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50-1047: Charoen was born in Bangkok in 1944, the second of eleven children. His father, a street vendor, was a Teochew immigrant from Shantou , among the last generation of immigrants to arrive before the Chinese Communist Revolution ended migration in 1949. The family, of the Soh / Su ( 蘇 ) clan, first took the Thai surname Srisomburananont ( ศรีสมบูรณานนท์ ). The name Sirivadhanabhakdi—from Pali siri 'prosperity' + vaḍḍhana 'increasing' + Sanskrit bhakti 'devotion'—was granted to Charoen and his descendants by King Bhumibol Adulyadej in 1988. Charoen has five children with his wife Wanna Sirivadhanabhakdi (1943–2023): Atinant Bijananda, Wallapa Traisorat , Thapana Sirivadhanabhakdi , Thapanee Techajareonvikul, and Panote Sirivadhanabhakdi . They have since taken up executive positions in various branches of

100-685: A business. While the Chinese diaspora as a whole is known for its relative success and economically dominant position in SE Asia - so that tycoons and successful businesspeople can be found from all dialect groups, the Teochew, in particular, have acquired a special reputation for their commercial acumen and derring-do, and often have the highest socioeconomic status amongst the Chinese diaspora, especially in Thailand. Their role as rice merchants enabled them to later develop

150-613: A change in place names ) is an ethnic group native to the historical Chaoshan region in south China who speak the Teochew language . Today, most ethnic Teochew people live throughout Chaoshan and Hong Kong, and also outside China in Southeast Asia , including in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. The community can also be found in diasporas around

200-530: A mature and well-established language sometime during late Ming / early Qing period . From approximately 900 AD - 1600 AD, as a result of various wars and political instability in the north, there was a large influx of Han Chinese from the north and central provinces to the Chaoshan region. The Teochew were often called Fulao (Hoklo) because they came mostly passed through Fujian during migration, with some well-maintained language and customs from ancient China. As

250-786: A proposal to merge Chaozhou , Jieyang , and Shantou into sub-provincial cities in Guangdong Province was submitted to the National People's Congress . Chen Jingwei, a member of the CPPCC National Committee and vice-chairman of the Federation of Chinese Industry and Commerce, submitted the proposal again in March 2014. The area contains two coal-fired power plants with 1000 megawatt or greater outputs: Shantou Power Station (1200MW) and Huilai Power Station (3200MW). Chaoshan

300-505: A strong relationship and ancestry based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer. Han Chinese from the Taihang region of Henan are likely the ancestral population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people). The Teochew language was officially established sometime around Tang and Song period , before becoming

350-582: Is Guangdong 's second largest metropolitan area, after the Guangzhou -centered Pearl River Delta . Chaozhou is a major cultural center of the Chaoshan region, and thus the descendants of overseas Chaoshan immigrants are often called "Chaozhou". The Chaoshan region, despite having the second largest economy in Guangdong after the Pearl River Delta , is still considered quite economically small in comparison to

400-452: Is "Twenty-Five Tones of Chaoyu" written by Zhang Shizhen, a merchant in Chenghai , late Qing dynasty . Chaozhou opera ( 潮劇 ) is a traditional art form that has a history of more than 500 years, and it has been performed in over 20 countries and regions. Based on the local folk dances and ballads, Chaozhou opera has formed its own style under the influence of Nanxi opera . Nanxi is one of

450-480: Is a form of Chinese woodcarving originating from Chaoshan. Teochew people used a great deal of Teochew wood carving in their buildings. Yingge dance ( Chinese : 英歌 ) is a form of Chinese folk dance which started in the Qing dynasty. With a history of more than 300 years, it is regarded as one of the most representative forms folk arts in Teochew culture. Although few movies or television dramas have been made about

500-562: Is a series of dialect varieties spoken across the geographical area which was formerly administered by Teochew Prefecture (or Chaozhou Fu, 潮州府 ) from the Hongwu period of the Ming dynasty (1369) to the end of the Qing dynasty. It is spoken by roughly 10 million people in Chaoshan and more than five million outside the Chinese mainland. Teochew Cuisine is known for its distinctive sauces, seafood dishes, and stews. Teochew opera ( Chinese : 潮劇 )

550-497: Is a traditional art form, which has a history of more than 500 years and is now enjoyed by 20 million Teochew people in over 20 countries and regions. Based on local folk dances and ballads, Teochew opera has formed its own style under the influence of Nanxi Opera . Nanxi is one of the oldest Chinese operas and originated in the Song dynasty . The old form of choral accompaniment still preserves its distinctive features. Clowns and females are

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600-511: Is brining. Chaoshan brined meat is the signature dish in Chaoshan cuisine. Meat is brined together with rich flavors. Local dishes also use marinated raw seafood, such as colorful flower crabs steeped in a bath of vinegar, salt, chilis and cilantro. The seafood cooked in this way is extremely umami. Chaoshan has a rich history of farming and drying seaweed, which Westerners might instinctively associate with Korean and Japanese cooking. The ancient Teochew tradition of preparing thinly sliced raw fish

650-635: Is considered one of the more conservative Chinese dialects, as it preserves features from ancient Chinese that have been lost in some of the other modern dialects of Chinese. Locals claim Chaoshan dialect is one of the oldest in China. It is spoken by about 10 million people in local Chaoshan and approximately two to five million overseas. According to historical records, the Chaoshan dialect originated in Qin and Han dynasties, developed in Tang and Song dynasties, took shape in

700-740: Is home to many active wind farms, including the Nan'ao Wind Farm complex on Nan'ao Island in Shantou , which is the largest island wind farm in Asia; and the Shibeishan Wind Farm in Huilai County . There are also multiple planned wind farm complexes set to start construction in 2024–2025, the most notable being Chaozhou 's planned offshore wind farm in the Taiwan Strait (set to be a 43.3 gigawatt facility) and

750-891: Is served by three rivers and their tributaries: the Hanjiang ( Chinese : 韩江 ), the Rongjiang ( Chinese : 榕江 ), and the Lianjiang ( Chinese : 练江 ). Chaoshan has a long coastline with many ports, reaching a total length of more than 325.6 kilometres (202.3 mi). Its coastline spreads southwest from Raoping County and is detailed by bays, inlets, and islands; the largest island being Nan'ao Island . Districts: Jinping , Longhu , Haojiang , Chaoyang , Chaonan , Chenghai County: Nan'ao New Area: Haiwan Districts: Rongcheng , Jiedong Counties: Jiexi , Huilai County-level City: Puning Districts: Xiangqiao , Chao'an County: Raoping In March 2013,

800-528: The Riau Islands also began settling in Singapore after 1819. Today, Teochew language is the second-most spoken Sinitic language in Singapore. They are the second-largest race / Ethnic group in Singapore, comprising 21% of the sinitic population. As a result, they play a significant role in commerce and politics. Most of the Teochew descendants in Taiwan have already been " hokkienized " ("hoklonized"). They speak

850-527: The Song dynasty , is still flourishing and remains an important part of social etiquette in Chaozhou. At the local teahouse, tea service is often accompanied by Chaozhou music ( 潮州音樂 ). Chaozhou string music , the gong and drum music, flute music are the traditional musical forms of Chaozhou music. Chaozhou string music is made up of mostly plucked and bowed string instruments, and on some occasions, wind instruments are used. The most characteristic instruments are

900-578: The Taiwanese Hokkien language instead of Teochew, but some Teochew are still in Chaozhou township , in Pingtung County . A 1926 Japanese census found that 134,800 people in Taiwan were of Teochew ancestry. Like the rest of the Chinese diaspora, the Teochew have been known for their ability to thrive in adverse settings and harsh conditions, and to tolerate very low margins in the initial phase of

950-570: The Yueh Hai Ching Temple on the south bank of the Singapore River. From the 19th century, significant numbers of Teochew people left their homeland for Singapore and a new life. Early Teochew settlers could trace their origins to eight counties/prefectures: Chao'an, Chenghai, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping, Puning, Huilai and Nan'ao. In addition to these new immigrants from the port of Swatow ( Shantou ), Teochew immigrants from Siam and

1000-438: The diaspora would generally use ting nang (Chinese: 唐儂 ; pinyin: tangnóng ) to indicate Sinitic heritage in a cultural sense. Tingnang and tangren are broadly used by most of the southern Sinitic people living outside of China, referring to their maintaining a substantial cultural identity they consider to be Sinitic people. The identification of " tingnang " could perhaps be due to their early affiliation with

1050-403: The rihin ( 二弦 ), tihu ( 提胡 ) and yahu (all two-stringed bowed lutes), the sanxian , pipa , ruan , guzheng , and yangqin . The number of instruments and performers in the ensemble is flexible and depends on the availability of instruments and musicians to play them - but for an even and balanced texture only one of each instrument is preferred. Chaozhou drum music includes

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1100-879: The Chaoshan region in the eastern part of China's Guangdong Province , which includes the cities of Chaozhou , Shantou and Jieyang . Relative economic and linguistic isolation (most people also speak Mandarin) has helped maintain the Chaoshan area's local traditions, which has turned into a boon for foodies. Chaoshan cuisine, similar to Cantonese cooking , is characterized by the use of ingredients such as fresh seafood, poultry, galangal, Chinese basil, and vegetables. Chaoshan dishes taste fresh, light and natural. There are also unique local sauces such as pruning soy sauce, Shantou sweet and spicy sauce, garlic white vinegar sauce, and fermented fish sauce. Salty, spicy, sweet or sour, each has its own outstanding flavor. Teochew (also Chaoshan or Chiu Chow or Chaozhou) cooking focuses on restraint and subtlety and avoids heavy seasonings to highlight

1150-457: The Chaozhou People's Hospital. There have been proposals to the Chinese government to amalgamate the region into one Special Economic Zone , as the split of the region into three cities (Chaozhou, Jieyang, and Shantou) in 1991 greatly slowed the level of economic growth in the region; in 2012, the per capita GDP of Shantou reached only US$ 4,250, whereas the province's total GDP per capita

1200-514: The PRD's economy. Although the growth of the area's GDP stagnated in the late 1990s during the 1997 Asian financial crisis , it has experienced regional economic growth and a steady increase in GDP. Li Ka-shing has also invested heavily in the education and healthcare of the region, recognizing its potential for growth; in 2023, he donated RMB 100 million to support the construction of a new inpatient building of

1250-511: The Tang dynasty. The Teochew people are those who speak the Teochew language and identify with Teochew culture, cuisine, and customs. The Swatow people are those who speak the Swatow language and identify with Swatow culture, cuisine, and customs. Kekyeo , Teochew , Swatow and Chaoshan people also commonly refer to each other as ga gi nang (Chinese: 家己儂 ; pinyin: Jiājǐrén ; lit. 'our own people'). The ancestors of

1300-567: The Teochew people moved to present-day Chaoshan as refugees from central and northern China due to various reasons. Historical texts suggests this was likely due to war and famine in the region. The Teochews, along with the Hokkien people, migrated from the Central Plains and Yellow River region, mainly from the Henan, Shaanxi and Shandong provinces. This is evident in several genetic studies, which show

1350-474: The Teochew people, one such notable drama is the Singaporean 1995 drama series The Teochew Family . In 2019, Netflix released the documentary series Flavorful Origins , which focused on Teochew cuisine. Chaoshan Chaoshan or Teoswa ( Chinese : 潮汕 ; pinyin : Cháoshàn ; Cantonese Yale : Chìusaan ; peng'im : Dio suan [ti̯o˥˥꜖꜖.sũ̯ã˧˧] ) is a cultural-linguistic region in

1400-645: The United States, Canada, New Zealand, Indonesia, and other countries and coastal areas. The Teochew Letters , which have been admitted into the Asia/Pacific Regional Memory of the World (MOW) Register, were family correspondence and remittance sent by Teochew immigrants in Southeast Asia to their families living in Chaoshan. The name "Chaoshan" ( 潮汕 ) is a contraction of two prefecture-level cities in

1450-542: The big drum and gong, the small drum and gong, the dizi set drum and dong and su drum and gong ensembles. The current Chaozhou drum music is said to be similar to the form of the Drum and Wind Music of the Han and Tang dynasties. Chaozhou guzheng ( 潮州古筝 ) is also regarded as a major genre of Southern style of Chinese guzheng . Chaoshan cuisine, also known as Chiuchow cuisine , Chaozhou cuisine or Teochew cuisine , originated from

1500-480: The capital needed to become the nations' bankers. Throughout a history of over 1000 years, the region of Chaoshan , known in ancient times as Teochew Prefecture, has developed and cultivated a prestigious culture, which manifests its unique characteristics in language, opera, traditional dress, cuisine, tea practice, music, and embroidery. The Teochew language ( simplified Chinese : 潮州话 ; traditional Chinese : 潮州話 ; Teochew pronunciation: Diê5 ziu1 uê7)

1550-474: The cost and expenses of opening gambier plantations at Mount Stamford (now Pearl’s Hill) prior to British arrival. He had also “in some instances” advanced money to the Teochew cultivators on the understanding he would be repaid in the form of gambier or other produce. Farquhar had the impressions that the Temenggong’s interests in these plantations were represented by a brother-in-law of his named Baba Ketchil and

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1600-432: The dominant language in the region. It is historically important as the ancestral homeland of many citizens of other countries of Chinese descent, including Viets , Thais , Cambodians , Singaporeans , Malaysians , and Indonesians . Chao Shan people are mainly spread over Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and Hainan; they have emigrated and established communities in Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Singapore, France,

1650-511: The east of Guangdong , China . It is the origin of the Min Nan Chaoshan dialect ( 潮汕话 ). The region, also known as Chiushan in Cantonese, consists of the cities Chaozhou , Jieyang and Shantou . It differs linguistically from the rest of Guangdong province, which was historically dominated by Yue speakers, Hakka , and Leizhou Min speakers. However, Mandarin has recently become

1700-413: The end of 2010, and covers an area of 10,415 km (4,021 sq mi) that stretches from Jieyang on the coast to the southern border of Fujian . Chaoshan is located in the east of Guangdong ; it is bordered by Zhangzhou to its northeast and Meizhou in the northwest. The region has varying elevations, with highlands in northwest Chaoshan and low-lying deltas in the south and southeast. Two of

1750-661: The family's business empire. Family members include: The family has extensive business properties spanning several industries, held both directly by its individual members and through a network of holding companies collectively branded as TCC Group . Most businesses in this group are under Berli Jucker, a long-standing industrial conglomerate founded in 1882, of which Charoen acquired a majority in 2001. This group originated as Southeast Insurance in 1946, and expanded into other services. This group operates as TCC Land, Asset World Corporation , Golden Land, Univentures, and other associated companies. It has done property development in

1800-537: The first Captain China of Singapore, a Teochew merchant named Tan Heng Kim (陈亨钦), was “one of the principal persons concerned”. Based on Teochew oral traditions in Singapore published by Phua Chye Long (潘醒农) in Teo-chews in Malaya (马来亚潮侨通鉴) in 1950, the first Teochews in Singapore were led by Tan Heng Kim, who was from Siam, and a second merchant named Heng Hong Sung (王丰顺) from Ampou town in Chaozhou, China. Together, they founded

1850-520: The following categories: The group has several agricultural business interests in the following areas: Charoen acquired a majority in Big C Supercenter in 2016. Teochew people The Teochew people or Chaoshanese , Teo-Swa people or Chaoshan people (rendered Têo-Swa in romanized Teoswa and Cháoshàn in Modern Standard Mandarin also known as Teo-Swa in mainland China due to

1900-454: The freshness of ingredients. The ingredients of Chaoshan dishes usually include white olives, rice noodles, or mandarin oranges. These ingredients often come from the sea in Chaoshan, a hundred miles up the coast from Hong Kong. The cooking methods of Chaoshan dishes are diversified, including brining, deep-frying, pan-frying, braising, alive marinating, stewing, roasting, smoking, steam stewing, dressing, etc. The most used method among these

1950-647: The late Ming and early Qing dynasties before forming an independent language system. Its main body is the Central Plains ancient Chinese, mixed with the Min dialect, Wang Shuo once said with a smile: " Qin Shihuang speaks a Chaozhou dialect." The Chaoshan dialect is pronounced in eight tones (four tones in Putonghua). As for the eight notes of Chaozhou, some people once summed up their image as: " Hong Kong police, old and powerless". The oldest surviving dictionary of Chaozhou sounds

2000-534: The main reasons is its language, the Chaoshan or Swatow dialect . This variant of Chinese has eight tones, compared to the six tones found in Cantonese and the four to five tones found in Mandarin , which made it one of the most difficult ones to master. Music, opera and Chaozhou cuisine are further characteristics that distinguish Chaoshan people from the rest of Guangdong . The Chaoshan dialect ( 潮州話/潮汕話 ) of Min

2050-460: The most distinctive characters in Teochew opera, and fan play and acrobatic skills are prominent. Teochew music ( Chinese : 潮州音樂 ) is popular in Chaoshan's teahouse scene. The Teochew string instrument, gong, drum, and traditional Chinese flute are typically involved in ensembles. The current Chaozhou drum music is said to be similar to the Drum and Wind Music form of the Han and Tang dynasties. Teochew woodcarving ( Chinese : 潮州木雕 )

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2100-617: The most notable mountain ranges in the northwest are the Phoenix Mountain Range  [ zh ] ( Chinese : 凤凰山 ; pinyin : Fènghuáng shān ) and the Lotus Mountain Range  [ zh ] ( Chinese : 莲花山脉 ; pinyin : Liánhuā shānmài ). Another famous mountain is the Sangpu Mountain located at the junction of Shantou, Chaozhou and Jieyang 3 prefecture-level cities. The region's flat terrain

2150-422: The oldest Chinese operas that originated in the Song dynasty . The old form of choral accompaniment still retains its special features. Clowns and females are the most distinctive characters in a Chaozhou opera, and fan-playing and acrobatic skills are more prominent than in other types of performances. Gongfu tea ( 工夫茶 ), the "espresso" of Chinese teas with a formidable kick, which was first consumed back in

2200-636: The planned Guangdong Jieyang Huilai wind farm (which has five separate projects). There are also plans to build a nuclear power plant in Jieyang , although the date by which construction will start has yet to be determined. Chaoshan has a culture that is distinct from its neighbours in Guangdong and the rest of China. It does, however, share similarities to the Minnan areas just north of Chaoshan in Fujian province. One of

2250-423: The province and the first of the four cities; Jieyang ranked 14th in the province and 2nd among the four cities; and Chaozhou ranked 18th in the province and 3rd among the four cities. (In economics, Fengshun County is usually not included in the statistics of the Chaoshan region.) The Chaoshan region encompasses the cities of Chaozhou , Jieyang , and Shantou . It had a permanent population of 13,937,897 at

2300-477: The region: Chaozhou ( 潮州 ) and Shantou ( 汕头 ). The name was first used in the 1904 construction of the Chao Chow and Swatow Railway , which connected the two major cities. Chaoshan then became the general name for four prefecture-level cities: Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang , and Shanwei . Chaozhou and Shantou have agglomerated into a single, dense metropolitan area, which is among China's most densely populated. It

2350-841: The term "Teochew" was used in the Straits Settlements in the 19th century and early 20th century. "Teochew" is derived from Teochew prefecture (Chaozhou Fu) the departmental city where they originate. The writings of Stamford Raffles and William Farquhar indicate that the British found Temenggong Abdul Rahman with 400 to 500 residents in Singapore in January 1819. Another member of the 1819 expedition party, Captain John Crawford, recalled in his diary an encounter with “upwards of 100” of Chinese. British colonial documentations revealed that Temenggong Abdul Rahman had provided these Chinese who were Teochews

2400-626: The world, including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and France. Teochew can be romanized in a variety of schemes, and are known in Mandarin as Cháoshan rén and in Cantonese as Chiushan yan . In referring to themselves as Sinitic people, Teochew people generally use Deung nang ( Chinese : 唐人 ; pinyin : Tángrén ; lit. ' Tang dynasty people'), as opposed to Hang Jin (simplified Chinese: 汉人 ; traditional Chinese: 漢人 ; pinyin: Hànrén ; lit. ' Han dynasty people'). Teochew people of

2450-452: Was US$ 8,600. During the period 2007–2012, there was only a 10% growth in GDP, whereas the average economic growth in the whole province was around 15%. In 2007, the total GDP of the four cities in eastern Guangdong was 210.748 billion yuan, accounting for 6.56% of the total GDP of the Province. Shantou , one of the first four special economic zones opened to the outside world, ranked 11th in

2500-449: Was recorded in pedigrees and ancient inscriptions, one of the two groups of those who temporarily migrated to the capital city of Fujian later moved to parts of Chaoshan instead in batches during the Tang dynasty , genetically intermixing with the local people within Chaoshan there. The Teochew people are mistakenly known to the Cantonese as "Hoklo", literally meaning "men of Fujian", although

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