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41-710: The river is the third-longest river in Istria, after the Raša and Mirna rivers. It is the largest river of the Slovenian coast that flows into the Adriatic Sea. It is also the only Slovenian river that does not flow through settlements and that flows in its entirety over the flysch terrain. The Dragonja originates from several sources in the Šavrin Hills and flows west to the Gulf of Piran , part of

82-561: A Pragmatic sanction which maintained most of the organization of Diocletian . The "Prefecture of Italy" thus survived, and was reestablished under Roman control in the course of Justinian 's Gothic War . As a result of the Lombard invasion in 568, the Byzantines lost most of Italy, except the territories of the Exarchate of Ravenna – a corridor from Venice to Lazio via Perugia – and footholds in

123-712: A Social War in the middle of Italy. However, Roman citizenship was recognized to the rest of the Italians by the end of the conflict and then extended to Cisalpine Gaul when Julius Caesar became Roman dictator . In the context of the transition from Republic to Principate , Italy swore allegiance to Octavian Augustus and was then organized in eleven regions from the Alps to the Ionian Sea with more than two centuries of stability afterward. Several emperors made notable accomplishments in this period: Claudius incorporated Britain into

164-696: A border. By Roman times, the Arsia, as it was called in Latin, constituted the border between the Histri , who lived west of its banks, and the Liburni on the coast to the east, with the Iapydes in the upcountry valley behind them. After the Romans conquered the fierce and piratical Histri in 177 BC, the Arsia formed the limes of Roman territory in coastal Istria for a generation, until

205-488: Is in the long ria of Raša Bay ( Croatian : Raški zaljev , formerly Italian : Porto d'Arsia ), which is a drowned river valley scoured out when world sea levels fell, then drowned by the rising waters of the post-glacial era. The Raša rises in springs near Pićan and flows south through a steep-sided valley before opening into the head of the Adriatic Sea . The river, although short in length, has an ancient history as

246-521: The imperium domi (police power) as an alternative to the imperium militiae (military power). Italy's inhabitants included Roman citizens , communities with Latin Rights , and socii . The period between the end of the 2nd century BC and the 1st century BC was turbulent , beginning with the Servile Wars , continuing with the opposition of aristocratic élite to populist reformers and leading to

287-628: The Crisis of the Third Century the Roman Empire was on the verge of disintegration under the combined pressures of invasions, military anarchy, civil wars, and hyperinflation. In 284, Emperor Diocletian restored political stability. He carried out thorough administrative reforms to maintain order. He created the so-called Tetrarchy whereby the empire was ruled by two senior emperors called Augusti and two junior vice-emperors called Caesars . He decreased

328-588: The Dioecesis Italiciana . It included Raetia . It was subdivided into the following provinces: Constantine subdivided the Empire into four praetorian prefectures . The Diocesis Italiciana became the Praetorian prefecture of Italy ( praefectura praetoria Italiae ), and was subdivided into two dioceses. It still included Raetia . The two dioceses and their provinces were: Diocesis Italia annonaria (Italy of

369-629: The Edict of Thessalonica under Theodosius I . Italy was invaded several times by the wandering Germanic peoples and fell under the control of Odoacer , when Romulus Augustus was deposed in 476 AD. Since then, no single authority was established in Italy as a whole except for a brief Period when the Byzantine Empire reconquered Italy. Even the modern Republic of Italy only consists of most of Italian region , excluding Corsica and some other areas. Following

410-496: The Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy , was the homeland of the ancient Romans . According to Roman mythology , Italy was the ancestral home promised by Jupiter to Aeneas of Troy and his descendants, Romulus and Remus , who were the founders of Rome . Aside from the legendary accounts, Rome was an Italic city-state that changed its form of government from Kingdom to Republic and then grew within

451-524: The Proto-Indo-European root * h 2 arg’- 'shining'. Non-linguistic accounts explain the name as based on the meandering course of the river, resembling a dragon ( Italian : drago ). In the lower reaches of the Dragonja, there is a territorial dispute between Slovenia and Croatia : while Croatian authorities claim that the Dragonja is a border river , Slovenia claims a strip of territory south to

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492-694: The Roman expansion in the peninsula , when Rome formed a permanent association with most of the local tribes and cities. The strength of the Italian confederacy was a crucial factor in the rise of Rome , starting with the Punic and Macedonian wars between the 3rd and 2nd century BC. As Roman provinces were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status with political, religious and financial privileges. In Italy, Roman magistrates exercised

533-601: The annona - its inhabitants had the obligation to provide the court, the administration and the troops, first allocated in Milan and then in Ravenna, supplies, wine and timber) Diocesis Italia suburbicaria (Italy "under the government of the urbs ", i.e. Rome) In 330, Constantine completed the rebuilding of Byzantium as Constantinople . He established the Imperial court, a Senate, financial and judicial administrations, as well as

574-768: The East and West respectively, established themselves at Nicomedia , in north-western Anatolia (closer to the Persian frontier in the east) and Milan , in northern Italy (closer to the European frontiers) respectively. The seats of the Caesars were Augusta Treverorum (on the River Rhine frontier) for Constantius Chlorus and Sirmium (on the River Danube frontier) for Galerius , who also resided at Thessaloniki. Under Diocletian Italy became

615-626: The FTT in 1954 and transfer of its former Zone B to Yugoslavia, the Koper district became a part of Slovenia while the Buje district was attached to Croatia. Ra%C5%A1a (river) The Raša ( Latin : Arsia , Italian: Arsa ) in Croatian Istria is a major river of Croatia 's Istria County . It is 23 kilometres (14 mi) long, and its basin covers an area of 279 km (108 sq mi). Its mouth

656-436: The Imperial boundaries. Christianity then began to establish itself as the dominant religion from Constantine 's reign (306–337), raising the power of Eastern metropolises, later grouped into Pentarchy . Although not founded as a capital city in 330, Constantinople grew in importance. It finally gained the rank of eastern capital when given an praefectus urbi in 359 and the senators who were clari became senators of

697-475: The Roman Empire, Vespasian subjugated the Great Revolt of Judea and reformed the financial system, Trajan conquered Dacia and defeated Parthia , and Marcus Aurelius epitomized the ideal of the philosopher king . During these centuries of imperial stability , Italy was referred to as rectrix mundi ("governor of the world") and omnium terrarum parens ("parent of all lands"). The Crisis of

738-610: The Third Century hit Italy particularly hard, but the Roman empire managed to survive and reconquer breakaway regions. In 286 AD, the Emperor Diocletian moved the imperial residence associated with the western provinces (the later Western Roman Empire ) from Rome to Mediolanum . Meanwhile, the islands of Corsica , Sardinia , Sicily and Malta were added to Italy by Diocletian in 292 AD, and Italian cities such as Mediolanum and Ravenna continued to serve as de facto capitals for

779-573: The West. Although, in late antiquity , Italy was also sub-divided into provinces, it remained the centre of the Western Roman Empire and had a status that gave her the name of domina provinciarum ("ruler of the provinces") by glossators of the Corpus Iuris Civilis . The Bishop of Rome had gained importance gradually from the reign of Constantine , and was given religious primacy with

820-911: The context of a peninsula dominated by the Gauls , Ligures , Veneti , Camunni and Histri in the North , the Etruscans , Latins , Falisci , Picentes and Umbri tribes (such as the Sabines ) in the Centre , and the Iapygian tribes (such as the Messapians ), the Oscan tribes (such as the Samnites ), and Greek colonies in the South . The consolidation of Italy into a single entity occurred during

861-592: The crossing of the Arsia; beyond, it continued into Dalmatia as a local road that linked to Via Gemina . In the early 10th century Tomislav of Croatia ruled a state that ran from the Adriatic to the Drava , and from the Raša, as it was now being called, to the Drina . In the 13th century, the territory on the east bank was administered by the counts of Gorizia , while that on the west

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902-616: The current region of Calabria ); later the term was extended by Romans to include the Italian Peninsula up to the Rubicon , a river located between Northern and Central Italy . In 49 BC, with the Lex Roscia , Julius Caesar gave Roman citizenship to the people of the Cisalpine Gaul ; while in 42 BC the hitherto existing province was abolished, thus extending Italy to the north up to

943-492: The decline of the city of Rome (which was sacked in 410 for the first time in almost eight centuries). The name Italia covered an area whose borders evolved over time. According to Strabo 's Geographica , before the expansion of the Roman Republic , the name was used by Greeks to indicate the land between the strait of Messina and the line connecting the gulf of Salerno and gulf of Taranto (corresponding roughly to

984-523: The end of the Social War in 87 BC, Rome had allowed its fellow Italian allies full rights in Roman society and granted Roman citizenship to all fellow Italic peoples . After having been for centuries the heart of the Roman Empire , from the 3rd century the government and the cultural center began to move eastward: first the Edict of Caracalla in 212 AD, extended Roman citizenship to all free men within

1025-415: The end of the fourth century by eight consulares ( Venetiae et Histriae , Aemiliae , Liguriae , Flaminiae et Piceni annonarii , Tusciae et Umbriae , Piceni suburbicarii , Campaniae , and Siciliae ), two correctores ( Apuliae et Calabriae and Lucaniae et Bruttiorum ) and seven praesides ( Alpium Cottiarum , Rhaetia Prima and Secunda , Samnii , Valeriae , Sardiniae , and Corsicae ). In

1066-575: The fifth century, with the Emperors controlled by their barbarian generals, the Western Imperial government maintained weak control over Italy itself, whose coasts were periodically under attack. In 476, with the abdication of Romulus Augustulus , the Western Roman Empire had formally fallen unless one considers Julius Nepos , the legitimate emperor recognized by Constantinople as the last. He

1107-522: The gap between the Arsia and the northernmost Roman outposts in illyria was closed in 129; for long afterwards it divided Italia and its regio X , from Illyricum , according to the divisions ratified by Augustus . The 8th-century Irish monk and geographer Dicuil , following his late Latin sources for the geographical summary De mensura Orbis terrae , gives the northeastern boundary of Italia as flumen Arsia . The Roman road Via Flavia , reaching from Tergeste (Trieste) into Istria came to an end at

1148-483: The lowest rank as clarissimi . As a result, Italy began to decline in favour of the provinces, which resulted in the division of the Empire into two administrative units in 395: the Western Roman Empire , with its capital at Mediolanum (now Milan ), and the Eastern Roman Empire , with its capital at Constantinople (now Istanbul ). In 402, the Imperial residence was moved to Ravenna from Milan, confirming

1189-499: The military structures. The new city, however, did not receive an urban prefect until 359 which raised it to the status of eastern capital. After the death of Theodosius in 395 and the subsequent division of the Empire, Italy was home base of the Western Roman Empire . As a result of Alaric's invasion in 402 the western seat was moved from Mediolanum to Ravenna . Alaric , king of Visigoths , sacked Rome itself in 410; something that had not happened for eight centuries. Northern Italy

1230-582: The northern Adriatic Sea . It is joined by two larger tributaries from the right side (Rokava and the Drnica Creeks) and one larger tributary from the left side (Poganja Creek). The Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park with the Sečovlje Saltworks is located at its mouth. The lowest part of the Dragonja in the Municipality of Piran has been protected since 1990 as a natural monument . The Dragonja River

1271-535: The number of Roman citizens throughout the empire. The surviving totals were 4,063,000 in 28 BC, 4,233,000 in 8 BC, and 4,937,000 in AD 14, but it is still debated whether these counted all citizens, all adult male citizens, or citizens sui iuris . Estimates for the population of mainland Italy, including Cisalpine Gaul, at the beginning of the 1st century range from 6,000,000 according to Karl Julius Beloch in 1886, to 14,000,000 according to Elio Lo Cascio in 2009. During

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1312-597: The river as well. As of 2012, the last 7 kilometres (4.3 miles) of Dragonja's course is de facto border of Croatia and Slovenia. The disputed territory contains four hamlets and Croatia's Plovanija border crossing. The Dragonja River became a district border river after World War II , when the Yugoslav -administered Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste (FTT) was split into the Koper and Buje districts. After dissolution of

1353-460: The river in the inner part of the Raška Inlet, was constructed in 1936–1937 as Arsia on drained wetlands to gain arable land for farming and to serve expanding coal mining operations, as part of Mussolini's urban colonization and Italianization of Istria. The village of Barban is the other major settlement near the river. Italia (Roman Empire) Timeline Italia (in both

1394-594: The size of the Roman provinces by doubling their number to reduce the power of the provincial governors. He grouped the provinces into several dioceses (Latin: diocesis) and put them under the supervision of the Imperial vicarius (vice, deputy), who was the head of the diocese. During the Crisis of the Third Century the importance of Rome declined because the city was far from the troubled frontiers. Diocletian and his colleagues usually resided in four Imperial seats. The Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian , who were responsible for

1435-631: The southern foot of the Alps . Under Augustus, the peoples of today's Aosta Valley and of the western and northern Alps were subjugated (so the western border of Roman Italy was moved to the Varus river ), and the Italian eastern border was brought to the Arsia in Istria . Lastly, in the late 3rd century, Italy came to also include the islands of Sicily , Corsica and Sardinia , as well as Raetia and part of Pannonia . The city of Emona (modern Ljubljana , Slovenia)

1476-656: Was assassinated in 480 and may have been recognized by Odoacer. Italy remained under Odoacer and his Kingdom of Italy , and then under the Ostrogothic Kingdom . The Germanic successor states under Odoacer and Theodoric the Great continued to use the Roman administrative apparatus, as well as being nominal subjects of the Eastern emperor at Constantinople . In 535 Roman Emperor Justinian invaded Italy which suffered twenty years of disastrous war. In August 554, Justinian issued

1517-589: Was attacked by Attila 's Huns in 452. Rome was sacked in 455 again by the Vandals under the command of Genseric . According to Notitia Dignitatum , one of the very few surviving documents of Roman government updated to the 420s, Roman Italy was governed by a praetorian prefect , Prefectus praetorio Italiae (who also governed the Diocese of Africa and the Diocese of Pannonia ), one vicarius , and one comes rei militaris . The regions of Italy were governed at

1558-432: Was first attested in written sources as Argao ( ablative Argaone ), and in later sources as Argaone (in 670), per Argaonem (in 1035), Dragugne (in 1100), and super flumine Dragone (in 1389). The modern Slovene and Italian names (with initial D- ) are derived from Slavic * Dorgon’a , from Romance d- (< ad 'at') + Argaon- (with metathesis ). Ultimately, the name is of pre-Romance origin, presumably based on

1599-410: Was privileged by Augustus and his heirs, with the construction, among other public structures, of a dense network of Roman roads . The Italian economy flourished: agriculture, handicraft and industry had noticeable growth, allowing the export of goods to the provinces. The Italian population may have grown as well: three censuses were ordered by Augustus, in his role as Roman censor , in order to record

1640-475: Was ruled by the patriarchs of Aquileia . After centuries of Venetian rule over all of Istria to the Raša, the Raša became the border between Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy and the Austrian Empire ; following Napoleon's downfall, Austria gained all of Istria and the river became the border between two Austrian provinces. The planned city of Raša ( Italian : Arsia ), on the tributary Krapanski Potok of

1681-531: Was the easternmost town of Italy. At the beginning of the Roman Imperial era, Italy was a collection of territories with different political statuses. Some cities, called municipia , had some independence from Rome, while others, the coloniae , were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, Augustus divided Italy into eleven regiones , as reported by Pliny the Elder in his Naturalis Historia : Italy

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