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85-802: Located in Slovene Istria , the Riviera belongs to the Coastal–Karst Statistical Region and to the historical region of the Slovene Littoral . It is bordered to the north by Italy and to the south by Croatia . The northernmost point is the headland of Debeli Rtič , by the Gulf of Koper ; and the southernmost one is the village of Sečovlje , by the Gulf of Piran , located close the Sečovlje Salina Nature Park . The 14 settlements on

170-414: A diet and received acknowledgement from the present Italian princes. Henry returned to Ingelheim where he was recognized by a Burgundian embassy and by Aribert , Archbishop of Milan , whom he had supported against his father. Henry's consensus with Aribert was an attempt to solve the old interior imperial conflict with Conrad. When Adalbero I of Eppenstein was deposed by Conrad, Henry also inherited

255-447: A second court on 20 December 1046 where he deposed all three papal candidates. In Rome he held a synod, declared all Roman priests unfit for office and as Adalbert of Bremen refused the honour, Henry appointed Suidger of Bamberg , who was acclaimed by the people and clergy. He adopted the name Clement II . On Christmas Day 1046, Clement was consecrated, and Henry and Agnes crowned emperor and empress. The Roman citizenry awarded Henry

340-554: A German court to try an Italian bishop was considered very controversial. The problem culminated in the Investiture Controversy that overshadowed the reigns of Henry's son and grandson. Henry moved on to Saxony and held imperial courts at Quedlinburg , Merseburg (in June) and Meissen, where he appointed his daughter Beatrice abbess and ended the strife between Siemomysł, Duke of Pomerania and Casimir of Poland . Henry summoned

425-431: A campaign against Count Dirk and recovered Flushing. He gave it to Bernold , Bishop of Utrecht , and returned to Aachen to celebrate Pentecost and to decide on the fate of Lorraine. Henry restored Godfrey, but transferred the county of Verdun to the bishop of the city, which angered the duke. Henry bestowed the lower duchy to Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine and appointed Adalbert , archbishop of Bremen . The right of

510-487: A chaplain. Henry was at Metz in July 1047 when Godfrey once again rose in rebellion. Godfrey was now allied with Baldwin of Flanders , his son (the margrave of Antwerp), Dirk of Holland, and Herman, Count of Hainaut . Henry gathered an army and went north, where he gave Adalbert of Bremen Godfrey's former lands and oversaw the trial by combat of Thietmar , the brother of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony , accused of plotting to kill

595-450: A daughter during her previous two marriages. Conrad was illiterate, but Gisela was solicitous to their son's education and Henry learnt to read. The last Ottonian monarch, Henry II , died on 13 July 1024. The German aristocrats who assembled at Kamba to elect his successor proclaimed Conrad of Worms king on 4 September. Conrad's opponent formed a coalition that included his stepson, Ernest II, Duke of Swabia . They took up arms against

680-576: A highly unpopular choice. Guaimar had been acclaimed as Duke of Apulia and Calabria by the Norman mercenaries under William Iron Arm and his brother Drogo of Hauteville . In return, Guaimar had recognized the conquests of the Normans and invested William as his vassal with the comital title. Henry made Drogo, William's successor in Apulia, a direct vassal of the imperial crown. He did likewise to Ranulf Drengot ,

765-510: A new pope, Damasus having died. Henry's most enduring papal selection was Bruno of Toul, who took office as Leo IX , under whom the Church would be divided between East and West. Henry's final appointment of this long spate was a successor to Adalbert in Lorraine. For this, he appointed Gerard of Chatenoy , a relative of Adalbert and Henry himself. 1049 proved to be a successful year. Dirk of Holland

850-603: A revolt in Northern Italy is started by Archbishop Aribert of Milan . By Emperor's ( Conrad II ) decree, Henry travelled south of the Alps where he then acquired a big stick, famously known as "The Big Stick of 1037" . However the conflict would not be resolved by Henry until 1040 through military and diplomatic pressure coupled with growing civil unrest. In 1038, Henry was called to aid his father in Italy. On their return trip along

935-578: A single administration with the capital in Pazin . In 1860, Istria became an autonomous province within the Austrian Littoral , with its own Provincial diet (Assembly). What is today Slovenian Istria was divided among the administrative district of Koper and Volosko : the former extended to the present-day municipalities of Koper, Izola and Piran, while the latter extended to the present-day municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina . After World War I , according to

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1020-405: A son before his marriage to Gisela, because a royal charter referred to his sons in 1024, but its reliability is dubious. Henry was always mentioned as his father's sole son in charters issued after February 1028. Gisela, who was descended from Charlemagne , had a strong claim both to Swabia and to Burgundy . Conrad was Gisela's third husband and she had given birth to three sons and possibly

1105-509: Is a region in southwest Slovenia . It comprises the northern part of the Istrian peninsula, and is part of the wider geographical-historical region known as the Slovene Littoral . Its largest urban center is Koper . Other large settlements are Izola , Piran , and Portorož . The entire region has around 120 settlements. In its coastal area, both Slovene and Italian are official languages. The Slovene Riviera ( Slovene : Slovenska obala )

1190-752: Is at the same time one of only two nature reserves on Slovenian coast, the other one being the Strunjan reserve . In the Strunjan reserve lies the only coastal cliff in Slovenia which is at the same time the only cliff in Trieste Bay . The inner part of the region is more hilly, with various types of landscape, including the most known karst landscape in the Karst region. The most important water-flows in Slovenian Istria are

1275-492: Is especially renowned for its wines and olive oil . The most common wine varieties are refosco (red) and malvasia (white). Other products include cherries , figs , and vegetables, such as radicchio , tomatoes and asparagus . In the Slovenian Riviera and some villages in the interior, both Slovene and Italian are official languages. In the rest of Slovenian Istria, comprising most of its rural area, only Slovene

1360-519: Is located in Slovene Istria; both terms are sometimes used interchangeably, especially in the media, although Slovene Istria includes a wider geographical area. The Istrian peninsula was known to Romans as the terra magica . Its name is derived from the Histri , an Illyrian tribe whom the geographer Strabo stated lived in the region. Romans described them as pirates who were hard to conquer due to

1445-623: Is one of the main industries on the Slovenian coast, especially in Portorož , Piran , Izola and Sečovlje , where the most important historical monument is the Venetian Gothic Mediterranean town of Piran. The neighboring town of Portorož is a popular modern tourist resort, offering entertainment in gambling tourism. The former fishermen town of Izola has also been transformed into a popular tourist destination; many tourists also appreciate

1530-503: Is recognized as official language. According to the 2002 census, Slovene is spoken as the first language by 70.2% of the inhabitants of Slovenian Istria, Italian by 3.3%, and various forms of Serbo-Croatian , dominated by Croatian, by 16% of the population. The highest percentage of Italian speakers is in the municipality of Piran (7%), while the highest percentage of Croatian speakers is in Izola (31%). General population polls have shown that

1615-559: The Adriatic coast Gunhilda died from an epidemic that apparently had also caused the death of Herman IV of Swabia near Naples . In 1039, Emperor Conrad II also died, and Henry succeeded him as king and imperator in spe . Henry inaugurated his reign with a tour through his domains. In the Low Countries he received homage of Gothelo I, Duke of Upper and Lower Lorraine , and in Cologne , he

1700-546: The Dragonja and Rižana rivers. Slovenian Istria is the second most prosperous region in Slovenia after Central Slovenia . The two most important economic branches are transport and tourism, followed by services and industry. The Port of Koper is the only international port in Slovenia and one of the largest in the Adriatic Sea . It is considered as one of the strategically most important firms in Slovenian economy. Tourism

1785-565: The Duchy of Carinthia , by which he became triple-duke (Bavaria, Swabia and Carinthia) on top of being triple-king of Germany, Burgundy and Italy. Henry led his first military campaign as sovereign in 1040 into Bohemia, where Bretislav I intended to establish a separate archbishopric. After having attended the reform sessions of a number of monasteries, Henry summoned his army at Stablo . In July he joined with contingents at Goslar and deployed his entire army at Regensburg . He set out on 13 August and

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1870-574: The Dukes of Bavaria . From 976 onward Verona was ruled by the Dukes of Carinthia , until in 1040 King Henry III established the separate March of Istria , which thereafter was successively controlled by various noble dynasties such as the Bavarian House of Andechs (temporarily ruling as the Dukes of Merania ). In 1208/09 it fell to the Patriarchs of Aquileia , while large parts of the estates were held by

1955-596: The Golden Chain of the Patriciate and elevated him to patricius . Henry visited Frascati , the capital of the counts of Tusculum and seized all castles of the Crescentii family. Joined by the pope, he ventured to southern Italy and reverted most of his father's policies. At Capua , Henry was received by Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno and Capua . However, Henry returned Capua to the twice-deprived Prince Pandulf IV ,

2040-483: The Istrian–Dalmatian exodus . The local Italian population shrank in number. Many villages were depopulated, while the towns grew in number. Koper developed into an important portal town, and one of the major centres of Slovenian economy. The 43 kilometers long coastline of Slovenian Istria has numerous peninsulas and bays such as Piran peninsula and Gulf of Piran, Gulf of Koper and Ankaran peninsula on which

2125-509: The Mezzogiorno against the Normans. He himself had confirmed their conquests as his vassals. Leo, without assistance from Guaimar (distanced from Henry since 1047), was defeated at the Battle of Civitate on 18 June 1053 by Humphrey , Count of Apulia; Robert Guiscard , his younger brother; and Prince Richard I of Capua . The Swabians were cut to pieces. In 1054, Henry traveled north to deal with

2210-505: The political particularism of the dukes. In order to diminish their power he appointed the younger son Gothelo II as duke of the Lower duchy instead of Godfrey , Gothelo I's eldest son who had already been installed as duke of Upper Lorraine. Henry claimed that Gothelo I's deathbed wish was to bequeath both sons with a share of the estate. Godfrey, who had been a faithful servant of Henry, eventually rose in rebellion. Henry attempted to reconcile

2295-525: The Šavrin Hills subdialect , spoken in the southern areas. In the municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina , the Inner Carniolan dialect is spoken. In a few villages on the border with Croatia , the Čičarija dialect is spoken, which is considered a transitional dialect between Slovene and Čakavian Croatian . In the urban areas, a hybrid regional version of Slovene is spoken, which is phonetically very different from

2380-523: The "clergy and the people" elected Henry his co-ruler and Pilgrim , Archbishop of Cologne , crowned Henry king in Aachen on Easter 1028. Henry was thereafter named the "hope of the empire" on his father's seals in accordance with Byzantine customs. Conrad sent another embassy to Constantinople. Constantine VIII's successor, Emperor Romanos III Argyros , proposed the hand of one of his sisters to Henry, but Conrad's envoy, Count Manegold of Donauwörth, refused

2465-665: The Bavarian aristocrats to acknowledge Henry as their duke in Regensburg on 24 July 1027. Henry's appointment to the duchy was unprecedented—Bavaria had never been ruled by a ten-year-old duke. In autumn 1027, the Emperor sent Bishop Werner of Strasbourg to Constantinople to win a bride from the Byzantine imperial family for Henry, but Werner's sudden death put an end to the negotiations with Emperor Constantine VIII . At Conrad's initiative,

2550-602: The Black or the Pious , was Holy Roman Emperor from 1046 until his death in 1056. A member of the Salian dynasty , he was the eldest son of Conrad II and Gisela of Swabia . Henry was raised by his father, who made him Duke of Bavaria in 1026, appointed him co-ruler in 1028 and bestowed him with the duchy of Swabia and the Kingdom of Burgundy ten years later in 1038. The emperor's death

2635-617: The Duchy of Burgundy, where he travelled during the new year to settle administrative and judicial matters. On the road near Basel he learnt of Hungarian raids into Bavaria and bestowed the duchy to a certain Henry VII , a relative of the last independent duke. At Cologne, Henry summoned the royal princes, who unanimously declared war on Hungary. After he had sent a wedding delegation to Agnes of Poitou he set out in September 1042 and successfully subdued

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2720-678: The French border near Ivois , in order to meet King Henry I of France , most likely to discuss the impending marriage to the princess of Aquitaine . Henry next returned to Hungary and forced Aba to recognize the Danubian territories, a former donation of Stephen I of Hungary , pro causa amicitiae (for friendship's sake). These territories had been ceded to Hungary after Conrad II's defeat of 1030. This border remained in place between Hungary and Austria until 1920. Gisela, Henry's mother, died in March 1043. She

2805-755: The King in the second half of 1025, but he forced most of them into submission before the end of the year. Ernest asked his mother Gisela to mediate a reconciliation and she convinced the eight-year-old Henry also to intervene on Ernest's behalf in early 1026. Ernest had to promise to provide military assistance to Conrad to achieve a pardon. Conrad designated Henry as his heir in Augsburg in February 1027. A year later, before departing for his first Italian campaign, Conrad charged Bruno , Bishop of Augsburg , with Henry's guardianship. Historian Stefan Weinfurter states that Bruno, who

2890-605: The area was briefly ruled by the Avars. Istria was annexed by the Lombards in 751 and by the Avars in 774. It came under Frankish rule during the reign of Charlemagne , when his son Carloman conquered the peninsula in 789, and it was incorporated into the Carolingian March of Friuli . In 952 King Otto I of Germany ceded Istria together with the vast March of Verona and Aquileia to

2975-465: The bellicose Casimir of Poland. He transferred Silesia from Bretislav to Casimir. Bretislaus nevertheless remained loyal to the end. Henry turned westwards and crowned his young son at Aachen on 17 July and then marched into Flanders, as the two Baldwins had rebelled again. John of Arras, who had seized Cambrai before, had been forced out by Baldwin of Flanders and so turned to the Emperor. In return for inducing Liutpert, Bishop of Cambrai , to give John

3060-580: The brothers at Nijmegen but failed. However, Henry considered the ducal fief to be a royal office and insisted on his prerogative when he appointed dignitaries at his discretion. On 6 July 1044 Henry, accompanied by Peter Orseolo , entered Hungary at the head of a moderately sized force, which engaged Samuel Aba's sizeable army. Discord among the Magyar forces prevented cohesive manoeuvres and their troops quickly dispersed upon Henry's onslaught. At Székesfehérvár Peter regained his fief as King of Hungary. Aba

3145-420: The castle, John would lead Henry through Flanders. The Flemish campaign was a success, but Liutpert could not be convinced. Bretislav, who had regained Silesia in a short war, died in 1054. The margrave of Austria, Adalbert , however, successfully resisted the depredations of Cuno and the raids of the king of Hungary. Henry could thus direct his attention elsewhere than rebellions for once. He returned to Goslar,

3230-713: The church with a magnificently illustrated gospel book, called the Codex Aureus Escorialensis , also known as the Speyer Gospel. The Dome of Speyer was gradually extended during the following years and a large burial sector was created for future rulers and royal continuity. In October 1043, Henry, displaying deep personal piety, announced from the pulpit of the Konstanz Minster that the Peace and Truce of God be respected all over his realms on that very day. This day

3315-597: The city where his son had been born and which he had raised to imperial and ecclesiastic grandeur with his palace and church reforms. He passed Christmas there and appointed Gebhard of Eichstedt as the next holder of the Petrine see, with the name Victor II. He was the last of Henry's four German popes. In 1055, Henry turned south, to Italy again, for Boniface III of Tuscany , ever an imperial ally, had died, and his widow, Beatrice of Bar , had married Godfrey of Lorraine (1054). First, however, he gave his old hostage, Spitignev ,

3400-709: The coast, divided by municipality, are: The coastline counts the ports of Koper, Izola, Piran, Lucija, and Portorož. Koper railway station is the terminus of the Divača–Koper Railway and Portorož Airport is located near Sečovlje, close to Croatian borders. Main road serving the Riviera is the national road 111, which joins the A1 motorway (to Ljubljana and Maribor ) at Koper. 45°33′N 13°44′E  /  45.550°N 13.733°E  / 45.550; 13.733 Slovene Istria Slovene Istria ( Slovene : slovenska Istra ; Italian : Istria slovena )

3485-631: The comital House of Gorizia . Starting in 1267 the Republic of Venice gradually annexed the Istrian coast, also aided by the strong presence of the native Romance-speaking communities ; the region regained its overseas ties which were loosened by the barbarian invasions . The coastal area somewhat reflowered, but the Venetian government's enmity toward Austria and the Ottoman Empire limited relations with

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3570-534: The count of Aversa , who had been a vassal of Guaimar as Prince of Capua. Thus, Guaimar was deprived of his greatest vassals, his principality split in two, and his greatest enemy reinstated. These decisions made Henry unpopular among the Lombards, and Benevento , although a papal vassal, would not approve of him. The Italian circuit was completed when he arrived at Verona in May 1047. Upon his return to Germany, Henry assigned

3655-592: The county of Verdun . Godfrey fled and took up arms in revolt. Henry wintered at Speyer and prepared for the Lorraine campaign of 1045. In early 1045, Henry entered Lorraine at the head of an army, and besieged and conquered Godfrey's castle of Böckelheim (near Kreuznach ). After he had taken a number of castles, lack of supplies forced him to leave. He garrisoned the ducal castles and cities to prevent any incursions by Godfrey and left for Burgundy. Godfrey had stirred up rebellions in Burgundy by creating conflicts between

3740-580: The court of her stepfather, Geoffrey Martel , Count of Anjou . The association with this boisterous vassal of the king of France and her consanguinity with Henry (both were descendants of Henry the Fowler ) stirred up some consternation among many clerics, who opposed their union. The marriage, however, took place anyway and Agnes was crowned queen at Mainz . Henry spent the winter at Utrecht , where he again announced an indulgence. In April 1044, Gothelo , Duke of Lower and Upper Lorraine died. Henry opposed

3825-591: The daughter of Emma of Normandy and Canute the Great , King of Denmark , England and Norway , were engaged on 18 May 1035. On the same occasion Conrad declared war on the Liutizi , a pagan Slavic tribe and deposed his brother-in-law, Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia . Conrad entrusted Canute with Southern Jutland upon their children's marriage, which took place in Nijmegen during the 1036 feast of Pentecost . In Spring 1037,

3910-705: The difficulty of navigating their territory. After two military campaigns, Roman legions finally subdued them in 177 BC. Many remains of ancient harbours and settlements still remain today, mostly in Ankaran , Hrvatini , Izola , Koper , and Piran . With the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Istria was conquered by the Goths and the Byzantines . At the end of the 6th century, Slavs arrived and built their first permanent settlement around AD 700. During Byzantine rule,

3995-561: The duchy of Swabia, the count palatine , Henry I with the Duchy of Lorraine and Baldwin with the Margraviate of Antwerp . During the preparations of the jaunt to Hungary where Henry had intended to spend Pentecost with King Peter, a wooden floor collapsed in a residence where Bruno , Bishop of Würzburg was killed. In Hungary, Peter presented Henry with the Golden Lance and pledged an oath of fealty among his nobles. The crown of Hungary

4080-529: The field, had a heated debate with the German king and challenged him to single combat. Henry fled at night from this meeting. Once in Germany again, Godfrey made his final peace, and Henry went to the northeast to deal with a Slav uprising after the death of William of Meissen. He fell ill on the way and took to bed. He freed Beatrice and Matilda and had those with him swear allegiance to the young Henry, whom he commended

4165-457: The final years of his reign as the beginning of a crisis in the Salian monarchy. Born on 28 October 1016, or 1017, Henry was the son of Conrad of Worms and Gisela of Swabia . Conrad was a Franconian aristocrat who held domains along the river Rhine when his son was born. He was related to the imperial Ottonian dynasty through his great-grandmother, Liutgard —a daughter of the Holy Roman Emperor , Otto I . Conrad may have fathered

4250-420: The following year ended a remarkably smooth and harmonious transition process towards Henry's sovereign rule, that was rather uncharacteristic for the Ottonian and Salian monarchs. Henry succeeded Conrad II as Duke of Carinthia and King of Italy and continued to pursue his father's political course on the basis of virtus et probitas (courage and honesty), which led to an unprecedented sacral exaltation of

4335-521: The grave. Baldwin of Flanders and Godfrey were at it again, besieging Antwerp, and they were defeated again. Henry's reign was clearly changing in character: old foes were dead or dying and old friends as well. Herman of Cologne died. Henry appointed his confessor, Anno , as Herman's successor. Henry of France, so long eyeing Lorraine greedily, met for a third time with the emperor at Ivois in May 1056. The French king, not renowned for his tactical or strategic prowess, but admirable for his personal valour on

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4420-482: The heir to the throne, Henry IV , was engaged to Bertha of Turin of the House of Savoy . Henry entered a Germany in turmoil. A staunch ally against Cuno in Bavaria, Gebhard of Regensburg, was implicated in a plot against the king along with Cuno and Welf of Carinthia. Sources diverge here: some claim only that the retainers of the princes plotted the undoing of the king. Whatever the case, it all came to naught, and Cuno died of plague , with Welf soon following him to

4505-417: The hinterland. After Napoleon 's triumph in Padania , the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 gave most of the Venetian Republic and all of the peninsula to the Habsburgs. Between 1805 and 1813, it was under French rule, first as part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy , then as a province within the Illyrian Provinces . In 1813, it became part of the Austrian Empire , which unified the whole peninsula under

4590-425: The imperialist faction and the domestic royal faction, which supported an independent Burgundy. Louis, Count of Montbéliard , challenged and defeated Reginald I, Count of Burgundy . When Henry arrived, Reginald and Gerold, Count of Geneva , paid homage and Burgundy was subsequently incorporated into the empire. Henry settled political issues with the Lombard magnates at Augsburg . In Goslar he invested Otto with

4675-411: The king. Bernard, an enemy of Adalbert, was now clearly on Henry's bad side. Henry made peace with the new king of Hungary, Andrew I , and moved into the Netherlands . At Flushing, he was defeated by Dirk. The Hollanders sacked Charlemagne 's palace at Nijmegen and burnt Verdun . Godfrey then performed a public penance and assisted in the reconstruction of Verdun. The rebels besieged Liège , which

4760-534: The kingship. In 1046 Henry ended the papal schism , was crowned Emperor by Pope Clement II , freed the Vatican from dependence on the Roman nobility and laid the foundation for its empire-wide authority. In the duchies, Henry enforced the sovereign royal right of disposition, thereby ensuring tighter control. In Lorraine , this led to years of conflict from which he emerged victorious. Another sphere of defiance formed in southern Germany from 1052 to 1055. Henry III died, aged only 39. Modern historians, however, identify

4845-408: The language of instruction. Pupils may choose between an education in Slovene or Italian; in either case, the other official language is being taught during the whole period of education, in order to provide that all residents speak both languages. At the state-owned University of Primorska , however, which is also established in the bilingual area, Slovene is the only language of instruction (although

4930-456: The majority of the population in Slovenian Istria is conversational in several languages: Slovene , Italian , Croatian and English , all of which have at least some degree of presence in press, administration, business and popular culture. Both Slovene and Italian are official in the municipalities of Piran, Izola and Koper. However, Italian is co-official only in the strip of land on the coast, traditionally inhabited by Istrian Italians . In

5015-469: The offer since she was already married. Bishop Bruno of Augsburg died on 6 April 1029 and Conrad appointed Egilbert , Bishop of Freising , as Henry's new tutor. Bavaria made raids into Hungary and provoked a Hungarian counter-attack. Conrad assembled Bavarian, Lorrainian and Bohemian troops and invaded Hungary in June 1030. Insufficient supplies forced him to return and the Hungarians attacked and beat his army at Vienna. Conrad left Bavaria, assigning

5100-467: The offices that had been left vacant. He transferred his last personal duchy, Carinthia, to Welf , made his Italian chancellor Hunfried Bishop of Ravenna , appointed to several other sees, installing Guido in Piacenza , his chaplain Theodoric in Verdun , the provost Herman of Speyer in Strasbourg and his German chancellor Theodoric in Constance . The important Lorrainian bishoprics of Metz and Trier received, respectively, Adalbero and Eberhard ,

5185-416: The official name of the university additionally includes the Italian version). Italian may be used in the municipal assemblies of Koper, Izola and Piran, although in practice almost all discussions are carried out in Slovene. In the rural areas of Slovenian Istria, the Istrian dialect of Slovene is still spoken. It is divided into two sub-dialects: the Rižana subdialect , spoken in the northern areas, and

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5270-424: The old Medieval center of the port of Koper, which is however less popular among tourists than the other two Slovenian coastal towns. Near the village of Sečovlje there is the Sečovlje Salina Nature Park , which is a cultural heritage site and a tourist attraction. Among other less important are the Strunjan nature reserve , various small camps in the nature, village of Ankaran and Debeli Rtič . Slovenian Istria

5355-428: The peace Treaty of Rapallo , in 1920 Istria became part of Italy . Fascism and, later, Nazi occupation spoiled ethnic relations. After World War II , Istria was assigned to Yugoslavia . As a consequence, between 1945 and 1954, an estimated 350,000 ethnic Italians left the Slovenian Istria in the so-called Istrian–Dalmatian exodus , together with several thousand Slovenes . Between 1947 and 1954, Slovenian Istria

5440-706: The rural dialects. It developed after World War Two, when new settlers from all Slovenia (many of whom from Slovenian Styria ) moved into the towns, left by the Istrian Italians . Although it has borrowed many words from the Istrian dialect, it is markedly distinguishable from it. Traditionally, the Istrian Italians living in Slovenian Istria have spoken the Venetian language , which is nowadays being increasingly replaced by standard Italian. 45°33′9.09″N 13°54′11.51″E  /  45.5525250°N 13.9031972°E  / 45.5525250; 13.9031972 Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor Henry III ( German : Heinrich III , 28 October 1016 – 5 October 1056), called

5525-520: The senior princes of the empire and departed to Italy. His ally, Aribert of Milan, had recently died and the Milanese citizens had chosen Guido to succeed him. In Rome, the three popes Benedict IX , Sylvester III and Gregory VI contested the pontifical honours. Benedict was a Tusculan who had previously renounced the throne, Sylvester a Crescentian , and Gregory was a reformer ( simoniac ). Henry marched to Verona and Pavia , where he held court and dispensed justice. He moved on to Sutri and held

5610-410: The son of Bretislaus, to the Bohemians as duke. Spitignev did homage and Bohemia remained securely, loyally, and happily within the Imperial fold. By Easter, Henry had arrived in Mantua . He held several courts, one at Roncaglia —where, a century later (1158), Frederick Barbarossa held a far more important diet —and sent out his missi dominici to establish order. Godfrey, ostensibly the reason for

5695-597: The task to deal with the Hungarians to the twelve-year-old Henry. Egilbert of Freising started negotiations with Stephen I of Hungary on Henry's behalf. Egilbert agreed to cede lands along the frontier to the Hungarians in return for the release of their prisoners. Henry accepted the terms and signed the peace treaty during a meeting with Stephen I in Hungary in early 1031. Egilbert's mentorship lasted until Henry's accolade in late June or early July in 1033. Egilbert received generous grants for his services on 19 July. Upon Rudolph III of Burgundy 's death Conrad II claimed

5780-408: The title to the Burgundian succession and marched his army to Burgundy during the winter of 1032/1033. In two large-scale military summer campaigns in 1033 and 1034, Conrad defeated his rival Odo II, Count of Blois . On 1 August 1034, Conrad II officially incorporated the Kingdom of Burgundy into the Holy Roman Empire at a ceremony held in the Cathedral of Geneva . Henry and Gunhilda of Denmark ,

5865-461: The villages in the interior, only Slovene is official. According to law, all official signs are to be written in both languages, as should all public notifications. Italian is to be used in all public offices in the bilingual area. For most jobs in the public administration and other public offices, the knowledge of both Slovene and Italian is required. Beside Slovene language schools, there are also elementary, high and grammar schools with Italian as

5950-430: The visit, was not well received by the people and returned to Flanders. Henry met the pope at Florence and arrested Beatrice, for marrying a traitor, and her daughter Matilda , later to be such an enemy of Henry's son. The young Frederick of Tuscany , son of Beatrice, refused to come to Florence and died within days. Henry returned and at Christmas 1055 he arranged the subsequent marriage of his successor. In Zürich ,

6035-448: The western territories of Hungary. Aba fled to his eastern estates, as Henry installed a cousin as steward, who was, however, quickly removed after the emperor had left. After Christmas at his chosen imperial residence, Goslar, he received foreign guests. Duke Bretislav appeared in person, a Kievan marriage embassy was dismissed and the ambassadors of Casimir I of Poland were rejected as the duke did not show up in person. Henry left for

6120-404: Was Emperor Henry II's brother, was "particularly well-suited to impart regal concepts and imperial traditions" to his ward. Bruno accompanied Henry to Rome where they attended Conrad's imperial coronation on Easter 1027. Emperor Conrad II was determined to strengthen royal authority in Germany. Ignoring the claim of Emeric , the son of King Stephen I of Hungary , to Bavaria, Conrad persuaded

6205-727: Was bestowed on Peter in perpetuity and the kingdoms of Germany and Hungary were at peace. In July, Godfrey surrendered and was imprisoned at Giebichenstein . Henry fell ill at Tribur in October, so Henry of Bavaria and Otto of Swabia chose Otto's nephew and successor as count palatine, Henry I of Lorraine as Henry III's successor. However, Henry III recovered, but remained without an heir. In early 1046, Henry's old advisor, Eckard of Meissen, died, leaving Meissen to Henry. He bestowed it on William , count of Orlamünde . Henry then moved to Lower Lorraine, where Gothelo II had just died and Dirk IV of Holland had seized Flushing . Henry personally led

6290-504: Was defeated and killed. Adalbert of Bremen managed a peace with Bernard of Saxony and negotiated a treaty with the missionary monarch Sweyn II of Denmark . With the assistance of Sweyn and Edward the Confessor of England, whose enemies Baldwin had harboured, Baldwin of Flanders was harassed by sea and unable to escape the onslaught of the imperial army. At Cologne, the pope excommunicated Godfrey and Baldwin. The former abandoned his allies and

6375-685: Was divided between the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and the Free Territory of Trieste . After the abolition of the Free Territory in 1954, the region became part of the People's Republic of Slovenia within Yugoslavia. Between the 1950s and 1970s, the region experienced profound changes. A significant portion of the rural population moved to the coastal towns, which remained semi-deserted after

6460-534: Was eventually captured by Peter and beheaded. Henry implemented regular Imperial administration in Hungary. Upon his return from the Hungarian expedition, Godfrey of Upper Lorraine established new alliances, including with Henry of France, who might support him in a likely future insurrection. The emperor reacted promptly and summoned Godfrey to Aachen . He was convicted and lost the duchy of Upper Lorraine and his fief of

6545-607: Was imprisoned by the emperor again. Baldwin also gave in under Henry's pressure. Finally, the war had ended in the Low Countries and Lorraine. In 1051, Henry undertook a third Hungarian campaign but suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Vértes . His troops fled the battlefield over a range of hills still called "Vértes" ("Armoured") because discarded armour has been found there for centuries. In Lower Lorraine, Lambert, Count of Louvain ; and Richildis, widow of Herman of Mons and new bride of Baldwin of Antwerp, caused trouble. Godfrey

6630-680: Was joined by Herman II, Archbishop of Cologne , who accompanied him and his mother to Saxony , where he established the town of Goslar as a future imperial residence. Heading an army he entered Thuringia where he met Eckard II, Margrave of Meissen , whose advice and counsel he sought with regard to the recent successes of Duke Bretislav I of Bohemia in Poland . In Bohemia only a delegation that offered hostages appeased Henry and he disbanded his army and continued his tour. He visited Bavaria , when, upon his departure, King Peter Orseolo of Hungary sent raiding parties into Swabia. At Ulm , Henry convened

6715-442: Was overthrown by Samuel Aba and fled to Germany, where Henry welcomed him despite their former enmity. Bretislav was now deprived of his former ally, upon which Henry prepared another campaign into Bohemia. On 15 August, almost exactly one year after his last expedition he set out once more, was victorious and signed a peace treaty with Bretislav at Regensburg. Henry spent Christmas 1041 at Strasbourg , and received emissaries from

6800-554: Was released and given Lower Lorraine, to safeguard the unstable peace attained two years before. In 1052, Henry undertook a fourth campaign against Hungary, and besieged Pressburg without success, as the Hungarians sank his supply ships on the Danube river. Henry was unable to continue his campaign and in fact never tried again. Henry did send a Swabian army to assist Leo in Italy, but he recalled it quickly. At Christmas 1052, Cuno of Bavaria

6885-541: Was solemnly buried in Speyer. The king appeared barefoot, in tears, and penitent robe at the funeral, his arms crossed, threw himself on the ground in front of the crowd and moved everyone to tears. With Henry's emulation of Christian humble self-denial, he intended to prove his ability to hold pious kingship. Historians have referred since to the period of the "Christomimetic royalty" . Henry promoted Speyer far more than his father Conrad. Shortly before leaving for Italy, he endowed

6970-503: Was soon ambushed in the passes of the Bohemian Forest and forced to retreat with heavy losses at the Battle at Brůdek . Only after the release of a large number of Bohemian hostages, including Bretislav's son, did Henry procure the release of his prisoners. Upon conclusion of the peace, Henry retreated hastily. On his return to Germany, he appointed Suidger—the future Pope Clement II —as bishop of Bamberg . In 1040, Peter of Hungary

7055-532: Was stoutly defended by Bishop Wazo . Henry gave Upper Lorraine to one Adalbert and left. The pope had died in the meantime and Henry chose Poppo of Brixen to succeed him, who adopted the name Damasus II . Henry gave Bavaria to one Cuno and, at Ulm in January 1048, Swabia to Otto of Schweinfurt , called the White . Henry met Henry of France again, probably at Ivois in October and at Christmas, envoys from Rome came to seek

7140-451: Was summoned to Merseburg and deposed by a small council of princes for his conflict with Gebhard III , Bishop of Regensburg . Cuno revolted. On 26 June 1053, at Tribur, the young Henry , born 11 November 1050, was elected king of Germany. Andrew of Hungary almost made peace, but Cuno convinced him otherwise. Henry appointed his young son duke of Bavaria and went to deal with the ongoing insurrection. Henry sent another army to assist Leo in

7225-435: Was to be remembered as the "Day of Indulgence" or "Day of Pardon" . He, Henry, granted universal indulgence and pardon while in turn promised himself to forgive all injuries suffered, pains endured and to refrain from all acts of vengeance and he encouraged all his imperial subjects to do likewise. In 1043 Henry married Agnes of Poitou , the daughter of Duke William V of Aquitaine and Agnes of Burgundy . She resided at

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