen ‐ is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of

16256-467: Was introduced, allowing such manual specification of a place where a hyphenated break is allowed but not forced . That is, it does not force a line break in an inconvenient place when the text is later reflowed. Soft hyphens are inserted into the text at the positions where hyphenation may occur. It can be a tedious task to insert the soft hyphens by hand, and tools using hyphenation algorithms are available that do this automatically. Current modules of

16384-479: Was practiced. The first known documentation of the hyphen is in the grammatical works of Dionysius Thrax . At the time hyphenation was joining two words that would otherwise be read separately by a low tie mark between the two words. In Greek these marks were known as enotikon , officially romanized as a hyphen. With the introduction of letter spacing in the Middle Ages , the hyphen, still written beneath

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