A parade is a procession of people, usually organized along a street, often in costume , and often accompanied by marching bands , floats , or sometimes large balloons . Parades are held for a wide range of reasons, but are usually some variety of celebration .
144-544: The National Day Parade ( NDP ) is an annual parade held in Singapore to commemorate its independence. Held annually on 9 August, it is the main public celebration of National Day , and consists of a parade incorporating contingents of the Singapore Armed Forces , Ministry of Home Affairs , local institutions and community groups, followed by a cultural presentation featuring music, dance displays, parachuters, and
288-558: A grand marshal to lead the front or other parts of the parade. Since the advent of such technology, it became possible for aircraft and boats to parade. A flypast is an aerial parade of anything from one to dozens of aircraft, both in commercial context at airshows and also to mark important dates, such as national days or significant anniversaries. They are particularly common in the United Kingdom, where they are often associated with Royal occasions. Similarly, for ships, there may be
432-566: A seating capacity almost less than half the capacity of the National Stadium, there was a vast area for approximately 150,000 additional spectators along the Marina Bay waterfront. The 2013 installment featured a spin-off reality competition aired on Channel 5 , titled Sing a Nation , which featured ten different groups who performed various songs for a chance at a lead performance for the 2013's parade. The 2013's theme song, "One Singapore",
576-502: A bigger Mobile Column, the first appearance of the popular Silent Precision Drill Squad from the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command and the first evening fireworks display. The 1986 edition was the first parade held in the late evening, and the first to use flashlights for audience use. Other introductions were featured over the years such as the first appearance of the massed military bands of
720-434: A characteristic profile of excitability by different wavelengths of the spectrum of visible light. This means that the eye has far more resolution in brightness, or " luminance ", than in color . However, post-processing of the optic nerve and other portions of the human visual system combine the information from the rods and cones to re-create what appears to be a high-resolution color image. The eye has limited bandwidth to
864-718: A chorus of voices singing familiar National Day Songs, mass pledge taking (from 2009 expanded into a national activity) and the singing of the National Anthem. In 2007, the parade broke tradition for having a fireworks display that synchronized with the Sing Singapore medley in the finale. In 2009, for the first time ever, all the segments of the NDP have been merged into one integrated program; this would later be repeated in 2015. It has its origins in early NDPs as various mass display items put up by community groups or schools to add colour to
1008-461: A color television system in 1897, using a selenium photoelectric cell at the transmitter and an electromagnet controlling an oscillating mirror and a moving prism at the receiver. But his system contained no means of analyzing the spectrum of colors at the transmitting end, and could not have worked as he described it. An Armenian inventor, Hovannes Adamian , also experimented with color television as early as 1907. The first color television project
1152-503: A colored disk or mirror. In these systems the three colored images were sent one after each other, in either complete frames in the " field-sequential color system ", or for each line in the "line-sequential" system. In both cases a colored filter was rotated in front of the display in sync with the broadcast. Since three separate images were being sent in sequence, if they used existing monochrome radio signaling standards they would have an effective refresh rate of only 20 fields, or 10 frames,
1296-580: A colour television set. Colour television in Canada was launched on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's (CBC) English language TV service on 1 September 1966. Private television broadcaster CTV also started colour broadcasts in early September 1966. The CBC's French-language service, Radio-Canada , was broadcasting colour programming on its television network for 15 hours a week in 1968. Full-time colour transmissions started in 1974 on
1440-574: A different way similar to the march pasts during the 2000 and 2010 editions with all of them rejoining for the City Marchpast to be done later with the GOH contingent battalion to Marina Bay Sands where the march ended. The Onward March made yet another appearance in the 2014 edition alongside the City Marchpast after the parade proper towards the MBS complex. The City Marchpast made its sixth consecutive appearance in
1584-466: A dot-sequential system based on its beam-index tube -based "Apple" tube technology. Of the entrants, the CBS system was by far the best-developed, and won head-to-head testing every time. While the meetings were taking place it was widely known within the industry that RCA was working on a dot-sequential system that was compatible with existing black-and-white broadcasts, but RCA declined to demonstrate it during
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#17329247821951728-452: A fireworks show. First held on 9 August 1966 to mark the one-year anniversary of Singapore's declaration of independence from Malaysia, it has been held annually since then. The parade had historically been held at the Padang , but were occasionally held at the former National Stadium , and in a "decentralised" format across the country to encourage wider public participation. Beginning in 1984,
1872-582: A flypast segment featuring jet and training aircraft, transports and helicopters from the Republic of Singapore Air Force . Whenever the NDP is held at The Float in Marina Bay/NS Square the Mobile Column and flypast both evolve into the multi-platform and multi-service Dynamic Defence Display (D3), with a display of the military defence and public security capabilities of the uniformed services. In lieu of
2016-413: A greater logistical challenge and also offered fewer seats for spectators. The event and rehearsals also required the closing of surrounding roads. There was a need to construct temporary spectator stands around the field. The site, however, was the only feasible venue for the mobile column, as the heavy vehicles could not be driven onto the stadium track. The Padang was used as the main performance venue for
2160-456: A million television sets in the U.S., but by 1951 there were well over 10 million. The idea that the VHF band could be allowed to "die" was no longer practical. During its campaign for FCC approval, CBS gave the first demonstrations of color television to the general public, showing an hour of color programs daily Mondays through Saturdays, beginning 12 January 1950, and running for the remainder of
2304-509: A practical system possible. Monochrome transmission standards were developed prior to World War II , but civilian electronics development was frozen during much of the war. In August 1944, Baird gave the world's first demonstration of a practical fully electronic color television display. In the United States, competing color standards were developed, finally resulting in the NTSC color standard that
2448-538: A rotating colored disk. This device was very "deep", but was later improved with a mirror folding the light path into an entirely practical device resembling a large conventional console. However, Baird was not happy with the design, and as early as 1944 had commented to a British government committee that a fully electronic device would be better. In 1939, Hungarian engineer Peter Carl Goldmark introduced an electro-mechanical system while at CBS , which contained an Iconoscope sensor. The CBS field-sequential color system
2592-755: A sail-past of, e.g., tall ships (as was seen during Trafalgar 200 ) or other sailing vessels as during the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of World War II . The longest parade in the world is the Hanover Schützenfest that takes place in Hanover every year during the Schützenfest . The parade is 12 kilometres (7.5 miles) long with more than 12,000 participants from all over the world, among them more than 100 bands and around 70 floats and carriages. Color television Color television ( American English ) or colour television ( Commonwealth English )
2736-409: A second, well into the region where flicker would become visible. In order to avoid this, these systems increased the frame rate considerably, making the signal incompatible with existing monochrome standards. The first practical example of this sort of system was again pioneered by John Logie Baird. In 1940 he publicly demonstrated a color television combining a traditional black-and-white display with
2880-430: A series of mirrors to superimpose the red, green, and blue images into one full-color image. As was the case with black-and-white television, an electronic means of scanning would be superior to the mechanical systems like Baird's. The obvious solution on the broadcast end would be to use three conventional Iconoscopes with colored filters in front of them to produce an RGB signal. Using three separate tubes each looking at
3024-489: A situation artificially created by one company to solve its own perplexing problems" because CBS had been unsuccessful in its color venture. While the FCC was holding its JTAC meetings, development was taking place on a number of systems allowing true simultaneous color broadcasts, "dot-sequential color systems". Unlike the hybrid systems, dot-sequential televisions used a signal very similar to existing black-and-white broadcasts, with
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#17329247821953168-432: A spectator at one of the parades, with tens of thousands more around Marina Bay taking in the weekly aerial flypast and fireworks display each Saturday evening. With the closure of National Stadium in 2007, it would be replaced in the rotation by The Float @ Marina Bay —a temporary, floating venue on Marina Bay designed to host events of national importance while the new National Stadium was under construction. Even with
3312-401: A spot to scan across and down the image. A single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot, which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector. A number of such mechanical television systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known
3456-454: A symbol of national unity and identity. In 1997, a National Education Show was also introduced where Primary Five students from a selected number of schools attended in one of the rehearsals. In 2003, due to overcrowding of tickets, the electronic ballot ticketing system was introduced as a countermeasure, and a ballot was conducted where citizens stand a chance at winning the tickets by registering their e-mail addresses or mobile numbers such as
3600-583: A system in order to present the first electronically scanned color television demonstration on 5 February 1940, privately shown to members of the US Federal Communications Commission at the RCA plant in Camden, New Jersey . This system, however, suffered from the twin problems of costing at least three times as much as a conventional black-and-white set, as well as having very dim pictures, the result of
3744-429: Is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set. It improves on the monochrome or black-and-white television technology, which displays the image in shades of gray ( grayscale ). Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white to color transmission between
3888-599: Is claimed by him, and was patented in Germany on 31 March 1908, patent number 197183, then in Britain , on 1 April 1908, patent number 7219, in France (patent number 390326) and in Russia in 1910 (patent number 17912). Shortly after his practical demonstration of black and white television, on 3 July 1928, Baird demonstrated the world's first color transmission. This used scanning discs at
4032-412: Is used both to describe the procession and in other informal connotations. Protest demonstrations can also take the form of a parade, but such cases are usually referred to as a march instead. The first parades date back to c. 2000 BC , only being used for religious or military purposes. The Babylonians celebrated Akitu by parading their deities and performing rituals. To celebrate
4176-629: The Cuban Revolution in 1959, and did not return until 1975, using equipment acquired from Japan's NEC Corporation , and SECAM equipment from the Soviet Union, adapted for the American NTSC standard. Guillermo González Camarena independently invented and developed a field-sequential tricolor disk system in Mexico in the late 1930s, for which he requested a patent in Mexico on 19 August 1940, and in
4320-508: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) was inundated with requests to set up new television stations. Worrying about congestion of the limited number of channels available, the FCC put a moratorium on all new licenses in 1948 while considering the problem. A solution was immediately forthcoming; rapid development of radio receiver electronics during the war had opened a wide band of higher frequencies to practical use, and
4464-577: The National Production Authority dropped its ban on the manufacture of color television receivers, and the path was open for the NTSC to submit its petition for FCC approval in July 1953, which was granted on 17 December. The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using the NTSC "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on 30 August 1953, although it
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4608-708: The Paul Nipkow TV station in Berlin . In 1936, under the guidance of the Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels , direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the Olympic Games in Berlin were transmitted to selected small television houses ( Fernsehstuben ) in Berlin and Hamburg. In 1941, the first NTSC meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts. US television broadcasts began in earnest in
4752-868: The People's Action Party , different labour unions (including members of the National Trades Union Congress) and Ministries as well as students in uniformed groups (such as the National Cadet Corps, National Police Cadet Corps , National Civil Defence Cadet Corps , the Singapore Red Cross, the Boys' and Girls' Brigades, the Scouts Association, Girl Guides Singapore and St. John Ambulance Brigade) and representatives of various Singapore business entities. Participants are split into two main sections:
4896-521: The Red Army commemorated Victory in Europe with a parade and the ceremonial destruction of captured Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS standards. The parade float got its name because the first floats were decorated barges that were towed along the canals with ropes held by parade marchers on the shore . Floats were occasionally propelled from within by concealed oarsmen , but the practice was abandoned because of
5040-510: The electrical grid , historically tuned its rate in order to avoid interference with the alternating current being supplied – in North America, some Central and South American countries, Taiwan, Korea, part of Japan, the Philippines, and a few other countries, this was 60 video fields per second to match the 60 Hz power, while in most other countries it was 50 fields per second to match
5184-513: The founding of modern Singapore . Due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore , the 2020 parade was replaced by a series of broadcast-only events, beginning with the Prime Minister's National Day Message and a downsized parade at the Padang. Appearances by the Mobile Column, Red Lions, and flyovers by F-15SG fighters were scheduled across Singapore, while the traditional Funpacks given at
5328-537: The shadow mask system. In July 1938 the shadow mask color television was patented by Werner Flechsig (1900–1981) in Germany, and was demonstrated at the International radio exhibition Berlin in 1939. Most CRT color televisions used today are based on this technology. His solution to the problem of focusing the electron guns on the tiny colored dots was one of brute-force; a metal sheet with holes punched in it allowed
5472-419: The " Telechrome ". Early Telechrome devices used two electron guns aimed at either side of a phosphor plate. The phosphor was patterned so the electrons from the guns only fell on one side of the patterning or the other. Using cyan and magenta phosphors, a reasonable limited-color image could be obtained. Baird's demonstration on 16 August 1944, was the first example of a practical color television system. Work on
5616-720: The 'quick release knot' technique from the top of a flagpole, signifying the presence of the President at the event. After that (and the following aerial salute by the RSAF), the Parade Commander will request that the President inspects the parade. During this inspection, the President will be accompanied by the Chief of Defence Force and the Parade Commander, and the Army GOH Contingent Commander would later join them once they approach
5760-434: The 1960s and the 1980s. The invention of color television standards was an important part of the history and technology of television . Transmission of color images using mechanical scanners had been conceived as early as the 1880s. A demonstration of mechanically scanned color television was given by John Logie Baird in 1928, but its limitations were apparent even then. Development of electronic scanning and display made
5904-484: The 1996, 1997 and 2011 editions, which featured local artists. In recent parades, the performances have been interspected with short movies produced for the parade by local film makers, in 2021 the short movie segments became animated, a first in the history of the show segment. Parade The term "parade" may also be used for multiple different subjects; for example, in the Canadian Armed Forces , "parade"
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6048-401: The 19th century. It was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made television practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D" radio signal; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems generally used a device known as a " Nipkow disk ", which was a spinning disk with a series of holes punched in it that caused
6192-489: The 2005 parade, with other activities held in Marina South , Jurong East , Yishun and Tampines . Several alternate locations were mooted, including the utilization of the Padang, which is physically bigger and less likely to disrupt daily functions in the city. In 2010, the Padang was used again as the main performance with other activities held at Bishan , Eunos , Woodlands , Sengkang and Choa Chu Kang Although
6336-510: The 2015 edition and was carried on in 2016 together with the Onward March from the new National Stadium and again from Marina Bay in 2017 and 2018. In 2024 the Onwards March makes its official Padang debut. In recent years the order of the march past of the supporting contingents out of the grounds has been altered, with the military and civil uniformed services first to march out, followed by
6480-551: The 2018 D3, as part of the parade and ceremony segment of the program, a special flypast of the RSAF was held in that year's edition to mark its golden jubilee. The D3 would have its Padang debut (combined with the traditional Mobile Column) in 2024. The 1980 parade marchpast segment in the Former National Stadium ended with a small civilian mobile column featuring classic cars, bicycles and motorcycles seen on Singapore's roads in
6624-480: The 40th anniversary of Total Defence and 60th anniversary of Singapore's independence respectively. Both parades are expected to include satellite events in Marina Bay and the heartland. A historic venue for the parade has been The Padang , the site where Singapore's independence was declared. In 1976, the parade was held for the first time at the National Stadium , whose larger capacity allowed for more to view
6768-440: The 50 Hz power. The NTSC color system changed from the black-and-white 60-fields-per-second standard to 59.94 fields per second to make the color circuitry simpler; the 1950s TV sets had matured enough that the power frequency/field rate mismatch was no longer important. Modern TV sets can display multiple field rates (50, 59.94, or 60, in either interlaced or progressive scan) while accepting power at various frequencies (often
6912-563: The CBC, with other private sector broadcasters in the country doing so by the end of the 1970s. The following provinces and areas of Canada introduced colour television by the years as stated Cuba in 1958 became the second country in the world to introduce color television broadcasting, with Havana's Channel 12 using the American NTSC standard and technology patented by RCA. But the color transmissions ended when broadcasting stations were seized in
7056-472: The CBS system as the U.S. color broadcasting standard on 11 October 1950. An unsuccessful lawsuit by RCA delayed the first commercial network broadcast in color until 25 June 1951, when a musical variety special titled simply Premiere was shown over a network of five East Coast CBS affiliates. Viewing was again restricted: the program could not be seen on black-and-white sets, and Variety estimated that only thirty prototype color receivers were available in
7200-577: The City Marchpast made its second appearance and this time the Marina Bay area was the venue for this, with the Marina Padang as the final stop on the march past. 2011 saw the reinstatement of the march through the stands moment of the supporting contingents of the SAF, SPF and SCDF (previously done in the 2002 edition and now called the Onward March), and that year the participants of the youth uniformed groups and
7344-461: The FCC Commissioners, R. F. Jones, went so far as to assert that the engineers testifying in favor of a compatible system were "in a conspiracy against the public interest". Unlike the FCC approach where a standard was simply selected from the existing candidates, the NTSC would produce a board that was considerably more pro-active in development. Starting before CBS color even got on the air,
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#17329247821957488-399: The FCC set aside a large section of these new UHF bands for television broadcast. At the time, black-and-white television broadcasting was still in its infancy in the U.S., and the FCC started to look at ways of using this newly available bandwidth for color broadcasts. Since no existing television would be able to tune in these stations, they were free to pick an incompatible system and allow
7632-573: The Farnsworth-system. With these systems, the BBC began regularly scheduled black-and-white television broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of World War II in 1939. In this time thousands of television sets had been sold. The receivers developed for this program, notably those from Pye Ltd. , played a key role in the development of radar . By 22 March 1935, 180-line black-and-white television programs were being broadcast from
7776-466: The Fire Brigade (Renamed to Singapore Fire Services in the 1980s). Street performances by various groups and choirs also debuted in that year's parade. The 1968 parade, although held on a rainy morning that surprised even the marching contingents and the dignitaries, saw the first ground performances on the Padang as the weather improved – a prelude to today's show performances. 1969's parade, the one where
7920-589: The Guard-of-Honour (recent parades have seen a motorized inspection by the President while riding a Land Rover). A presidential 21-gun salute is also given to the President during this time by a select battery from the Singapore Artillery . It is customary that the President speaks to some members of the Guard-of-honor contingents as he/she passes by. After the inspection ends, the President will return to
8064-721: The Guard-of-Honour contingents and the Supporting Contingents. The five Guard-of-Honour contingents are made up of members from the four arms of the Singapore Armed Forces (the Singapore Army , represented by the Best Combat Unit, for many years the 1st Commando Battalion of the Singapore Army ; the Republic of Singapore Navy ; the Republic of Singapore Air Force ; and the Digital and Intelligence Service ) as well as
8208-675: The Mobile Column made its first drivepast, commemorated the 150th year of the city's founding and had Princess Alexandra of the UK as principal guest. The fifth NDP edition in 1970 introduced the Flypast of the State Flag and the Republic of Singapore Air Force Flypast, as well as the combat simulation performance by Singapore Army personnel was one of the new highlights for that year. The 1971 NDP included iconic mobile parade floats from various organizations, 1973
8352-504: The NDP was held for the first time at the new National Stadium , in an event that required modifications to the parade's format due to the limitations of the venue. After returning to the venue for 2017, in October 2017 it was announced that The Float would remain the "primary" venue of the NDP when not held at the Padang every five years, and would be redeveloped as a permanent venue known as NS Square. The decision raised questions over whether
8496-677: The NDP websites or phone lines. In 2005 and 2010, aside from the main parade being at the Padang, it was also held at the heartland areas. On 16 October 2005, it was announced that due to the planned closure and replacement of the National Stadium as part of the Singapore Sports Hub project, the parade would be held there for the last time in 2006, and would move to The Float at Marina Bay —a temporary 27,000-seat grandstand and 130 m × 100 m (330 ft) (430 ft × 330 ft) floating platform in Marina Bay —for 2007. Despite offering
8640-774: The National Police Cadet Corps Band from Yishun Town Secondary School) have joined them as well, with the Singapore NCC Command Band being part of the combined band since 2010. Before the 1994 creation of the SAF Bands the different service arms of the SAF fielded their own bands, and the massed bands for the parade were, since the early 1970s, from a select band of the SAF and the Singapore Police Force Band (inter-service massed bands would only happen in 1987). The parade traditionally starts with
8784-439: The National Stadium. This three-year cycle continued until 1994, when it switched to a five-year cycle beginning 1995. An exception came in 2019, when the NDP was held at the Padang to mark Singapore's bicentennial, and in 2023, where a series of three consecutive parades at the Padang began due to the construction of NS Square (including one held in 2025 per the five-year cycle). The Padang, although historically important, posed
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#17329247821958928-418: The New York area. Regular color broadcasts began that same week with the daytime series The World Is Yours and Modern Homemakers . While the CBS color broadcasting schedule gradually expanded to twelve hours per week (but never into prime time), and the color network expanded to eleven affiliates as far west as Chicago, its commercial success was doomed by the lack of color receivers necessary to watch
9072-414: The PC salutes them. Lastly once the President of Singapore has arrived (after the playing of the Presidential Fanfare by the Fanfare Trumpeters of the SAF), the Parade Commander will call for a full (Presidential) salute 'present arms', during which the National Anthem, Majulah Singapura , will be played accompanied by a fly-past of the State Flag. Concurrently, the Presidential Standard is unfurled using
9216-619: The Padang began to host the parade on a regular cycle (initially once every three years, and then every five years beginning 1995) and during all years marking anniversaries of national significance, with the event otherwise hosted by the National Stadium. While the parade officially takes place on 9 August, full-scale rehearsals and "preview" shows begin as early as mid-June, including a series of "NDP National Education Show" events hosting Primary 5 students, complete with pyrotechnics and fireworks. These full-scale, replica productions every weekend allow for up to 300,000 Singaporeans to participate as
9360-433: The Padang site and at Marina Bay. The pre-parade segment today may include mass-displays, choir performances, school band displays, sky-diving displays, and other light-hearted performances to entertain the crowd prior to the parade proper, with the added positive effect of encouraging parade-attendees to be seated earlier. Initially introduced on an ad hoc basis as an informal filler, it has since become an integral part of
9504-500: The Parade Regimental Sergeant Major (Parade RSM) forming up the parade on either the Padang, the field of the National Stadium or in front of the NS Square grandstand. The command of the parade is handed over to the Parade Commander once the parade has been formed up and properly dressed accordingly. Typically, both the Parade RSM and the Parade Commander come from the SAF, and usually hold a minimum rank of Master Warrant Officer, and Lieutenant Colonel respectively. Upon sizing and forming up
9648-427: The Parade contingents to prepare for the Marchpast, and will then march out of the Parade Grounds, with the massed bands bringing the rear. Since the 1990s, Tentera Singapura is the first march played in this segment. In the National Day Parade 2009, there was a City Marchpast where the contingents marched around the Central Business District, with the march ending at the F1 Pit Building. In the National Day Parade 2010,
9792-458: The Parade was, for the first time, decentralised into 13 parade venues for more public participation. Almost all of the venues lasted for an hour and all of them even had route marches on the streets to the participating venues. By the time the NDP was held at the National Stadium (for the first time) in 1976, the NDP Guard of Honour, composed of officers and personnel of the SAF and the Singapore Police Force made its first appearance, followed after
9936-416: The SAF (1987), the card stunt (1988), and the Red Lions parachute team and the daylight fireworks (1989). In 1989, the parade was held in the afternoon but the 1991 edition returned to the evening format used since 1986. In 1993, interactive participation by the public debuted in that year's edition to increase public participation and awareness of the parade as an important part of Singaporean life and as
10080-500: The SAF's three services led the colours party). The 4 State Colours are in between the Navy and Air Force Guard-of-Honour contingents and are formed by Escorts (Specialists/Junior Military Experts) and Ensigns (Junior Officers/Subaltern-ranked Military Experts). The parade's military bands are from both the SAF and SPF , and in recent years, the marching bands of both services' cadet organizations (the Singapore National Cadet Corps Command Band from Swiss Cottage Secondary School, and
10224-405: The Singapore Police Force. All members of these contingents are dressed in their respective ceremonial uniforms, known as the No. 1 uniform. Behind the Guard-of-Honour contingents stand the Regimental Colours Party, where the 37 SAF regimental colours are held by a group of officers, known as ensigns, from the Singapore Armed Forces, with their armed escorts (until 1997 Service Regimental Colours from
10368-461: The Telechrome continued and plans were made to introduce a three-gun version for full color. However, Baird's untimely death in 1946 ended the development of the Telechrome system. Similar concepts were common through the 1940s and 1950s, differing primarily in the way they re-combined the colors generated by the three guns. The Geer tube was similar to Baird's concept, but used small pyramids with
10512-629: The U.S. television industry, represented by the National Television System Committee , worked in 1950–1953 to develop a color system that was compatible with existing black-and-white sets and would pass FCC quality standards, with RCA developing the hardware elements. RCA first made publicly announced field tests of the dot sequential color system over its New York station WNBT in July 1951. When CBS testified before Congress in March 1953 that it had no further plans for its own color system,
10656-682: The United States in 1941. González Camarena produced his color television system in his Gon-Cam laboratory for the Mexican market and exported it to the Columbia College of Chicago, which regarded it as the best system in the world. Goldmark had actually applied for a patent for the same field-sequential tricolor system in the US on 7 September 1940, while González Camarena had made his Mexican filing 19 days before, on 19 August. On 31 August 1946, González Camarena sent his first color transmission from his lab in
10800-518: The Volunteer Naval Reserve and PDF-Sea and the then Republic of Singapore Police), a mobile column from the SIR, and various schools and civil contingents marched past City Hall and then into the city streets. Three military bands accompanied the parade inspection and later the march past with military music. The Singapore Fire Brigade also took part in this first parade with its firetrucks included in
10944-425: The beam energy, allowing it to hit the screen only 15% of the time, requiring a massive increase in beam power to produce acceptable image brightness. The first publicly announced network demonstration of a program using a "compatible color" system was an episode of NBC's Kukla, Fran and Ollie on 10 October 1949, viewable in color only at the FCC. It did not receive FCC approval. In spite of these problems in both
11088-399: The beams to reach the screen only when they were properly aligned over the dots. Three separate guns were aimed at the holes from slightly different angles, and when their beams passed through the holes the angles caused them to separate again and hit the individual spots a short distance away on the back of the screen. The downside to this approach was that the mask cut off the vast majority of
11232-449: The broadcast and display systems, RCA pressed ahead with development and was ready for a second assault on the standards by 1950. The possibility of a compatible color broadcast system was so compelling that the NTSC decided to re-form, and held a second series of meetings starting in January 1950. Having only recently selected the CBS system, the FCC heavily opposed the NTSC's efforts. One of
11376-449: The celebrations. In 1982, the parade returned at Padang, marking the first time the mobile column drove past after the marchpast had concluded, thus making it a predecessor to the parades at the Padang from 1995 onward, once every five years. The 1984 installment featured many firsts in commemoration with the Singapore's Silver Jubilee of self-governance, which for the first time, introduced a theme song "Stand Up for Singapore", and included
11520-478: The civilian contingents marched out in a different way, only for all of them to reunite for the City Marchpast later on. The 2012 edition of the parade, the first National Day Parade officiated by the President Tony Tan Keng Yam , had the Onward March which was now done for the second time by all of the youth uniformed groups present while the military and civilian supporting contingents marched out in
11664-454: The completion of the new stadium, it would only host the parade once in 2016, after which The Float was designated as the event's "primary" venue. In 2023, the parade began a three-year tenure at the Padang due to the reconstruction of The Float as NS Square . Singapore celebrated its first National Day as an independent nation in 1966, one year after Singapore 's separation from Malaysia on 9 August 1965. The inaugural National Day Parade
11808-401: The costs of renting the National Stadium would diminish the legacy that the former National Stadium had as a site for community events. Contrarily, it was argued that not hosting the NDP at the new National Stadium would free up its schedule for major international sporting events, especially during the summer months. The 2019 parade would be held at the Padang to commemorate the bicentennial of
11952-484: The critical limit, and generally the same as a single black and white image. This would require three times the number of images to be sent in the same time, greatly increasing the amount of radio bandwidth required to send the complete signal and thus similarly increasing the required radio spectrum . Early plans for color television in the United States included a move from very high frequency (VHF) to ultra high frequency (UHF) to open up additional spectrum. One of
12096-514: The economic firms, social organizations and the youth uniformed organizations which march last out and then into the platform or parade stands. Following the parade commander and the second in command, the order of the march past in quick time is as follows, as it would have been during the 70s and early 80s when at the Padang and National Stadium: In the 1966 NDP, a prototype of the mobile column took part with 25-pounder saluting guns, signals equipment and police vehicles. The first true Mobile Column
12240-483: The exact year varies by country. While the changeover is complete in many countries, analog television remains in use in some countries. The human eye's detection system in the retina consists primarily of two types of light detectors: rod cells that capture light, dark, and shapes/figures, and the cone cells that detect color. A typical retina contains 120 million rods and 4.5 million to 6 million cones, which are divided into three types, each one with
12384-405: The existing VHF frequencies. The color information was encoded in a separate " chrominance " signal, consisting of two separate signals, the original blue signal minus the luminance (B'–Y'), and red-luma (R'–Y'). These signals could then be broadcast separately on a different frequency; a monochrome set would tune in only the luminance signal on the VHF band, while color televisions would tune in both
12528-401: The extra information in the signal and produce a limited-resolution color display. The higher resolution black-and-white and lower resolution color images combine in the eye to produce a seemingly high-resolution color image. The NTSC standard represented a major technical achievement. Experiments with facsimile image transmission systems that used radio broadcasts to transmit images date to
12672-460: The fairly low illumination given off by tubes of the era. Projection systems of this sort would become common decades later, however, with improvements in technology. Another solution would be to use a single screen, but break it up into a pattern of closely spaced colored phosphors instead of an even coating of white. Three receivers would be used, each sending its output to a separate electron gun, aimed at its colored phosphor. However, this solution
12816-629: The federal government's victory in the American Civil War , 145,000 Union soldiers marched in a two-day Grand Review of the Armies in Washington, D.C. They passed before the President, the Cabinet, and senior officers from May 23–24, 1865. At the end of hostilities in Europe in 1944–45, "victory parades" were a common feature throughout the recently liberated territories. For example, on 3 September 1944,
12960-474: The first series of meetings. Just before the JTAC presented its findings, on 25 August 1949, RCA broke its silence and introduced its system as well. The JTAC still recommended the CBS system, and after the resolution of an ensuing RCA lawsuit, color broadcasts using the CBS system started on 25 June 1951. By this point the market had changed dramatically; when color was first being considered in 1948 there were fewer than
13104-673: The great technical challenges of introducing color broadcast television was the desire to conserve bandwidth. In the United States, after considerable research, the National Television Systems Committee approved an all-electronic system developed by RCA that encoded the color information separately from the brightness information and greatly reduced the resolution of the color information in order to conserve bandwidth. The brightness image remained compatible with existing black-and-white television sets at slightly reduced resolution, while color-capable televisions could decode
13248-555: The high incidence of drowning when the lightweight and unstable frames capsized. Strikingly, among the first uses of grounded floats – towed by horses – was a ceremony in memory of recently drowned parade oarsmen. Today, parade floats are traditionally pulled by motor vehicles or are powered themselves. Multiple grand marshals may often be designated for an iteration of the parade, and may or may not be in actual attendance due to circumstances (including death). A community grand marshal or other designations may be selected alongside
13392-546: The immediate post-war era, and by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States. The basic idea of using three monochrome images to produce a color image had been experimented with almost as soon as black-and-white televisions had first been built. Among the earliest published proposals for television was one by Maurice Le Blanc in 1880 for a color system, including the first mentions in television literature of line and frame scanning, although he gave no practical details. Polish inventor Jan Szczepanik patented
13536-422: The intensity of every dot on the screen being sent in succession. In 1938 Georges Valensi demonstrated an encoding scheme that would allow color broadcasts to be encoded so they could be picked up on existing black-and-white sets as well. In his system the output of the three camera tubes were re-combined to produce a single " luminance " value that was very similar to a monochrome signal and could be broadcast on
13680-429: The last edition held at The Float before its reconstruction as NS Square (which was expected to begin construction in 2023, and be completed by 2026); the 2023 parade would be held at the Padang, and plans were discussed to possibly hold the parade at National Stadium again in 2024. In September 2023, it was announced that the parade would continue to be held at the Padang for 2024 and 2025, with these two editions marking
13824-605: The luminance and chrominance on two different frequencies, and apply the reverse transforms to retrieve the original RGB signal. The downside to this approach is that it required a major boost in bandwidth use, something the FCC was interested in avoiding. RCA used Valensi's concept as the basis of all of its developments, believing it to be the only proper solution to the broadcast problem. However, RCA's early sets using mirrors and other projection systems all suffered from image and color quality problems, and were easily bested by CBS's hybrid system. But solutions to these problems were in
13968-450: The marketplace. The first national color broadcast (the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade ) occurred on 1 January 1954, but over the next dozen years most network broadcasts, and nearly all local programming, continued to be in black-and-white. In 1956, NBC's The Perry Como Show became the first live network television series to present a majority of episodes in color. The CBS television production of Rodgers & Hammerstein's Cinderella
14112-552: The mobile column. Rounding it all was a massed lion and dragon dance performance from drum and dragon troupes nationwide. In 1967, the contingents increased to 76, including those of the then established Singapore Armed Forces, the RSP and more cultural groups, with the addition of more civil marching groups. The reason is partly due to the introduction of the National Service program in the military and police forces, and later extended to
14256-475: The month, over WOIC in Washington, D.C., where the programs could be viewed on eight 16-inch color receivers in a public building. Due to high public demand, the broadcasts were resumed 13–21 February, with several evening programs added. CBS initiated a limited schedule of color broadcasts from its New York station WCBS-TV Mondays to Saturdays beginning 14 November 1950, making ten color receivers available for
14400-437: The more important milestone anniversaries of the nation's birthday, on parades held in Padang every five years, including in 2019, 2020, 2023 and 2025. In 2019 and 2020, the vehicles forming the column drove across various areas of the city-state, letting residents and visitors see the equipment upclose in their communities as the column would drive thru their homes and workplaces. Almost every NDP since 1971 (except 2016) has had
14544-530: The offices of the Mexican League of Radio Experiments at Lucerna St. No. 1, in Mexico City . The video signal was transmitted at a frequency of 115 MHz and the audio in the 40-metre band. He obtained authorization to make the first publicly announced color broadcast in Mexico, on 8 February 1963, of the program Paraíso Infantil on Mexico City's XHGC-TV , using the NTSC system that had by now been adopted as
14688-562: The older VHF channels to die off over time. The FCC called for technical demonstrations of color systems in 1948, and the Joint Technical Advisory Committee (JTAC) was formed to study them. CBS displayed improved versions of its original design, now using a single 6 MHz channel (like the existing black-and-white signals) at 144 fields per second and 405 lines of resolution. Color Television Inc. (CTI) demonstrated its line-sequential system, while Philco demonstrated
14832-464: The operating range is specified as 48–62 Hz). In its most basic form, a color broadcast can be created by broadcasting three monochrome images, one each in the three colors of red , green, and blue (RGB). When displayed together or in rapid succession, these images will blend together to produce a full-color image as seen by the viewer. To do so without making the images flicker, the refresh time of all three images put together would have to be above
14976-415: The otherwise military parade. These items revolved around the themes of racial harmony, ruggedness among youths etc., which are represented by ethnic dances and mass gymnastics displays. This section evolved over the years to become more theatrical, from the massive card stunt displays that complemented the parade in the 1980s to multimedia projections in recent Shows, as well as the theatrical show segments of
15120-443: The parade live. Although offering about 60,000 seats in the National Stadium, the demand for tickets remained high, resulting in several attempts to decentralise the event to bring the celebration closer to more Singaporeans. From 1975 to 1983, the NDP alternated between a decentralised event and one centred at the Padang or National Stadium. From 1984, the parade was held at the Padang every three years, with all other editions held at
15264-509: The parade particularly when live television coverage was extended to this segment in recent years. As audience participation has become a part of the parade, the pre-parade segment also becomes an opportunity for the hosts to lead and rehearse with the audience actions they may have to do when the parade proper begins. Motivators from TOUCH Community Services were introduced to the pre-parade in 2002 (then called Anchor Talents). TOUCH Community Services has since moved on to mentoring students from
15408-683: The parade proper by the first evening presentations by various groups, a prelude to future evening NDPs in 1980 and from 1984 onward. The 1976 parade dance performers were mostly female students from the country's schools, since that year marked the start of the United Nations Decade for Women . 1977's parade was a decentralised event like two years before (and like 1968's was affected by wet weather) while 1978 returned to Padang. 1979's parade saw another decentralised site, this time being held in many high schools and sports stadiums nationwide. The decentralised format would later be used until 1983, which
15552-572: The parade to full formation, the Parade Commander will wait for the arrival of the members of Parliament, members of the Cabinet and the Prime Minister of Singapore , in that order (the salutes were dropped partially in 2008, and the Prime Minister's salute was dropped the next year). Upon the arrival of each group, the parade will present its salute and present arms, except for the Parliament and Cabinet members, upon which they stand at attention and only
15696-485: The parade were shipped to each resident. Online programming, home activity ideas, and social media campaigns were also organized. A cultural segment took place at the Star Performing Arts Centre in the evening, reduced to only around 100 performers with social distancing enforced. The organizers stated that they wanted to bring the event "across the island into every Singaporean's home". In July 2021, it
15840-490: The parade would be postponed to 21 August 2021. A closed "ceremonial" parade would be held on 9 August at The Float, which was stated to be similar in format to the previous year's parade. It was announced that the 2022 parade would return to full capacity, with a goal to "involve as many Singaporeans" as possible. Some safety protocols would remain in place, such as a requirement for all attendees over 12 years of age, and all performers, to be fully-vaccinated. The parade would be
15984-551: The past. The spectacular show segment follows the traditional parade and ceremony, and lasts normally for 45 minutes. Following the theme of the parade that year, the Show will feature (aside from a Prologue in recent editions) three to four (sometimes up to six) main Acts that culminates in a Grand Finale, that will usually feature the theme song of that year's parade, followed by the much anticipated fireworks display. The entire parade will end in
16128-649: The personnel of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division marched six abreast to the music of massed regimental pipe and drum bands through the streets of Dieppe , France, to commemorate the liberation of the city from German occupation, as well as commemorate the loss of over 900 soldiers from that formation during the Dieppe Raid two years earlier. On the Moscow Victory Parade of 1945 held in Moscow , Soviet Union in June 1945,
16272-407: The phosphors deposited on their outside faces, instead of Baird's 3D patterning on a flat surface. The Penetron used three layers of phosphor on top of each other and increased the power of the beam to reach the upper layers when drawing those colors. The Chromatron used a set of focusing wires to select the colored phosphors arranged in vertical stripes on the tube. In the immediate post-war era,
16416-595: The pipeline, and RCA in particular was investing massive sums (later estimated at $ 100 million) to develop a usable dot-sequential tube. RCA was beaten to the punch by the Geer tube , which used three B&W tubes aimed at different faces of colored pyramids to produce a color image. All-electronic systems included the Chromatron , Penetron and beam-index tube that were being developed by various companies. While investigating all of these, RCA's teams quickly started focusing on
16560-507: The podium before the Guard-of-honor contingents presents a Feu-de-Joie led by the Parade Commander. At the end of it (with the GOH contingents now at shoulder arms), the Parade Commander will ask the President for permission for the Parade Marchpast to start. 2012's edition formally included an Advance in Review order to the proceedings for the first time. The Parade Commander will command
16704-419: The programme and sequence of the parade do change over the years, several components and the overall flow of the parade have remained intact for the past four decades. With the shifting of venues for some editions of the parade, or in cases such as wet weather, programmes may have to cancel or introduce slight modifications in order to suit the changes, for instance the Mobile Column, which is only possible both at
16848-527: The programs, the refusal of television manufacturers to create adapter mechanisms for their existing black-and-white sets, and the unwillingness of advertisers to sponsor broadcasts seen by almost no one. CBS had bought a television manufacturer in April, and in September 1951, production began on the only CBS-Columbia color television model, with the first color sets reaching retail stores on 28 September. However, it
16992-422: The public at this time, viewing of the color field tests was restricted to RCA and CBS engineers and the invited press. The War Production Board halted the manufacture of television and radio equipment for civilian use from 22 April 1942, to 20 August 1945, limiting any opportunity to introduce color television to the general public. As early as 1940, Baird had started work on a fully electronic system he called
17136-441: The receiver end. If each image was sent at the same time on different frequencies, the images would have to be "stacked" somehow on the display, in real time. The simplest way to do this would be to reverse the system used in the camera: arrange three separate black-and-white displays behind colored filters and then optically combine their images using mirrors or prisms onto a suitable screen, like frosted glass . RCA built just such
17280-411: The rest of the visual system, estimated at just under 8 Mbit/s. This manifests itself in a number of ways, but the most important in terms of producing moving images is the way that a series of still images displayed in quick succession will appear to be continuous smooth motion. This illusion starts to work at about 16 frame/s , and common motion pictures use 24 frame/s. Television, using power from
17424-428: The same scene would produce slight differences in parallax between the frames, so in practice a single lens was used with a mirror or prism system to separate the colors for the separate tubes. Each tube captured a complete frame and the signal was converted into radio in a fashion essentially identical to the existing black-and-white systems. The problem with this approach was there was no simple way to recombine them on
17568-681: The sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities could result in major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small, roughly rectangular area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical components were not commercially practical for home receivers. It
17712-461: The standard for color programming. González Camarena also invented the "simplified Mexican color TV system" as a much simpler and cheaper alternative to the NTSC system. Due to its simplicity, NASA used a modified version of the system in its Voyager mission of 1979, to take pictures and video of Jupiter. Although all-electronic color was introduced in the US in 1953, high prices and the scarcity of color programming greatly slowed its acceptance in
17856-419: The time, not only because of all the stars featured in the musical and on the hour-long variety extravaganza, but also due to the extremely high-intensity lighting and electronics required for the new RCA TK-41 cameras, which were the first practical color television cameras. It was not until the mid-1960s that color sets started selling in large numbers, due in part to the color transition of 1965 in which it
18000-425: The transmitting and receiving ends with three spirals of apertures, each spiral with filters of a different primary color; and three light sources, controlled by the signal, at the receiving end, with a commutator to alternate their illumination. The demonstration was of a young girl wearing different colored hats. The girl, Noele Gordon , later became a TV actress in the soap opera Crossroads . Baird also made
18144-572: The various Institutes of Technical Education (ITEs) and various Polytechnics since 2003 until the present, under the Leadership & Mentoring programme. Colourful costumes and dance moves have been designed for the motivators. The parade has been a traditional segment of the National Day Parade. Participants of the parade include members of the Singapore Armed Forces , Singapore Police Force , Singapore Civil Defence Force , representatives of
18288-486: The viewing public. All were broadcast using the single color camera that CBS owned. The New York broadcasts were extended by coaxial cable to Philadelphia's WCAU-TV beginning 13 December, and to Chicago on 10 January, making them the first network color broadcasts. After a series of hearings beginning in September 1949, the FCC found the RCA and CTI systems fraught with technical problems, inaccurate color reproduction, and expensive equipment, and so formally approved
18432-407: The world's first color over-the-air broadcast on 4 February 1938, sending a mechanically scanned 120-line image from Baird's Crystal Palace studios to a projection screen at London's Dominion Theatre . Mechanically scanned color television was also demonstrated by Bell Laboratories in June 1929 using three complete systems of photoelectric cells , amplifiers, glow-tubes, and color filters, with
18576-623: Was John Logie Baird 's, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years. Indeed, Baird's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Institution in London in 1926 in what is generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true, working television system. In spite of these early successes, all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically driven, perfect synchronization of
18720-439: Was also sung by the cast of Sing a Nation , and the song featured its largest ensemble, with 68 members. The 2014 installment also featured its first female Red Lion parachutist to jump at the NDP, Third Warrant Officer Shirley Ng, after their initial performance in 2013 was cancelled due to weather conditions. The 2014 parade was notable as it was the last parade with the attendance for the first prime minister Lee Kuan Yew , who
18864-556: Was announced that over half of all network prime-time programming would be broadcast in color that autumn. The first all-color prime-time season came just one year later. NBC 's pioneering coast-to-coast color broadcast of the 1954 Tournament of Roses Parade was accompanied by public demonstrations given across the United States on prototype color receivers by manufacturers RCA , General Electric , Philco , Raytheon , Hallicrafters , Hoffman , Pacific Mercury , and others. Two days earlier, Admiral had demonstrated to its distributors
19008-413: Was announced that the 2021 parade would return to The Float in a downsized form. The event would be closed to the public and capped at 30% capacity, with tickets provided exclusively to "everyday heroes". All attendees were required to be fully- vaccinated for COVID-19 and test negative. On 22 July 2021, due to the temporary reimplementation of Phase 2 "Heightened Alert" restrictions, it was announced that
19152-401: Was broadcast live in color on 31 March 1957. It was their only musical written directly for television, and had the highest one-night number of viewers to date at 107 million. CBS's The Big Record , starring pop vocalist Patti Page , in 1957–1958 became the first television show broadcast in color for an entire season. The production costs for these shows were greater than most movies were at
19296-490: Was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into a usable system took years of development and several independent advances. The two key advances were Philo Farnsworth 's electronic scanning system, and Vladimir Zworykin 's Iconoscope camera. The Iconoscope, based on Kálmán Tihanyi 's early patents, superseded
19440-534: Was compatible with the prior monochrome system. Although the NTSC color standard was proclaimed in 1953, and limited programming soon became available, it was not until the early 1970s that color television in North America outsold black-and-white units. Color broadcasting in Europe did not standardize on the PAL or SECAM formats until the 1960s. Broadcasters began to upgrade from analog color television technology to higher resolution digital television c. 2006 ;
19584-416: Was not practical. The electron guns used in monochrome televisions had limited resolution, and if one wanted to retain the resolution of existing monochrome displays, the guns would have to focus on individual dots three times smaller. This was beyond the state of the art of the technology at the time. Instead, a number of hybrid solutions were developed that combined a conventional monochrome display with
19728-564: Was organized in 1969 which displayed the then newly acquired armour vehicles of the SAF, the RSP's police vehicles and the SCDF's fire trucks. In 1990, after a three-year hiatus since the parade of 1987, the Mobile Column returned as part of the silver jubilee of Singapore's independence with veterans from the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and retired personnel from the 1967–68 NS intakes first up, transported on trucks. It has been on show during
19872-771: Was partly mechanical, with a disc made of red, blue, and green filters spinning inside the television camera at 1,200 rpm, and a similar disc spinning in synchronization in front of the cathode ray tube inside the receiver set. The system was first demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on 29 August 1940, and shown to the press on 4 September. CBS began experimental color field tests using film as early as 28 August 1940, and live cameras by 12 November. NBC (owned by RCA) made its first field test of color television on 20 February 1941. CBS began daily color field tests on 1 June 1941. These color systems were not compatible with existing black-and-white television sets, and as no color television sets were available to
20016-580: Was started in the morning at 9:00 a.m. that day. However, people came as early as 7:00 a.m. in order to get good vantage points. Singapore 's first President , Yusof bin Ishak and Singapore's first Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew , were seated with members of the government at the grandstand on the steps of City Hall . When the parade began, six military contingents (including the Singapore Infantry Regiment, Singapore People's Defense Force,
20160-620: Was the final time NDP was held in multiple venues until 2020. The 15th installment in 1980 was the first parade to introduce the feu de joie of the Guard-of-Honour contingents. The following year, SPF Civil Defense Command, presently the Singapore Civil Defense Force, later combined with the SFS in 1989, made its inaugural appearance, followed by the SCDF in 1982. The 1981 parade was held in both Jurong and Queenstown Sports Stadiums for further increase public attendance and participation in
20304-537: Was the first parade to be held from late-afternoon to early-evening time in order to promote the parade with better attendance and marked the official debut of the 1st Commando Battalion. The 1974 parade was the first domestic television programme to be broadcast in colour by Channel 5 , following a previous pilot broadcast of the FIFA World Cup final . In 1975, to commemorate the Decennial anniversary of independence,
20448-488: Was the only member to have attended in every installment of NDP since 1966, as he died on 23 March the following year . For 2015, portions of the festivities were held at Marina Bay, with screens simulcasting the parade at the Padang (held as part of the traditional five-year cycle, and to mark the 50th anniversary of independence), and the fireworks scheduled to be held at Marina Bay and the Marina Reservoir . In 2016,
20592-521: Was too little, too late. Only 200 sets had been shipped, and only 100 sold, when CBS discontinued its color television system on 20 October 1951, ostensibly by request of the National Production Authority for the duration of the Korean War , and bought back all the CBS color sets it could to prevent lawsuits by disappointed customers. RCA chairman David Sarnoff later charged that the NPA's order had come "out of
20736-448: Was viewable in color only at the network's headquarters. The first network broadcast to go out over the air in NTSC color was a performance of the opera Carmen on 31 October 1953. Colour broadcasts from the United States were available to Canadian population centres near the border from the mid-1950s. At the time that NTSC colour broadcasting was officially introduced into Canada in 1966, less than one percent of Canadian households had
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