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48-515: The SZU is jointly owned by the city of Zürich (32.6%), the municipalities of Adliswil , Langnau am Albis , Horgen , Thalwil and Uitikon (6.8%), the Canton of Zürich (23.8%), the federal government (27.8%), and other parties (9%). It is constituted as an Aktiengesellschaft (AG) or public company. The history of the SZU dates back to two separate companies, which built the two railways that now make up

96-642: A third rail , but some use pantographs, particularly ones that involve extensive above-ground running. Most hybrid metro-tram or 'pre-metro' lines whose routes include tracks on city streets or in other publicly accessible areas, such as (formerly) line 51 of the Amsterdam Metro , the MBTA Green Line , RTA Rapid Transit in Cleveland, Frankfurt am Main U-Bahn , and San Francisco's Muni Metro , use overhead wire, as

144-567: A cable car ( Felseneggbahn ), which connects the town to Felsenegg on the edge of the town. Adliswil railway station is a stop on the S-Bahn Zürich 's S4 line, which is a 15-minute ride from Zürich Hauptbahnhof . There is an intermediate station at Sood-Oberleimbach which is also located in the municipality of Adliswil. The Zimmerberg bus line ( Zimmerbergbus ), provided by the Sihltal Zürich Uetliberg Bahn (SZU), connects

192-422: A function other than traction: The electric transmission system for modern electric rail systems consists of an upper, weight-carrying wire (known as a catenary ) from which is suspended a contact wire. The pantograph is spring-loaded and pushes a contact shoe up against the underside of the contact wire to draw the current needed to run the train. The steel rails of the tracks act as the electrical return . As

240-423: A new rail tunnel from Selnau to Zurich HB, and a new underground intermediate station adjacent to the former terminus. The underground platforms used at Zurich HB were already in existence, having been built prior to 1973 for a U-Bahn scheme that was ultimately rejected by voters. Once the new extension had been opened, the former terminus at Selnau was redeveloped and little evidence of it is now visible. In 1995,

288-608: A private school which has instruction primarily in a foreign language (English), ZIS is approved up to compulsory school age by the canton. The whole ZIS program, for students aged 3 to 18, is accredited by the Commission on International Education and the International Baccalaureate Organisation accredits the IB Diploma at ZIS.   Adliswil is the only town in the canton of Zürich to pride itself on having

336-536: A religion, and 13.2% were atheist or agnostic. The Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple is situated in the Sihl Valley . The public schools (primary and lower secondary school) are supervised by the commune's school board. The board consists of nine elected members. The Zurich International School (ZIS), an international school with an international curriculum, has its upper school (senior high school) campus in Adliswil. As

384-483: A standard third rail would obstruct street traffic and present too great a risk of electrocution. Among the various exceptions are several tram systems, such as the ones in Bordeaux , Angers , Reims and Dubai that use a proprietary underground system developed by Alstom , called APS , which only applies power to segments of track that are completely covered by the tram. This system was originally designed to be used in

432-461: A two-wire circuit makes pantographs impractical, and some streetcar networks, such as the Toronto streetcar system , which have frequent turns sharp enough to require additional freedom of movement in their current collection to ensure unbroken contact. However, many of these networks, including Toronto's, are undergoing upgrades to accommodate pantograph operation. Pantographs with overhead wires are now

480-613: Is a town and a municipality in the district of Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. The official language of Adliswil is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect. Adliswil is first mentioned in 1050 as Adelenswile . In the second half of the 12th Century it was mentioned as Adololdiswile and in 1248 as Adeloswile . Under

528-426: Is brittle, pieces can break off during operation. Poorly-built pantographs can seize the overhead wire and tear it down, and poor-condition wires can damage the pantograph. To prevent this, a pantograph monitoring station can be used. At sustained high speeds, above 300 km/h (190 mph), friction can cause the contact strip to become red hot, which in turn can cause excessive arcing and eventual failure. In

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576-405: Is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). In 1996 housing and buildings made up 32.6% of the total area, while transportation infrastructure made up the rest (10.4%). Of the total unproductive area, water (streams and lakes) made up 1.7% of the area. As of 2007 38.3% of the total municipal area was undergoing some type of construction. It is located in the region of Zimmerberg , within

624-659: Is operated by the SZU. Additionally, the Zimmerberg bus line (German: Zimmerbergbus ) in the district of Horgen , which provides a network of 166.5 km (103.5 mi) including 201 stops, is also operated by the SZU. The SZU was a founding member of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV) in May 1990 and the standard ZVV zonal fare tariffs apply to its services. The SZU uses the following rolling stock: Sihltalbahn (S4) Uetlibergbahn (S10) Adliswil Adliswil

672-489: Is the so-called half-pantograph (sometimes Z-shaped), which evolved to provide a more compact and responsive single-arm design at high speeds as trains got faster. Louis Faiveley invented this type of pantograph in 1955. The half-pantograph can be seen in use on everything from very fast trains (such as the TGV ) to low-speed urban tram systems. The design operates with equal efficiency in either direction of motion, as demonstrated by

720-570: The East Bay section of the San Francisco Bay Area in California . They appear in photographs of the first day of service, 26 October 1903. For many decades thereafter, the same diamond shape was used by electric-rail systems around the world and remains in use by some today. The pantograph was an improvement on the simple trolley pole , which prevailed up to that time, primarily because

768-463: The Helvetic Republic , the hamlet of Buchenegg was transferred to the municipality of Stallikon . In 1893 the town sections of Oberleimbach and Sood were added to Adliswil. Adliswil has an area of 7.8 km (3.0 sq mi). Of this area, 23.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 32.1% is forested. The rest of the land, 42.9% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.7%)

816-534: The Nord-Sud Company rapid transit lines in Paris until the other operating company of the time, Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris , bought out the company and replaced all overhead wiring with the standard third rail system used on other lines. Numerous railway lines use both third rail and overhead power collection along different portions of their routes, generally for historical reasons. They include

864-715: The North London line and West London lines of London Overground , the Northern City Line of Great Northern , three of the five lines in the Rotterdam Metro network, Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line , and the Chicago Transit Authority 's Yellow Line . In this last case, the overhead portion was a remnant of the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad 's high-speed Skokie Valley Route, and

912-628: The Sihltalbahn (including the Wiedikon to Giesshübel line) and 10.36 km (6.44 mi) of the Uetlibergbahn . Both railway lines are constructed to 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge and both are electrified using the standard Swiss mainline system of overhead lines at 15 kV 16.7 Hz AC . Until 2022, the Uetlibergbahn was electrified using overhead lines at 1200 V DC . In order to avoid conflict on

960-555: The Swiss and Austrian railways whose newest high-performance locomotives, the Re 460 and Taurus , operate with them set in the opposite direction. In Europe the geometry and shape of the pantographs are specified by CENELEC , the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization. While a pantograph is mainly used to power a railway traction unit, there are certain cases where it has

1008-610: The Swiss Northeastern Railway (NOB). In 1920, the Uetlibergbahn-Gesellschaft became bankrupt and was liquidated. Two years later the Uetlibergbahn was taken over by the Bahngesellschaft Zürich–Uetliberg (BZUe). In 1923 the Uetlibergbahn was electrified using the direct current system, whilst the following year the Sihltalbahn was electrified using alternating current . In 1932

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1056-537: The Zimmerberg region and parts of the Sihl valley. The ZVV bus lines 184 and 185 provide a connection to Zurich (Wollishofen), and the ZVV night bus services provide a connection to Zürich city centre. Pantograph (rail) A pantograph (or " pan " or " panto ") is an apparatus mounted on the roof of an electric train , tram or electric bus to collect power through contact with an overhead line . The term stems from

1104-406: The primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 832 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 118 businesses in this sector. 4,049 people are employed in the tertiary sector , with 543 businesses in this sector. As of 2007 55.6% of the working population were employed full-time, and 44.4% were employed part-time. The historical population is given in

1152-569: The SITB took over the management of the BZUe, but the two companies remained in existence until 1973, when they were merged to form the SZU. In the meantime, in 1954, the SITB had taken over the management of the Adliswil-Felsenegg cable car . In 1990, the two lines were extended from their previous joint terminus at Bahnhof Selnau to a terminus at Zürich HB SZU . This extension involved the construction of

1200-553: The SZU. The first of these companies was the Uetlibergbahn-Gesellschaft , which opened its line from Bahnhof Selnau in Zurich to the summit of the Uetliberg mountain in 1875. This was followed in 1892 by the Sihltalbahn company (SiTB), which opened a line from Bahnhof Selnau to Sihlwald . In 1897 this latter line was extended to Sihlbrugg and a connection with the Thalwil to Zug line of

1248-479: The UK, the pantographs ( Brecknell Willis and Stone Faiveley ) of vehicles are raised by air pressure and the graphite contact "carbons" create an air gallery in the pantograph head which release the air if a graphite strip is lost, activating the automatic drop device and lowering the pantograph to prevent damage. Newer electric traction units may use more sophisticated methods which detect the disturbances caused by arcing at

1296-408: The collectors mounted on horizontally extending pantographs. On lines where open wagons are loaded from above, the overhead line may be offset to allow this; the pantographs are then mounted at an angle to the vertical. Contact between a pantograph and an overhead line is usually assured through a block of graphite . This material conducts electricity while working as a lubricant . As graphite

1344-522: The company took over responsibility for bus services in parts of the district of Horgen through which the Sihltalbahn runs. In 2006, after 109 years, the Sihltalbahn stopped servicing Sihlbrugg and Sihlwald , previously the penultimate station, became the new terminus. The SZU continues to operate the original Uetlibergbahn and Sihltalbahn lines. The two lines share a common double-track section between Zürich Giesshübel and Zürich HB SZU , with

1392-618: The contact wire, first appeared in the late 19th century. Early versions include the bow collector , invented in 1889 by Walter Reichel, chief engineer at Siemens & Halske in Germany, and a flat slide-pantograph first used in 1895 by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad The familiar diamond-shaped roller pantograph was devised and patented by John Q. Brown of the Key System shops for their commuter trains which ran between San Francisco and

1440-563: The cost and unique maintenance needs for what only represented a very small portion of the system, the overhead system was removed and replaced with the same third rail power that was used throughout the rest of the system, which allowed all of Chicago's railcars to operate on the line. All the pantographs were removed from the Skokie equipped cars. Until 2010, the Oslo Metro line 1 changed from third rail to overhead line power at Frøen station. Due to

1488-421: The dominant form of current collection for modern electric trains because, although more fragile than a third rail system, they allow the use of higher voltages. Pantographs are typically operated by compressed air from the vehicle's braking system, either to raise the unit and hold it against the conductor or, when springs are used to effect the extension, to lower it. As a precaution against loss of pressure in

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1536-628: The entire section of its route that runs on the surface, while switching to third rail power before entering the underground portion of its route. The entire metro systems of Sydney , Madrid , Barcelona , Porto , Shanghai , Hong Kong , Seoul , Kobe , Fukuoka , Sendai , Jaipur , Chennai , Mumbai and Delhi use overhead wiring and pantographs (as well as certain lines of the metro systems in Beijing , Chongqing , Noida , Hyderabad , Jakarta , Tokyo , Osaka , Nagoya , Singapore , Sapporo , Budapest , and Mexico City ). Pantographs were also used on

1584-580: The final approach being in a tunnel, partly under the Sihl river. A dedicated pair of underground platforms are used at the Hauptbahnhof with no rail connection to the rest of the station. Also operated is a connecting line from Giesshübel to the Swiss Federal Railways at Zürich Wiedikon , although this is normally only used for freight traffic. In all, the SZU network measures 30.06 km (18.68 mi): 19.7 km (12.2 mi) km as part of

1632-554: The following table: As of 2008 there were 5,275 Catholics and 4,999 Protestants in Adliswil. In the 2000 census , religion was broken down into several smaller categories. From the 2000 census, 38.6% were some type of Protestant, with 36.2% belonging to the Swiss Reformed Church and 2.4% belonging to other Protestant churches. 35.5% of the population were Catholic. Of the rest of the population, 5% were Muslim, 7.8% belonged to another religion (not listed), 3.8% did not give

1680-417: The front pantograph was used, debris from an entanglement could cause damage to the rear pantograph, rendering both pantographs and the vehicle inoperable. Automatic dropping device (ADD) is a safety device that automatically lowers the pantograph on electric trains to prevent accidents in case of obstructions or emergencies. It is also known as pantograph dropping device . The automatic dropping device

1728-555: The historic centre of Bordeaux because an overhead wire system would cause a visual intrusion. Similar systems that avoid overhead lines have been developed by Bombardier , AnsaldoBreda , CAF , and others. These may consist of physical ground-level infrastructure, or use energy stored in battery packs to travel over short distances without overhead wiring. Overhead pantographs are sometimes used as alternatives to third rails because third rails can ice over in certain winter weather conditions. The MBTA Blue Line uses pantograph power for

1776-598: The last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 4%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (80.9%), with Italian being second most common ( 4.9%) and English being third ( 2.5%). In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 36.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (21.4%), the FDP (13.4%) and the CVP (9.9%). The age distribution of

1824-563: The many level crossings, it was deemed difficult to install a third rail on the rest of the older line's single track . After 2010 third rails were used in spite of level crossings. The third rails have gaps, but there are two contact shoes. On some systems using three phase power supply , locomotives and power cars have two pantographs with the third-phase circuit provided by the running rails. In 1901 an experimental high-speed installation, another design from Walter Reichel at Siemens & Halske, used three vertically mounted overhead wires with

1872-568: The most widely used pantographs are those with a double arm ("made of two rhombs"), but, since the late 1990s, there have been some single-arm pantographs on Russian railways. Some streetcars use double-arm pantographs, among them the Russian KTM-5, KTM-8, LVS-86 and many other Russian-made trams, as well as some Euro-PCC trams in Belgium. American streetcars use either trolley poles or single-arm pantographs. Most rapid transit systems are powered by

1920-561: The pantograph allows an electric-rail vehicle to travel at much higher speeds without losing contact with the overhead lines, e.g. due to dewirement of the trolley pole. Notwithstanding this, trolley pole current collection was used successfully at up to 140 km/h (90 mph) on the Electroliner vehicles of the Chicago North Shore and Milwaukee Railroad , also known as the North Shore Line. The most common type of pantograph today

1968-407: The point of contact when the graphite strips are damaged. There are not always two pantographs on an electric multiple unit but, in cases where there are, the other one can be used if one is damaged; an example of this situation would be a Class 390 Pendolino . The rear pantograph in relation to the direction of travel is often used as to avoid damaging both pantographs in case of entanglements: if

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2016-531: The population (as of 2000 ) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.2% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 64.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15.4%. In Adliswil about 75.5% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). There are 7,573 households in Adliswil. Adliswil has an unemployment rate of 2.72%. As of 2005 , there were 57 people employed in

2064-464: The resemblance of some styles to the mechanical pantographs used for copying handwriting and drawings. The pantograph is a common type of current collector ; typically, a single or double wire is used, with the return current running through the rails . Other types of current collectors include the bow collector and the trolley pole . The pantograph, with a low-friction, replaceable graphite contact strip or " shoe " to minimise lateral stress on

2112-415: The second case, the arm is held in the down position by a catch. For high-voltage systems, the same air supply is used to "blow out" the electric arc when roof-mounted circuit breakers are used. Pantographs may have either a single or a double arm. Double-arm pantographs are usually heavier, requiring more power to raise and lower, but may also be more fault-tolerant. On railways of the former USSR ,

2160-586: The shared railway section, the Uetlibergbahn used an overhead line offset from the centre of the track, and its cars were equipped with specially designed, laterally displaced pantographs . The passenger services on the two lines now form part of the S-Bahn Zürich , with the service over the Sihltalbahn to Sihlwald branded as the S4 and the Uetlibergbahn branded as the S10 . The cable car Luftseilbahn Adliswil-Felsenegg (LAF for short or commonly called Felseneggbahn )

2208-429: The train moves, the contact shoe slides along the wire and can set up standing waves in the wires which break the contact and degrade current collection. This means that on some systems adjacent pantographs are not permitted. Pantographs are the successor technology to trolley poles , which were widely used on early streetcar systems. Trolley poles are still used by trolleybuses , whose freedom of movement and need for

2256-416: The valley of the river Sihl to the south of the city of Zürich , next to the localities of Kilchberg , Rüschlikon , Langnau am Albis and on the other hand Stallikon pertaining this to the district of Affoltern . Adliswil has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 19,049. As of 2021 a total of 38.5% were foreign nationals; the gender distribution of the population was 50.0% male and 50.0% female. Over

2304-652: Was the only line on the entire Chicago subway system to utilize pantograph collection for any length. As such, the line required railcars that featured pantographs as well as third rail shoes, and since the overhead was a very small portion of the system, only a few cars would be so equipped. The changeover occurred at the grade crossing at East Prairie, the former site of the Crawford-East Prairie station . Here, trains bound for Dempster-Skokie would raise their pantographs, while those bound for Howard would lower theirs, doing so at speed in both instances. In 2005, due to

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