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61-465: Sir is a respectful form of address for a man, and a formal title used in the United Kingdom for knights and baronets. Sir , SIR or SiR may also refer to: Sir Traditionally, as governed by law and custom, Sir is used for men who are knights and belong to certain orders of chivalry , as well as later applied to baronets and other offices. As the female equivalent for knighthood

122-618: A New York Times wrote: Sir Lynden spent much of his time working to improve the reputation of his country, but became vulnerable to charges of corruption in 1984, when an official commission set up to investigate drug trafficking in the Bahamas found wide evidence of official corruption in his cabinet and the Bahamian police. The commission eventually cleared Sir Lynden of any wrongdoing, but said that he and his wife had at least $ 3.5 million in bank deposits that could not be accounted for. At

183-584: A dukedom , marquessate or earldom , his eldest legitimate son (if he is the heir to a dukedom or marquessate with additional subsidiary peerages), and for the legitimate male issue of a duke or a marquess, who are styled 'Lord' followed by their first name. For instance, diplomat Lord Nicholas Gordon-Lennox , KCMG, KCVO, who was a younger son of the Duke of Richmond , continued to be styled as 'Lord Nicholas' following his knighthood in 1986, not 'Lord Sir Nicholas'. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles , and

244-485: A Royal Commission of Inquiry to Nassau to investigate charges of widespread corruption in the Bahamian political system. The four-man commission was headed by Sir Ranulph Bacon , who had recently retired as deputy commander of Scotland Yard . The commission reported that the United Bahamian Party , which had previously been in government, had been a front for mob-affiliated American casino interests, and that

305-410: A Seventh-day Adventist primary school at his mother behest. Between the ages seven and nine, Pindling attended all three of the government's junior schools. He spent approximately one year each at Eastern Junior on Bay Street, Southern Junior on Wulff Road and Western Junior on the corner of Meeting Street and Hospital Lane. He then spent three years at Western Senior School from 1940 to 1943, where

366-519: A contract to kill Pindling for reneging on the deal. This plot was discredited, but new elements of the control of the Miami Beach -based, Meyer Lansky -led syndicate over Bahamian business and politics emerged, as well as details of McLaney's dealings with Pindling, which included cash, aircraft, boats, and a campaign headquarters on Bay Street. In 1983, a report entitled The Bahamas: A Nation For Sale by investigative television journalist Brian Ross

427-612: A place. He graduated from GHS in 1946. Pindling went on to study at King's College, University of London (1948–52), from which he received a law degree. He was admitted to the Middle Temple on 12 October 1948 and was Called to the Bar on 10 February 1953. By the end of 1953, Pindling had joined the newly-formed Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) as its legal advisor. In May 1956, Pindling got married. The following month, he successfully contested Nassau's Southern District constituency in

488-579: A title rather than 'hey' or 'oi, you' or whatever", and dismissed the male/female issue as "just the way the English language works". In the Southern United States , the term 'sir' is often used to address someone in a position of authority or respect, and is commonly used in schools and universities by students to address their teachers and professors. Whereas the British and Commonwealth female equivalent

549-445: A variant of sire , which was already used in English since at least c.  1205 (after 139 years of Norman rule) as a title placed before a name and denoting knighthood, and to address the (male) Sovereign since c.  1225 , with additional general senses of 'father, male parent' is from c.  1250 , and 'important elderly man' from 1362. The prefix is used with the holder's given name or full name, but never with

610-658: Is Miss , students will often refer to female teachers as Ma'am . In the Northeast United States , particularly New England , there remains influence of both the British and French traditions as noted above; in general parlance, teachers, authority-figures, and so forth, are referred to by a title of respect such as 'Sir' for males and 'Miss', ' Ms ', or 'Mrs' for females: 'Miss' for unmarried, younger females; 'Ms' for senior, elder, or ranking females that may or may not be married; and 'Mrs' for married or widowed females. If not specifically using their rank or title, 'sir'

671-511: Is damehood, the suo jure female equivalent term is typically Dame . The wife of a knight or baronet tends to be addressed as Lady , although a few exceptions and interchanges of these uses exist. Additionally, since the late modern period , Sir has been used as a respectful way to address a man of superior social status or military rank . Equivalent terms of address for women are Madam (shortened to Ma'am), in addition to social honorifics such as Mrs , Ms , or Miss . Sir derives from

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732-514: Is ridiculous: it doesn't match 'Sir' at all. It's just one of the names you can call an unmarried woman", and that "It's a depressing example of how women are given low status and men, no matter how young or new in the job they are, are given high status". This view is not unchallenged, however. The chief executive of the Brook Learning Trust, Debbie Coslett, said "... they call me 'Miss', I'm fine with that. They're showing respect by giving me

793-762: Is used in the United States Armed Forces to address a male commissioned officer. Lower-ranking and non-commissioned officers , such as corporals or sergeants, are addressed using their ranks, though in some of the branches (to be precise, in the Air Force, Marine Corps and Coast Guard), "sir" can also be used to address a drill instructor although he is an NCO. In the British Armed Forces , male commissioned officers and warrant officers are addressed as 'sir' by all ranks junior to them, male warrant officers are addressed as Mr by commissioned officers. In

854-737: The Dominion of India became a modern republic in the Commonwealth of Nations in 1950, followed by Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The Order of the Star of India became dormant in the Commonwealth realms from February 2009, and the Order of the Indian Empire after August 2010, when the last knights of the orders died. In Nigeria , holders of religious honours like the Knighthood of St. Gregory make use of

915-658: The Kingdom of Ireland , Knights of the Order of St. Patrick were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State . With the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant. As a privilege of the members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal ( Orden de Caballeros de Rizál ), the prefix "Sir" is attached to their forenames while wives of Knights add

976-645: The Norman's Cay in Exuma , which became the chief base for smuggling cocaine into the United States. Lehder boasted to the Colombian media about his involvement in drug trafficking at Norman's Cay and about giving hundreds of thousands of dollars in payoffs to the ruling Progressive Liberal Party, but Pindling vigorously denied the accusations, and made a testy appearance on NBC to rebut them. The public outcry, however, led to

1037-476: The Order of Barbados . This practice has now been discontinued, though individuals who received a knighthood or damehood when the country was still a Commonwealth realm may continue to use the titles "Sir" and "Dame" within their lifetimes. As part of the consolidation of the crown colony of India , the Order of the Star of India was established in 1861 to reward prominent British and Indian civil servants, military officers and prominent Indians associated with

1098-681: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), only commissioned officers are addressed as 'sir'; NCOs and constables are addressed by their rank. Male British police officers of the rank of Inspector or above are addressed as 'Sir' (women of inspecting rank are called Ma'am). In the Hong Kong Police Force , male superiors are respectfully known by their surname followed by 'sir'. For example, Inspector Wong would be addressed or referred to as 'Wong-sir'. Male police officers are sometimes known colloquially as "Ah-sir" (阿Sir) to

1159-399: The 16th century. The practice may have been an attempt to reinforce the authority of teachers from lower social classes among classes of largely upper class students. Jennifer Coates, emeritus professor of English language and linguistics at Roehampton University , has criticised the use of the title for male teachers, saying that " 'Sir' is a knight. There weren't women knights, but 'Miss'

1220-403: The 1956 general election. He became Parliamentary Leader of the party when PLP Chairman and de facto leader, Henry Taylor , was defeated in the 1956 general election. Pindling was elected the party's Parliamentary Leader over the dynamic and popular labour leader Randol Fawkes . He was appointed as the first leader of the opposition in 1964. He would go on to win successive elections to

1281-448: The 1987 trial of Lehder, prosecutors charged that he and other drug traffickers had paid at least $ 5 million to Pindling for permission to use the Bahamas as a shipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for the United States. It is an indication of the level of Pindling's popularity in the Bahamas at the time that, despite the scandalous claims made against him in the US media, he never felt

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1342-595: The 1990s. Since then, though former imperial honours are still awarded by certain Commonwealth realms, many of them have discontinued grants of British honours as they have developed their own honours systems, some of which include knighthoods. Today, British honours are only substantive for British nationals so recognised, including dual nationals, and for nationals of those realms which have retained them as part of their honours systems. Dual national recipients of British knighthoods who hold British citizenship, such as academic and immunologist Sir John Bell , are entitled to

1403-527: The British Empire (KBE), an imperial honour, as the Bahamas did not have its own honours system at the time. Although Poitier, as a Bahamian citizen by descent, was eligible for a substantive ('ordinary') award of the KBE, the Bahamian government preferred the knighthood to be honorary as Poitier was permanently residing in the United States. Knighthoods in the gift of the government of a Commonwealth realm only permit

1464-659: The House of Assembly . Pindling went on to lead the Bahamas to independence from Great Britain on 10 July 1973. He introduced social security measures in the form of the National Insurance Scheme, and the formation of the College of The Bahamas and the Royal Bahamas Defence Force . Pindling held the additional portfolio of Minister of Finance from 1984 to 1990. In 1966–67, the British government sent

1525-538: The House of Assembly in 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997. On 27 April 1965, a day known in Bahamian history as "Black Tuesday", Pindling delivered a speech in the House of Assembly . In a dramatic turn of events, Pindling ended his speech by taking the Speaker's Mace and, in a dramatic power-to-the-people gesture, throwing the mace out of a window onto the street, which temporarily halted proceedings. Pindling

1586-453: The Indian Empire. The Order of the Indian Empire was established in 1878 as a junior-level order to accompany the Order of the Star of India, and to recognise long service. From 1861 to 1866, the Order of the Star of India had a single class of Knights (KSI), who were entitled to the style of 'Sir'. In 1866, the order was reclassified into three divisions: Knights Grand Commander (GCSI), Knights Commander (KCSI) and Companions (CSI); holders of

1647-662: The Northern United States, where 'Sir' was only used 25% of the time. 'Sir', in conjunction with 'Ma'am' or 'Madam', is also commonly used in the Philippines and South Asia , not only to address customers and vice versa, but also to address people of a higher social rank or age. 'Sir' is used as gender-neutral term to address superior ranking officers in the series Star Trek and The Orville . Lynden Pindling Sir Lynden Oscar Pindling, KCMG , PC , NH , JP (22 March 1930 – 26 August 2000)

1708-580: The PLP lost to the Free National Movement (FNM) led by Hubert Alexander Ingraham . He conceded defeat with the words: "the people of this great little democracy have spoken in a most dignified and eloquent manner and the voice of the people, is the voice of God". Pindling was born on 22 March 1930 to Arnold and Viola (née Bain) Pindling in his grandfather's home in Mason's Addition, Nassau . Pindling's father

1769-750: The Thistle and the knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order) – are recognised across the Commonwealth realms, along with their accompanying styles. British knighthoods (in the Orders of the Bath, St. Michael and St. George, and in the Order of the British Empire, along with Knights Bachelor) were known as imperial honours during the existence of the British Empire . Those honours continued to be conferred as substantive, not honorary, awards by most Commonwealth realms into

1830-526: The UK. The equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is ' Dame ', and follows the same usage customs as 'Sir'. Although this form was previously also used for the wives of knights and baronets, it is now customary to refer to them as 'Lady', followed by their surname; they are never addressed using their full names. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia and Lady Virginia Fiennes are not. The widows of knights retain

1891-631: The United States to face possible charges." The FNM would go on to win a second landslide victory in 1997, and Pindling retired from politics shortly afterward. He was succeeded as party leader by Perry Christie . On 5 May 1956, Pindling married Marguerite McKenzie (later Lady Pindling and, in her own right, Dame Marguerite Pindling ), of Long Bay Cays in Andros , at St Ann's Parish on Fox Hill Road in Nassau. The Pindlings were married from 1956 until Sir Lynden's death in 2000. They had four children. Pindling

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1952-601: The awarding orders of knighthood to bishops and Grand Masters . Their precedence is as follows: For Example, Sir Burton P. C. Hall , KSS , KHS would be the correct style for lay knights. Lieutenants of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre , are styled as "Your Excellency", such as H.E. Dame Trudy Comeau, DC*HS . Catholic clergy who are invested as Knight Chaplains may use post-nominal letters, but must retain their clerical titles, like Rev. Robert Skeris , KCHS . Knights and Dames of papal orders are not allowed to use

2013-412: The bearer to use his style within that country or as its official representative, provided he is a national of that country; knighthoods granted by other realms may be considered foreign honours. For instance, Anthony Bailey was reprimanded by Buckingham Palace and the British government in 2016 for asserting that an honorary Antiguan knighthood (which was revoked in 2017) allowed him the style of 'Sir' in

2074-626: The creation in 1983 of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Drug Trafficking and Government Corruption in the Bahamas. A review of Pindling's personal finances by the Commission found that he had spent eight times his reported earnings from 1977 to 1984. According to the Inquiry, "[t]he prime minister and Lady Pindling have received at least $ 57.3 million in cash. Explanations for some of these deposits were given... but could not be verified." In 2018,

2135-428: The former Premier, Sir Roland Symonette , and the influential Tourism Minister, Sir Stafford Sands , and some others, all received large payments from the casino and resort businesses they had permitted to operate. The commission also found, however, that Pindling, during his campaign, had been funded and aided by U.S. casino operator Michael McLaney in the expectation that Pindling would permit McLaney to operate in

2196-479: The head teacher was musician (and composer of the Bahamian National anthem), Timothy Gibson from whom Pindling also later took piano lessons. Pindling also participated in sports like track and field and softball. In the summer of 1943, Pindling along with hundreds of children from all over The Bahamas took examinations for enrolment in the selective Government High School (GHS). He was one of twenty who won

2257-468: The highest and lowest dignities being universal, a king was recognized as king everywhere, and also a knight: "though a Knight receive his Dignity of a Foreign Prince, he is so to be stiled in all Legal Proceedings within England .. and Knights in all Foreign Countries have ever place and precedency according to their Seniority of being Knighted" Established in 1783 and primarily awarded to men associated with

2318-518: The honorific title sire ; sire developed alongside the word seigneur , also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior , sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur , the accusative case declension seniōrem . The form 'Sir' is first documented in English in 1297, as the title of honour of a knight, and latterly a baronet , being

2379-605: The islands. Because of the report, Pindling broke his link with McLaney but was not himself prosecuted. Certain prominent mob figures, including Dino Cellini , were exiled from Bahamas but casino operations continued. Pindling told the commission that U.S. interests had first approached him with evidence to implicate the UBP in corruption, which led to the royal commission. In 1973, during a U.S. Senate subcommittee investigation of corrupt offshore finances, mob elements accused Mike McLaney and his associate Elliott Roosevelt of having offered

2440-411: The male heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of 'Sir' if knighted, the style following that of ' The Hon ', for example The Honourable Sir Charles Algernon Parsons , OM, KCB, FRS. 'Sir', along with 'Miss' for women, is commonly used in the British school system to address teachers and other members of staff. Usage of these terms is considered a mark of respect, and can be dated back to

2501-473: The ministry, added the style of The Reverend to his secular honorific of Sir , thus becoming the Revd. Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI, KCIE. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions. Peers who have been knighted are neither styled as 'Sir' nor addressed as such in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. The same principle applies for the male heir apparent to

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2562-477: The need to resign or call an early election. Even with the commission's report fresh in voters' minds, he led his party to another election victory in 1987. However, in August 1992, the opposition Free National Movement bested the PLP in the general election. After Pindling's defeat, new prime minister Hubert Ingraham "strongly rejected the idea that Sir Lynden or any member of his Government should be extradited to

2623-530: The notable members of the Knights of Rizal include King Juan Carlos I of Spain who was conferred a Knight Grand Cross of Rizal on 11 February 1998. In the case of a military officer who is also a knight, the appropriate form of address puts the professional military rank first, then the correct manner of address for the individual, then his name. Examples include: This is also the case with academic ranks and titles, such as ' Professor '. For example, Patrick Bateson

2684-651: The prefix "Lady" to their first names. These apply to both spoken and written forms of address. The Knights of Rizal is the sole order of knighthood in the Philippines and a constituted Order of Merit recognized by the Orders, decorations, and medals of the Philippines . The prefix is appended with the relevant post-nominal according to their rank at the end of their names: Knight of Rizal (KR), Knight Officer of Rizal (KOR), Knight Commander of Rizal (KCR), Knight Grand Officer of Rizal (KGOR) and Knight Grand Cross of Rizal (KGCR). Among

2745-505: The prefix "Sir" nor do they receive an accolade ; instead they use the associated post-nominal letters . Only citizens of Commonwealth realms may receive substantive knighthoods and have the privilege of the accompanying style. In general, only knighthoods in dynastic orders – those orders in the personal gift of the Sovereign and Head of the Commonwealth (the Order of the Garter, the Order of

2806-489: The prefix "Sir" or "Dame" in the United Kingdom, although they may use post-nominal letters. Not allowing the prefix is because the use of foreign titles is not permitted by the British Crown without a Royal Licence, and as a matter of policy (currently based on a Royal Warrant of 27 April 1932), a Royal Licence to bear any foreign title is never granted. On the other hand, allowing the post-nominal letters would be explained by

2867-461: The style of Sir as their knighthoods are substantive. This may not necessarily be the case for dual nationals who are not British citizens and who instead hold citizenship of another Commonwealth realm. In 1974, Lynden Pindling , the Prime Minister of the Bahamas , recommended dual Bahamian-American citizen Sidney Poitier for an honorary knighthood as an honorary Knight Commander of the Order of

2928-475: The style of wives of knights, however widows of baronets are either referred to as 'dowager', or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet , would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge . Prior to becoming a republic in November 2021, Barbados awarded the title Knight or Dame of St. Andrew within

2989-461: The surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, Sir Fleming would not. Today, in the UK and in certain Commonwealth realms , a number of men are entitled to the prefix of 'Sir', including knights bachelor , knights of the orders of chivalry and baronets ; although foreign nationals can be awarded honorary knighthoods. Honorary knights do not bear

3050-541: The title 'Sir', but instead refer to their knighthood using post-nominal letters. For example, the Reverend John Polkinghorne , KBE would never be referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne . If however an Anglican clergyman inherits a baronetcy or was knighted before his ordination, he will retain his style and title. For instance, Sir Nicholas Beatson-Bell KCSI , KCIE , who was a knighted Indian Civil Service officer and imperial administrator before entering

3111-624: The upper two degrees could use the title 'Sir'. From its creation in 1878 until 1887, the Order of the Indian Empire had a single class, Companion (CIE), which did not entitle the recipient to a style of knighthood. In 1887, two higher divisions, Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) and Knight Commander (KCIE) were created, which entitled holders of those ranks to the style of 'Sir'. The last creations of knights of either order were made on 15 August 1947 upon Indian independence. All British honours and their accompanying styles were officially made obsolete in India when

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3172-462: The wider public. The term 'Sir' is also used frequently in the customer service industry, by employees to refer to customers, and sometimes vice versa. In the United States, it is much more common in certain areas (even when addressing male peers or men considerably younger). For example, a 1980 study showed that 80% of service interactions in the South were accompanied by 'Sir' or Ma'am , in comparison to

3233-547: The word as a pre-nominal honorific in much the same way as it is used for secular purposes in Britain and the Philippines. Wives of such individuals also typically assume the title of Lady. Knights and Dames of papal orders may elect the "Sir" or "Dame" prefix with post-nominal letters, subject to the laws and conventions of the country they are in. The Pope , the sovereign of the Catholic Church and Vatican City , delegates

3294-761: Was a Bahamian politician who is regarded by some as the "Father of the Nation", having led the Bahamas to majority rule and independence. He served as the first black premier of the Colony of the Bahama Islands from 1967 to 1969 and as Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1969 to 1992. He was leader of the Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) from 1956 to 1997 when he resigned from public life under scandal. Pindling won an unbroken string of general elections until 1992, when

3355-483: Was a native of Jamaica who had immigrated to the Bahamas to join the Royal Bahamas Police Force as a constable . His father was also a shopkeeper, occasional farmer, raiser of racehorses and a businessman. Pindling's mother hailed from the island of Acklins , which she left as a child. Sir Lynden Pindling was their only child. As a young boy, Pindling worked for his father's small grocery store which

3416-529: Was aired on NBC in the United States . The report claimed Pindling and his government accepted bribes from Colombian drug smugglers, particularly the notorious Carlos Lehder , co-founder of the Medellín Cartel , in exchange for allowing the smugglers to use the Bahamas as a transshipment point to smuggle Colombian cocaine into the US. Through murder and extortion, Lehder had gained complete control over

3477-586: Was attached to their home in East Street. He became chief delivery boy using the handlebars of his bike to make drop-offs in neighbouring areas. Earlier, this post had belonged to his then neighbour Sidney Poitier . Pindling's parents wanted the best possible education available to him that they could afford, which led to Pindling transferring schools frequently in his earlier years. He first attended Eastern Primary School, then located on School Lane between Shirley and Dowdeswell Street. He also spent some time at

3538-476: Was both a professor and a knight bachelor; his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. However, the title of ' Doctor ' (Dr.) is not used in combination with 'Sir', with the knighthood taking precedence. Knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees. Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods following their ordination do not receive an accolade and therefore do not use

3599-643: Was elected in 1967 on a platform that included hostility to gambling, corruption and the Bay Street Boys ' mob connections. On 10 January 1967, the PLP and the governing United Bahamian Party (led by Sir Roland Symonette ) each won 18 seats in the Assembly. Randol Fawkes , the lone Labour MP, and Alvin Braynen , lent their votes to PLP allowing Pindling to form the first black government in Bahamian history. Fawkes would be become Labour Minister and Braynen Speaker of

3660-555: Was given a clean bill of health, after which he returned to his post-Prime Minister work as lawyer. In early July 2000, the cancer was found to have spread to his bones and Pindling was prescribed palliative care. Pindling died on Saturday, 26 August 2000 at his home on Skyline Drive, New Providence , surrounded by family. He was 70. Following his death, 10 days of official mourning was declared nationwide. On 29 August, Parliament met, and then Prime Minister Hubert Ingraham and others paid public tribute. Two days later, all members of

3721-611: Was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council (PC) in 1976, and he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (KCMG) in 1982. In 2018, he was posthumously awarded the Bahamian Order of National Hero (NH). In early 1996, Pindling began showing signs of tiredness and was diagnosed with early stage prostate cancer. He underwent a ten-week course of radiation treatment at Johns Hopkins Hospital's Oncology Center in Baltimore , and

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