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71-440: According to Herrero de Egaña B., social innovation is defined as "new or novel ways that society has to deal with Relevant Social Challenges (RSCh), that are more effective, efficient and sustainable or that generate greater impact than the previous ones and that contribute to making it stronger and more articulated". Prominent innovators associated with the term include Pakistani Akhter Hameed Khan , Bangladeshi Muhammad Yunus ,

142-577: A Bachelor of Arts degree at Meerut College in 1932. At that point, his mother was diagnosed with tuberculosis . She died in the same year at the age of 36. Khan continued his studies and was awarded a Master of Arts in English Literature from Agra University in 1934. He worked as a lecturer at Meerut College before joining the Indian Civil Service (ICS) in 1936. As part of the ICS training, he

213-642: A break to work as director of the Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) Programme. However, he was not satisfied with the development approach adopted in the programme that was limited to the training of villagers. In 1958, he went to Michigan State University to acquire education and training in rural development. Returning in 1959, he established the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development (PARD, eventually renamed as Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development ) at Comilla on 27 May 1959 and

284-434: A case-based approach" have argued that social innovation's goal is to produce actions that are "socially valuable and good for many". In governance, its main role is to enhance and maximize the trust of citizens through active involvement in society, whether in the public or private sphere. Social innovation's role in curbing corruption is carried out through two main mediums. Firstly, it is institutionalized through actors (in

355-411: A decade of the initiative, local residents had established schools, health clinics, women's work centres, cooperative stores and a credit organisation to finance enterprise projects. By 1993, OPP had managed to provide low-cost sewers to more than 72,000 houses. The project subsequently diversified into a number of programmes, including a people's financed and managed low-cost sanitation programme;

426-587: A housing programme; a basic health and family planning programme; a programme of supervised credit for small family enterprise units; an education programme; and a rural development programme in the nearby villages. Comparing the OPP with Comilla project, Akhter Hameed Khan once commented: The Orangi Pilot Project was very different from the Comilla Academy. OPP was a private body, dependent for its small fixed budget on another NGO. The vast resources and support of

497-430: A new initiative (project) in 2013 under FP7 funding, with the aim to build a network of incubators for social innovation across regions and countries. This network facilitates identification of 300 social innovation examples and facilitates its scaling. The network is organised in a way to identify new models for scaling of social innovations across various geographical clusters in collaboration with each other, communicating

568-488: A new product or service. Beginning in the 1980s, writers on technological change increasingly addressed how social factors affect technology diffusion. The article "Rediscovering Social Innovation" mentions how social innovations are dependent on history and the change in institutions. The article discusses the ten recent social innovations reflecting current change to include: Academic research, blogs and websites feature social innovation, along with organizations working on

639-497: A position that brought him into regular contact with living conditions in rural areas of East Bengal . The Bengal famine of 1943 and subsequent handling of the situation by the colonial rulers led him to resign from the Indian Civil Service in 1945. He wrote, "I realized that if I did not escape while I was young and vigorous, I will forever remain in the trap, and terminate as a bureaucratic big wig." During this period, he

710-510: A social innovation action planning approach. A typical URBACT network would have ten cities working on a specific theme such as active inclusion or regenerating disadvantaged neighbourhoods. They examine good practice and then working through a local support group use the results to inform their local action plan. The Social Innovation Europe initiative, funded by the European Commission 's Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry ,

781-434: A source of inspiration for his students and colleagues, and continue to serve as guiding principles even after his death. Edgar Owens, who became an admirer of Khan's ideology while working at USAID's Asia Bureau, co-authored a book with Robert Shaw as a result of observations and discussions with Khan at Comilla Academy. A later study of various rural development experiences from South Asia, edited by Uphoff and Cambell (1983)

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852-399: A subdomain of social innovation has been defined in relation to the introduction of digital technologies. The subdomain is called digital social innovation and refers to "a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using digital technologies to co-create knowledge and solutions for a wide range of social needs and at a scale and speed that

923-404: A two-tiered cooperative system with primary cooperatives operating in the villages, and federations operating at sub-district level. After Khan's departure from Comilla, the cooperative's model failed in independent Bangladesh because only a few occupational groups managed to achieve the desired success. By 1979, only 61 of the 400 cooperatives were functioning. The model actually fell prey to

994-662: A visiting professor at Lund University , Harvard University , and the University of Oxford . In 1980, Khan moved to Karachi and started working on the improvement of sanitary conditions in Karachi suburbs. He laid the foundations of the Orangi Pilot Project for the largest squatter community of Orangi in the city. He remained associated with this project until his death in 1999. Meanwhile, he maintained his support for rural communities around Karachi, and also helped to develop

1065-626: A visiting professor in 1973 and remained there until 1979. During this time, he carried on advising the Rural Development Academy at Bogra in northern Bangladesh, and the Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, Peshawar , on the Daudzai Integrated Rural Development Programme. In 1974, he was appointed as a World Bank consultant to survey rural development situations in Java , Indonesia. He also briefly worked as

1136-519: Is also gaining visibility within academia. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, far-reaching investments in scientific research and community infrastructure laid the groundwork for many social and economic improvements in society. Despite the challenges of industrialisation , optimism about the power of technology to promote positive change created momentum for social innovation projects in healthcare, housing, sanitation, public infrastructure, communication, and transportation. Since 2014,

1207-622: Is known as the Industrial Revolution and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in Europe and North America. Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures. Later commentators have called this

1278-414: Is less able than the tertiary sector to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are " working poor ", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $ 2-a-day poverty line . There is also a phenomenon of deindustrialisation , as in the former USSR countries' transition to market economies, and the agriculture sector

1349-438: Is often shaped by strategic alliances. Those startups motivated by a social mission can improve their business performance via equity and non-equity strategic alliances, to enhance growth and foster social innovation. However, sustainable growth requires to attract the right investments at the right stage of development of the startup. Cacciolatti et al. (2020) developed a framework based on international business theory to explain

1420-587: Is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial society . This involves an extensive reorganisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . Industrialisation is associated with increase of polluting industries heavily dependent on fossil fuels . With the increasing focus on sustainable development and green industrial policy practices, industrialisation increasingly includes technological leapfrogging , with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. The reorganisation of

1491-440: Is universally applicable. Social Innovations are launched by a variety of actors, including research institutions, companies and independent organizations, which tend to use their respective definitions of Social Innovation. Therefore, it is worth discussing what distinguishes it from other forms of social work or innovation . Social Innovation focuses on the process of innovation, how innovation and change take shape (as opposed to

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1562-608: The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme . OPP became a model for participatory bottom-up development initiatives. The Comilla Model (1959) was Khan's initiative in response to the failure of a Village Agricultural and Industrial Development (V-AID) programme that was launched in 1953 in East and West Pakistan with technical assistance from the US government. V-AID remained a government-level attempt to promote citizen participation in

1633-468: The Ford Foundation , and USAID . Comilla Model simultaneously addressed the problems that were caused by the inadequacy of both local infrastructure and institutions through a range of integrated programmes. The initiatives included the establishment in every thana of: a training and development centre; a road-drainage embankment works programme; a decentralized, small scale irrigation programme; and,

1704-1058: The economic communities do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the global south (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create inefficient local industries unable to compete in the free-trade dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered. Environmentalism and Green politics may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, consumerist expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish. The relationships among economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction are complex, and higher productivity can sometimes lead to static or even lower employment (see jobless recovery ). There are differences across sectors , whereby manufacturing

1775-494: The 'less poor'. However, Khan's leadership skills during the course of his association with the project remained a source of inspiration for these leaders, as well as other participatory development initiatives in the country. The Orangi poverty alleviation project (known as the Orangi Pilot Project, or OPP) was initiated by Khan as an NGO in 1980. Orangi is located on the northwest periphery of Karachi. At that time, it

1846-558: The Akhter Hameed Khan Memorial Award. The annual cash award is given on Khan's birthday to a Pakistani author for a book on issues related to rural and urban development, peace, poverty alleviation , or gender discrimination . At the occasion of the award ceremony in 2006, a documentary film about the life and times of Akhter Hameed Khan was premiered. The film includes archival footage and interviews with family members, colleagues, and contributors and beneficiaries of

1917-667: The Australian Centre for Social Innovation were established in Adelaide and many reforms trialed in South Australia have been adopted nationally throughout Australia . This initiative, headed by Monsignor David Cappo , South Australia's Social Inclusion Commissioner, was advised by 'Thinkers in Residence' Geoff Mulgan and New York social entrepreneur Rosanne Haggerty . Lin and Chen, in "The Impact of Societal and Social innovation:

1988-568: The Comilla and OPP projects. The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Centre (AHK Resource Center)was established in Islamabad , under the auspices of the Institute of Rural Management, as a repository of published and digital resources on rural development. The Akhter Hameed Khan Resource Center was initially formed in 2010 as a repository of works and writings by Khan and his mentee Shoaib Sultan Khan; after 2015

2059-528: The First Industrial Revolution. The " Second Industrial Revolution " labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine , the invention of the internal combustion engine , the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as

2130-665: The area of social innovation. In addition to pioneered efforts by institutions such as the Harvard Business School's Initiative on Social Enterprise (launched 1993) and Said Business School 's Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship (launched 2003), INSEAD and other universities now offer short-term programs in Social Innovation, and a few such as Cambridge Centre for Social Innovation, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge , and Goldsmiths, University of London offer Masters courses dedicated entirely to

2201-702: The boundaries of research and practical action. Topics include: The United States created an Office for Social Innovation in the White House , which is funding projects that combine public and private resources. with foundations that support social innovation. In 2010, the US government listed 11 investments made by its ' Social Innovation Fund ', with public funding more than matched by philanthropic organizations. This fund focuses on partnerships with charities, social enterprises , and business. Moreover, educational institutions are now increasingly supporting teaching and research in

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2272-601: The capacity for multiple partnerships, but also for engaging policy, legal and economic institutions. Social entrepreneurship , like social enterprise, is typically in the nonprofit sector excluding both for-profit and public organizations. Both social entrepreneurship and social enterprise are important contributions to social innovation by creating social value and introducing new ways of achieving goals. Social entrepreneurship brings "new patterns and possibilities for innovation" and are willing to do things that existing organizations are not willing to do. Social innovation success

2343-461: The concept of Social class , i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with extended family living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing

2414-539: The concept of imitation has been rediscovered by social scientists in order to better understand social innovation and its relation to social change. Other theories of innovation became prominent in the 20th century, many of which had social implications, without putting social progress at the center of the theory. Joseph Schumpeter , for example, addressed the process of innovation directly with his theory of creative destruction and his definition of entrepreneurs as people who combined existing elements in new ways to create

2485-514: The courts of law and cleared by independent religious scholars. In 1999, Khan was visiting his family in the United States when he suffered from kidney failure . He died of myocardial infarction on 9 October in Indianapolis at the age of 85. His body was flown to Karachi on 15 October, where he was buried on the grounds of the OPP office compound. Khan's ideology and leadership skills were

2556-470: The economy has many unintended consequences both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth . Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place. The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy

2627-558: The founder of Grameen Bank which pioneered the concept of microcredit for supporting innovations in many developing countries such as Asia , Africa and Latin America , and inspired programs like the Jindal Centre for Social Innovation & Entrepreneurship and Infolady Social Entrepreneurship Programme of Dnet (A Social Enterprise). Geoff Mulgan defines social innovation as consisting of "activities and services that are motivated by

2698-678: The goal of meeting a social need and that are predominantly developed and diffused through organisations whose primary purposes are social." Social innovation is understood in contrast to business innovation, which is aimed at profit maximization. The European Commission cites it as "another way to produce value, with less focus on financial profit and more on real demands or needs." More specifically, it defines social innovation as comprising "innovations that are social in both their ends and their means. They are innovations that are not only good for society but also enhance individuals’ capacity to act." Social Innovation has an inter-sectoral approach and

2769-419: The government, Harvard advisors, MSU, and Ford Foundation was missing. OPP possessed no authority, no sanctions. It may observe and investigate but it could only advise, not enforce. The successful OPP model became an inspiration for other municipalities around the country. In 1999, Khan helped to create Lodhran Pilot Project (LPP) to collaborate with Lodhran municipal committee. Learning from past experiences,

2840-597: The ideas, finding the tools and funds, developing business plans and models in order to promote the new promising ideas throughout Europe . Akhter Hameed Khan Akhter Hameed Khan ( Urdu : اختر حمید خان , pronounced [ˈəxt̪ər ɦəˈmiːd̪ xaːn] ; 15 July 1914 – 9 October 1999) was a Pakistani development practitioner and social scientist . He promoted participatory rural development in Pakistan and other developing countries, and widely advocated community participation in development. His particular contribution

2911-406: The ineffective internal and external controls, stagnation, and diversion of funds. This prompted the subsequent scholars and practitioners in microfinance, such as Muhammad Yunus of Grameen Bank and Fazle Hasan Abed of BRAC , to abandon the cooperative approach in favour of more centralised control and service delivery structures. The new strategy targeted the poorest villagers, while excluding

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2982-790: The mechanisms regulating strategic alliances and firm performance in the context of startups with a social mission. Social innovation is often an effort of mental creativity which involves fluency and flexibility from a wide range of disciplines. The act of social innovation in a sector is mostly connected with diverse disciplines within the society. The social innovation theory of 'connected difference' emphasizes three key dimensions to social innovation. First, innovations are usually new combinations or hybrids of existing elements, rather than completely new. Second, their practice involves cutting across organizational or disciplinary boundaries. Lastly, they leave behind compelling new relationships between previously separate individuals and groups. Social innovation

3053-401: The more traditional definition of innovation, giving priority to the internal organization of firms and their productivity). It likewise centers on new work and new forms of cooperation (business models), especially on those that work towards the attainment of a sustainable society. Social innovation can take place within government ; the for-profit sector, the nonprofit sector (also known as

3124-716: The most important criticisms of industrialisation is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories. Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the Four Asian Tigers underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates. As of 2018 the international development community ( World Bank , Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) , many United Nations departments, FAO WHO ILO and UNESCO , endorses development policies like water purification or primary education and co-operation amongst third world communities . Some members of

3195-507: The next two years, Khan worked in Mamoola village near Aligarh as a labourer and locksmith , an experience that provided him with firsthand knowledge of the problems and issues of rural communities. In 1947, he took up a teaching position at the Jamia Millia, Delhi , where he worked for three years. In 1950, Khan migrated to Pakistan to teach at Islamia College, Karachi . In the same year, he

3266-546: The number of children per household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of child labour and thereafter education systems. As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and

3337-499: The offer on the grounds that the proposals were predominantly motivated by political interests rather than the common well-being. However, he continued to advise the authorities on various aspects of rural development, such as participatory irrigation management. He worked as a research fellow at the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad from 1971 to 1972, and as Director of Rural Economics Research Project at Karachi University from 1972 to 1973. Khan went to Michigan State University as

3408-455: The place of work. By the end of the 20th century, East Asia had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world. There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development. The Industrial Revolution was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities. This has resulted in

3479-517: The poetry of Maulana Hali and Muhammad Iqbal , the sermons of Abul Kalam Azad , and the Sufist philosophy of Rumi . This upbringing influenced his interest in historical as well as contemporary social, economic, and political affairs. Khan attended Government High School at Jalam ( Uttar Pradesh ), and completed his education in 1930 at Agra College where he studied English literature and history. He read English literature, history, and philosophy for

3550-462: The project extended its scope to the whole town instead of concentrating on low-income settlements only. The municipal partnership was itself a new initiative that ensured wider civic co-operation. The success of OPP did come at a cost for Dr Khan as his liberal views and self-help initiatives were questioned and criticised by certain interest groups. At two occasions, he was accused of blasphemy. However, all allegations against him were acquitted by

3621-405: The public and the private sectors), and secondly, it is executed with new tools available, specifically ICTs. Literature on social innovation in relation to territorial/ regional development covers innovation in the social economy , i.e. strategies for satisfaction of human needs; and innovation in the sense of transforming and/or sustaining social relations , especially governance relations at

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3692-471: The regional and local level. Beginning in the late 1980s, Jean-Louis Laville and Frank Moulaert researched social innovation. In Canada CRISES initiated this type of research. Another, larger project was SINGOCOM a European Commission Framework 5 project, which pioneered so-called "Alternative Models for Local Innovation" (ALMOLIN). These models were further elaborated through community actions covered by KATARSIS and SOCIAL POLIS. More recent works focus on

3763-725: The resource center transitioned into an NGO that established an experimental site in urban development in Dhok Hassu, Rawalpindi. Khan received the following civil awards: Khan was fluent in Arabic , Bengali , English, Hindi , Pali , Persian , and Urdu . He wrote several reports and monographs, mostly relating to rural development in general or his various successful and model initiatives in particular. He also published collections of poems and travelogues in Urdu. Industrialisation Industrialisation ( UK ) or industrialization ( US )

3834-579: The size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers. Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist Talcott Parsons noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an extended family structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the nuclear family , consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous. One of

3905-414: The social organization of communities that could help to solve everyday problems. Many radical 19th century reformers like Robert Owen , founder of the cooperative movement, promoted innovation in the social field and all of the great sociologists including Karl Marx , Max Weber and Émile Durkheim focused attention on broader processes of social change . In recent years, the work of Gabriel Tarde on

3976-447: The societal role of the economic life in terms of innovations in social practices and social relations at the local and regional levels. Social Innovation, therefore, is increasingly seen as a process and a strategy to foster human development through solidarity, cooperation, and cultural diversity . The EU funded URBACT programme is designed to help cities to exchange and learn around urban policies. The URBACT methodology can be seen as

4047-464: The sphere of rural development . Khan launched the project in 1959 on his return from Michigan, and developed a methodology of implementation in the area of rural development on the principle of grassroots-level participation. Initially, the aim was to provide a development model of programmes and institutions that could be replicated across the country. Advisory support in this respect was provided by experts from Harvard and Michigan State Universities,

4118-464: The study of theory and practice in relation to social entrepreneurship and innovation. The Cambridge Centre for Social Innovation's aim is to build best practices across business, civil society, policy and academia for a more equitable, inclusive and sustainable world. Public policy makers support social innovation in the UK , Australia , China and Denmark , as well. The European Union 's innovation strategy

4189-521: The third sector), or in the spaces between them. Higher education institutions, such as the Cambridge Centre for Social Innovation, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge , leverage the power of research to support this aim. Research has focused on the types of platforms needed to facilitate such cross-sector collaborative social innovation. Historical studies suggest that transforming any system may take many years, and requires not only

4260-523: Was appointed as its founding director. Khan became vice-chairman of the board of Governors of PARD in 1964, and in the same year, was awarded an honorary Doctorate of law by Michigan State University. In 1969, he established collaborative links with Arthur Lewis . Following his move to Pakistan, Khan was asked to implement the Comilla Model in rural settlements of North-West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ), Punjab , and Sindh . He declined

4331-547: Was fluent in at least seven languages and dialects. Apart from many scholarly books and articles, he also published a collection of poems and travelogues in Urdu . Khan was born on 15 July 1914 in Agra . He was among the four sons and three daughters of Khansaahib Ameer Ahmed Khan and Mehmoodah Begum. His father, a police inspector , was inspired by the reformist thinking of Syed Ahmed Khan . In his early age, Khan's mother introduced him to

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4402-558: Was influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche and Mashriqi , and joined the Khaksar Movement . This attachment was brief. He quit the movement and turned to Sufism . According to Khan, "I had a profound personal concern; I wanted to live a life free from fear and anxiety, a calm and serene life, without turmoil and conflict. ... when I followed the advice of the old Sufis and sages, and tried to curb my greed, my pride and aggression, fears, anxieties and conflicts diminished." For

4473-608: Was invited by the Government of Pakistan to take charge as Principal of Comilla Victoria College in East Pakistan , a position he held until 1958. During this time (1950–58) he also served as President of the East Pakistan Non-Government Teachers' Association. During his tenure as principal of Comilla Victoria College, Khan developed a special interest in grassroots actions. Between 1954 and 1955, he took

4544-720: Was jointly dedicated to Khan and Owens. Soon after Khan's death, on 10 April 2000, the Government of Pakistan renamed the National Centre for Rural Development the Akhter Hameed Khan National Centre for Rural Development and Municipal Administration. Later in 2005, the Council of Social Sciences, Pakistan, in collaboration with the National Rural Support Programme and other institutions, announced

4615-534: Was predominantly composed of day labourers , skilled workers , artisans , small shopkeepers, peddlers and low-income white collar workers . The project proved an impetus to the socio-economic development of the population of the area. As the project director, Khan proved to be a dynamic and innovative leader. The project initially focused on creating a system of underground sewers, using local materials and labour, and succeeded in laying hundreds of kilometres of drainage pipes along with auxiliary facilities. Within

4686-476: Was sent to read literature and history at Magdalene College, Cambridge , England. During the stay, he developed a friendship with Choudhary Rahmat Ali . Khan married Hameedah Begum (the eldest daughter of Allama Mashriqi ) in 1940. Together, they had three daughters (Mariam, Amina, and Rasheeda) and a son (Akbar). After Hameedah Begum's death in 1966, he married Shafiq Khan and had one daughter, Ayesha. During his ICS career, Khan worked as collector of revenue,

4757-760: Was set up to map social innovation at a European level, by creating a directory of grass-roots examples of social innovation from across the 27 member states. The European Commission funded the SELUSI study between 2008 - 2013 that looked at over 550 social ventures and examined how these insights can spark change and innovation at a much larger scale. It looked at business models of social ventures in five countries - UK being one of them – identifying which specific practices evolved by social ventures are particularly successful, and how and by whom – be it social enterprise, public sector body or mainstream business – they can be most effectively scaled-up. The European Commission has launched

4828-838: Was the establishment of a comprehensive project for rural development, the Comilla Model (1959). It earned him the Ramon Magsaysay Award from the Philippines and an honorary Doctorate of law from Michigan State University . In the 1980s he started a bottom-up community development initiative of Orangi Pilot Project , based in the outskirts of Karachi , which became a model of participatory development initiatives. He also directed many programmes, from microcredit to self-finance and from housing provision to family planning , for rural communities and urban slums . It earned him international recognition and high honours in Pakistan. Khan

4899-503: Was the first well-funded research and development strategy to emphasize social innovation. In 2002, the South Australian government, led by Premier and Social Inclusion Minister Mike Rann , embraced a ten-year social innovation strategy with big investments and a focus on reform in areas such as homelessness , school retention, mental health and disability services. The Common Ground and Street to Home homelessness initiatives and

4970-435: Was the largest of the city's approximately 650 low-income squatter settlements (known as katchi abadi ). The locality was first developed in 1963 as a government township of 5 square kilometres (1,236 acres). The influx of migrants after the creation of Bangladesh swelled the settlement to about one million people crowded over an area of more than 32 square kilometres (7,907 acres). The working class multi-ethnic population

5041-679: Was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet". Social innovation was discussed in the writings of figures such as Peter Drucker and Michael Young (founder of the Open University and dozens of other organizations) in the 1960s. It also appeared in the work of French writers in the 1970s, such as Pierre Rosanvallon , Jacques Fournier , and Jacques Attali . However, the themes and concepts in social innovation existed long before. Benjamin Franklin , for example, talked about small modifications within

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