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98-503: "Sigismund Augustus built a wooden bridge over the Vistula River, 1150 feet long, that as the length and magnificence of the view in the whole of Europe had almost unparalleled, and elicited universal admiration ..." Georg Braun (1530-1584) German traveler Before a permanent bridge was built over the Vistula, crossing were made by ferries and boats. During elections, temporary bridges were also constructed. Construction began in 1568 under King Sigismund II Augustus in connection with

196-417: A caesura following the seventh syllable. Among works published posthumously, the historical treatise O Czechu i Lechu historyja naganiona  [ pl ] ( Woven Story of Czech and Lech ) offered the first critical literary analysis of Slavic myths , focusing on the titular origin myth about Lech, Czech, and Rus' . From May 2024, the only copy of a work by Jan Kochanowski in the author's hand,

294-576: A courtier , though little is known about his first few years on return to Poland. The period covering the years 1559-1562 is poorly documented. It can be assumed that the poet established closer contacts with the court of Jan Tarnowski , the voivode of Kraków, and the Radziwiłłs . In mid-1563, Jan entered the service of the Vice Chancellor of the Crown and bishop Piotr Myszkowski , thanks to whom he received

392-665: A royal secretary . During that time he received two benefices (incomes from parishes ). In 1567 he accompanied the King during an episode of the Lithuanian-Muscovite War  [ pl ] , itself a part of the Livonian War : a show of force near Radashkovichy . In 1569 he was present at the sejm of 1569 in Lublin  [ pl ] which enacted the Union of Lublin establishing

490-433: A car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles (4.1 km; 2.5 mi) and the crossing takes 22 minutes. Today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack stems and sterns, since the vessels sail in both directions. Starboard and port-side are dynamic, depending on

588-567: A few epigrams. In one of them bearing the title On a bridge in Warsaw the author would like to thank the king for the construction of this bridge because he did not have to pay for ferry crossings across the Vistula: Bógżeć zapłać, o królu, żeś ten most zbudował. Pierwej zawżdy szeląg nad potrzebę chował, A dziś i tenem przepił, bo, idąc do domu Najpóźniej, od przewozu nie płacę nikomu - Jan Kochanowski (1530-1584) Ferry A ferry

686-406: A fundamentis excitato muniendum curavit." Paul Mucante 1595 Where he mentions that the bridge was started by the King and finished by his sister but is running a risk of fire by being made of wood. The bridge served residents of Warsaw and visitors to it for 30 years. During its operation, the biggest threat to it was the winter and the thaws . The bridge was partially damaged several times by

784-411: A jubilee volume published in Warsaw. In 1875 many of Kochanowski's poems were translated into German by H. Nitschmann. In 1894 Encyclopedia Britannica called Kochanowski "the prince of Polish poets". He was, however, long little known outside Slavic-language countries. The first English-language collection of Kochanowski's poems was released in 1928 (translations by George R. Noyes et al.), and

882-834: A local level and was a frequent visitor to Sandomierz , the capital of his voivodeship . On 9 October 1579, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory signed in Vilnius the nomination of Kochanowski as the standard-bearer of Sandomierz. Kochanowski died, probably of a heart attack , in Lublin on 22 August 1584, aged 54. He was buried in the crypt of a parish church in Zwoleń . According to historical records, at least two tombstones were erected for Kochanowski, one in Zwoleń and another in Policzno, neither of which survives. In 1830 Kochanowski's remains were moved to his family crypt by

980-888: A network of smaller ferries, or water taxis , that shuttle commuters along the Hudson River from locations in New Jersey and Northern Manhattan down to the midtown, downtown and Wall Street business centers. Several ferry companies also offer service linking midtown and lower Manhattan with locations in the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn , crossing the city's East River . New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced in February 2015 that city would begin an expanded Citywide Ferry Service, and launched as NYC Ferry in 2017, linking heretofore relatively isolated communities such as Manhattan 's Lower East Side , Soundview in The Bronx , Astoria and

1078-585: A number which may be higher due to the prevalence of unregistered vessels. In 2014, the launch Pinak 6 sank in the Padma River with more than 200 passengers aboard near Munshiganj's Louhajang Upazila . Due to the geographical features of Russia, it has a large number of both sea and river ferry crossings. Car ferries operate from the continental part of Russia to Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Japan. The Ust-Luga – Kaliningrad ferry also runs, until February 2022 ferries also ran from St. Petersburg to different cities of

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1176-549: A sort of "very personal diary, but one where the personality of the author never appears in the foreground". Another of Kochanowski's works from the time is the non-poetic political-commentary dialogue, Wróżki  [ pl ] ( Portents ). A major work from that period was Odprawa posłów greckich ( The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys , written ca. 1565-66 and first published and performed in 1578; translated into English in 2007 by Bill Johnston as The Envoys ). This

1274-431: A symmetrical entry and exit for horse carriages, along with a dual system of hatchways. The ferry operated on the Üsküdar-Kabataş route, which is still serviced by modern ferries today. In Hong Kong , Star Ferry carries passengers across Victoria Harbour . Other carriers ferry travelers between Hong Kong Island and outlying islands like Cheung Chau , Lantau Island and Lamma Island . The Malaysian state of Penang

1372-408: A visit to France , where he visited Marseilles and Paris and met the poet Pierre de Ronsard . It has been suggested that one of his travel companions in that period was Karl von Utenhove  [ de ] , a future Flemish scholar and poet. In 1559 Kochanowski permanently returned to Poland, where he was active as a humanist and a Renaissance poet. He spent the next fifteen years as

1470-532: A whole cycle... centered around the main theme", scandalized some contemporaries, as the cycle applied a classic form to a personal sorrow – and that, to an "insignificant" subject, a young child. In 1579 Kochanowski translated into Polish one of the Psalms , Psalterz Dawidów ( David's Psalter ). By the mid-18th century, at least 25 editions had been published. Set to music, it became an enduring element of Polish church masses and popular culture. It also became one of

1568-433: Is SeaBus . Canada's east coast has been home to numerous inter- and intra-provincial ferry and coastal services, including a large network operated by the federal government under CN Marine and later Marine Atlantic . Private and publicly owned ferry operations in eastern Canada include Marine Atlantic, serving the island of Newfoundland , as well as Bay , NFL , CTMA , Coastal Transport , and STQ . Canadian waters in

1666-568: Is a boat that transports passengers, and occasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A small passenger ferry with multiple stops, like those in Venice , Italy , is sometimes referred to as a water taxi or water bus . Ferries form a part of the public transport systems of many waterside cities and islands, allowing direct transit between points at a capital cost much lower than bridges or tunnels . Ship connections of much larger distances (such as over long distances in water bodies like

1764-618: Is a part of the larger Sagar Mala project . Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft, and catamarans, operated by various government agencies as well as private entities. The Kerala State Water Transport Department (SWTD), operating under the Ministry of Transport, Government of Kerala , India regulates the inland navigation systems in the Indian state of Kerala and provides inland water transport facilities. It stands for catering to

1862-1052: Is also operated from Woods Hole to Oak Bluffs during the summer and fall. As there are no bridges or tunnels connecting the islands to the mainland, The Steamship Authority ferries in addition to being the only method for transporting private cars to or from the islands, also ferry heavy freight and supplies, such as construction materials and fuel, competing with tug and barge companies. Additionally, Hy-Line Cruises operates high-speed catamaran service from Hyannis to both islands, and several smaller operations run seasonal passenger-only service primarily geared towards tourist day-trippers from other mainland ports, including New Bedford , (New Bedford Fast Ferry) Falmouth , (Island Queen ferry and Falmouth Ferry) and Harwich (Freedom Cruise Line). Ferries also bring riders and vehicles across Long Island Sound to such Connecticut cities as Bridgeport and New London , and to Block Island in Rhode Island from points on Long Island . Transbay commuting in

1960-637: Is essential in the region. The state operates twelve routes, eight of which are under the oversight of the North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division , three of which are under the direct oversight of the North Carolina Department of Transportation , and one of which is under the oversight of the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation . Three of the Ferry Division routes are tolled, and all ferry routes operated by

2058-711: Is hand powered. Due to the numbers of large freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada, various provinces and territories have ferry services. BC Ferries operates the third largest ferry service in the world which carries travellers between Vancouver Island and the British Columbia mainland on the country's west coast. This ferry service operates to other islands including the Gulf Islands and Haida Gwaii . In 2015, BC Ferries carried more than 8 million vehicles and 20 million passengers. In Vancouver there

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2156-781: Is home to the oldest ferry service in the country. This service, now called Rapid Ferry , connects the Raja Tun Uda Ferry Terminal at Weld Quay in George Town on Penang Island with the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal in Butterworth on Peninsular Malaysia . It has also become a tourist attraction among foreigners. In the Philippines , the Philippine Nautical Highway System forms

2254-473: Is made possible by two ferry lines Shepler's Ferry and Mackinac Island Ferry Company (formerly Star Line) . A ferry service runs between Milwaukee, Wisconsin and Muskegon, Michigan operated by Lake Express . Another ferry SS Badger operates between Manitowoc, Wisconsin and Ludington, Michigan . Both cross Lake Michigan . Numerous additional inland ferry routes exist in the United States, such as

2352-502: Is no alternative crossing of the river. The busiest seaway in the world, the English Channel , connects Great Britain and mainland Europe, with ships sailing from the UK ports of Dover , Newhaven , Poole, Portsmouth and Plymouth to French ports, such as Calais , Dunkirk , Dieppe , Roscoff , Cherbourg-Octeville , Caen , St Malo and Le Havre . The busiest ferry route to France is

2450-608: Is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, modified by using horses, was used in Lake Champlain in 19th-century America. See Experiment (horse powered boat) . In 1850 the roll-on roll-off (ro-ro) ferry, Leviathan designed to carry freight wagons efficiently across the Firth of Forth in Scotland started to operate between Granton, near Edinburgh, and Burntisland in Fife. The vessel design

2548-466: Is the kosha, a small, highly manoeuvrable boat that is easy to operate. These various traditional wooden boats play a vital role in providing transportation during the rainy season when other modes become impractical due to flooding. The ferries are often overloaded and continue to operate in poor weather; many people die each year in ferry and launch accidents. From 2005 to 2015, nearly 1,800 casualties have been reported due to river transport incidents,

2646-582: Is the Algiers Ferry, which has been in continuous operation since 1827 and is one of the oldest operating ferries in North America. In New England, vehicle-carrying ferry services between mainland Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are operated by The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority , which sails year-round between Woods Hole and Vineyard Haven as well as Hyannis and Nantucket . Seasonal service

2744-528: Is the San Francisco ferry system, which will receive $ 11.5 million to improve the connection between Treasure Island and Mission Bay. In Maine, the ferry system will be upgraded in Lincolnville and Islesboro. Additionally, Alaska will receive a significant $ 106.4 million grant to replace a 60-year-old vessel operating in the southwest. This vessel is a crucial connector for the region. These grants are part of

2842-498: The Baltic Sea between Finland , Åland , Sweden , Estonia , Latvia and Saint Petersburg , Russia . In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships , but they can also carry hundreds of cars on car decks. Besides providing passenger and car transport across the sea, Baltic Sea cruise-ferries are a popular tourist destination unto themselves, with multiple restaurants, nightclubs, bars, shops and entertainment on board. Helsinki

2940-512: The Canary Islands , but were recently replaced by faster catamaran "high speed" ferries that can carry cars. Their replacement by the larger craft is seen by critics as a retrograde step given that the new vessels use much more fuel and foster the inappropriate use of cars in islands already suffering from the impact of mass tourism. Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski ( Polish: [ˈjan kɔxaˈnɔfskʲi] ; 1530 – 22 August 1584)

3038-733: The Cave-In-Rock Ferry across the Ohio River, and the Benton-Houston Ferry across the Tennessee River. The FTA announced in September 2024 that it would award $ 300 million in grants to modernize ferry systems in the United States. These grants will support 18 projects across 14 states, emphasizing upgrading environmentally friendly propulsion systems. Eight of the 18 projects will receive funding for this purpose. One notable project

Sigismund Augustus Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

3136-622: The Crown of the Kingdom of Poland ); then, from 1552 to the late 1550s, Padua University in Italy . At Padua, Kochanowski studied classical philology and came in contact with the humanist scholar Francesco Robortello . During his "Padua period", he traveled back and forth between Italy and Poland at least twice, returning to Poland to secure funding and attend his mother's funeral. Kochanowski concluded his fifteen-year period of studies and travels with

3234-769: The Great Lakes once hosted numerous ferry services, but these have been reduced to those offered by Owen Sound Transportation and several smaller operations. There are also several commuter passenger ferry services operated in major cities, such as Metro Transit in Halifax , and Toronto Island ferries in Toronto. There is also the Société des traversiers du Québec . Due to the North Carolina coast's geography, consisting of numerous sounds, inlets, tidal arms, and islands, ferry transportation

3332-523: The Gulf of Alaska . AMHS provides affordable access to many small communities with no road connection or airport. The Staten Island Ferry in New York City , sailing between the boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island , is the nation's single busiest ferry route by passenger volume. Unlike riders on many other ferry services, Staten Island Ferry passengers do not pay any fare to ride it. New York City also has

3430-511: The Laments were translated into English by Dorothea Prall, and in 1995 by the duo, Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney . As with Kochanowski's Fraszki , it became a perennially popular wellspring of a new genre in Polish literature. Milosz writes that "Kochanowski's poetic art reached its highest achievements in the Laments ": Kochanowski's innovation, "something unique in... world literature...

3528-677: The Mediterranean Sea ) may also be called ferry services, and many carry vehicles. The profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon , the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld . Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a water wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature " Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis ". Though impractical, there

3626-708: The National Park Service . Until the completion of the Mackinac Bridge in the 1950s, ferries were used for vehicle transportation between the Lower and the Upper Peninsulas of Michigan , across the Straits of Mackinac in the United States. Ferry service for bicycles and passengers continues across the straits for transport to Mackinac Island , where motorized vehicles are almost completely prohibited. This crossing

3724-523: The North Island with Picton in the South Island , linking New Zealand's two main islands. The route is 92 kilometres (57 mi), and is run by two companies – government-owned Interislander , and independent Bluebridge , who say the trip takes three and half hours. Ferry designs depend on the length of the route, the passenger or vehicle capacity required, speed requirements and the water conditions

3822-602: The P&;O Pioneer , which entered service in June 2023 replacing Pride of Kent. Hydrofoils have the advantage of higher cruising speeds, succeeding hovercraft on some English Channel routes where the ferries now compete against the Eurotunnel and Eurostar trains that use the Channel Tunnel . Passenger-only hydrofoils also proved a practical, fast and relatively economical solution in

3920-589: The Phenomena of Aratus and fragments of Homer's Illiad . Kochanowski's notable Latin works include Lyricorum libellus  [ pl ] ( Little Book of Lyrics , 1580), Elegiarum libri quatuor  [ pl ] ( Four Books of Elegies , 1584), and numerous occasional poems. His Latin poems were translated into Polish in 1829 by Kazimierz Brodziński , and in 1851 by Władysław Syrokomla . In some of his works, Kochanowski used Polish alexandrines , wherein each line comprises thirteen syllables , with

4018-529: The Polish literary canon  [ pl ] include the 1580 Treny ( Laments ), a series of nineteen threnodies ( elegies ) on the death of his daughter Urszula; the 1578 tragedy Odprawa posłów greckich ( The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys ), inspired by Homer ; and Kochanowski's Fraszki ( Epigrams ), a collection of 294 short poems written during the 1560s and 1570s, published in three volumes in 1584. One of his major stylistic contributions

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4116-732: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . From 1571 onward, Kochanowski began to spend more time at a family estate in the village of Czarnolas located near Lublin . In 1574, following the decampment of Poland's recently elected King Henry of Valois (whose candidacy to the Polish throne Kochanowski had supported), Kochanowski settled permanently in Czarnolas to lead the life of a country squire. In 1575 he married Dorota Podlodowska  [ pl ] (daughter of Sejm deputy Stanisław Lupa Podlodowski  [ pl ] ), with whom he had seven children. At Czarnolas, following

4214-542: The San Francisco Bay Area was primarily ferry-based until the advent of automobiles in the 1940s, and most bridges in the area were built to supplant ferry services. By the 1970s, ferries were primarily used by tourists with Golden Gate Ferry , an organization under the ownership of the same governing body as the Golden Gate Bridge , left as the sole commute operator. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake prompted

4312-483: The Seikan Tunnel and Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project ) have been constructed, the ferry transportation has recently become for short-distance sightseeing passengers with or without car, and for long-distance truck drivers hauling goods. The country's extensive river network makes ferries a practical and affordable mode of transport. Passenger ferries, locally referred to as "launches," are widely used to travel to

4410-559: The Sejm of 1569  [ pl ] (held in Lublin), which enacted the Union of Lublin , formally establishing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In 1564 he was made provost of Poznań Cathedral . By the mid-1570s he had largely retired to his estate at Czarnolas . He died suddenly in 1584, while staying in Lublin . All his life, Kochanowski was a prolific writer. Works of his that are pillars of

4508-476: The University of Padua , and to France. In 1559 he returned to Poland, where he made the acquaintance of political and religious notables including Jan Tarnowski , Piotr Myszkowski (whom he briefly served as courtier ), and members of the influential Radziwiłł family . From about 1563, Kochanowski served as secretary to King Sigismund II Augustus . He accompanied the King to several noteworthy events, including

4606-505: The Zwoleń church authorities. In 1983 they were returned to the church, and in 1984 another funeral was held for the poet. In 1791 Kochanowski's reputed skull had been removed from his tomb by Tadeusz Czacki , who kept it in his estate at Porycko. He later gave it to Izabela Czartoryska ; by 1874, it had been transported to the Czartoryski Museum , where it currently resides. However, anthropological studies in 2010 showed it to be

4704-551: The libretto for the opera Jan Kochanowski , staged in Warsaw in 1817. In the 19th century, musical arrangements of Lamentations and the Psalter gained popularity. Stanisław Moniuszko wrote songs for bass with piano accompaniment to the texts of Lamentations III , V , VI and X . In 1862, the Polish history painter Jan Matejko depicted him in the painting Jan Kochanowski nad zwłokami Urszulki  [ pl ] ( Jan Kochanowski and his Deceased Daughter Ursula ). In 1961

4802-495: The 19th-century Polish Romantics (aka Polish Messianists ), especially Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki , and Alexander Pushkin in Russia. According to Ulewicz, Kochanowski both created modern Polish poetry and introduced it to Europe. An American Slavicist , Oscar E. Swan  [ pl ] , holds that Kochanowski was "the first Slavic author to attain excellence on a European scale". Similarly Miłosz writes that "until

4900-516: The Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic and cars. The ferry routes of Rødby - Puttgarden , Trelleborg - Rostock , Trelleborg - Travemünde , Trelleborg - Świnoujście , Gedser - Rostock , Gdynia - Karlskrona , and Ystad - Świnoujście are all typical transports ferries. On the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. Some of these routes previously also carried trains, but since 2020 these trains are instead routed around

4998-563: The Baltic Sea. Before the construction of the Kerch Bridge, there was a ferry across the Kerch Strait, whose service was resumed after the Kerch bridge explosion . There are also more than 100 ferry crossings on different rivers in Russia. These are usually symmetrical through ferries with two ramps for quick entry and exit of cars. For some categories of car owners, these ferries may be free if there

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5096-468: The Baltic via the Great Belt fixed link and Jutland . In Istanbul , ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus , as well as Princes' Islands and nearby coastal towns. In 2014, İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. The largest ferry system in Italy is in Venice , the city best known for its extensive canals. Called Water Taxis ( Italian : Veniza Taxi ), they provide service all around

5194-411: The Dover to Calais crossing with approximately 9,168,000 passengers using the service in 2018. Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, and some are exclusively for the use of freight lorries. In Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO (roll-on, roll-off) for

5292-560: The FTA's efforts to improve ferry transportation in the United States and promote sustainable transportation options. Mexico has ferry services run by Baja Ferries that connect La Paz located on the Baja California Peninsula with Mazatlán and Topolobampo . Passenger ferries also run from Playa del Carmen to the island of Cozumel . There are several ferries in South America. Chacao Channel has ferry lines. In Australia, two Spirit of Tasmania ferries carry passengers and vehicles 450 kilometres (280 mi) across Bass Strait ,

5390-414: The Greek Envoys "the finest specimen of Polish humanist drama". During the 1560s and 1570s, Kochanowski completed a series of elegies titled Treny , which were later published in three volumes in 1584 (in English generally titled Laments rather than Threnodies ). The poignant nineteen elegies mourn the loss of his cherished two-and-a-half-year-old daughter Urszula  [ pl ] . In 1920,

5488-431: The Mayor of Warsaw, Zygmunt Wolski. Father Kasper Sadłocha, the Canon of Warsaw and royal secretary, was responsible for financial matters. Construction cost 100,000 florins . The first pile was dug on 25 June 1568, and during the construction these oak piles were hammered into the bottom of the river using iron pile drivers installed on floating river rafts . Before his death in 1572, King Sigismund Augustus crossed

5586-399: The North Carolina Department of Transportation carry both vehicles and pedestrians, although certain vessels only carry pedestrians and cyclists. The National Park Service additionally works with private companies to offer ferry service to locations such as Cape Lookout and Portsmouth . Washington State Ferries operates the most extensive ferry system in the continental United States and

5684-511: The Prussian Homage  [ pl ] , 1564); the satirical social- and political-commentary poems Zgoda ( Accord  [ pl ] , or Harmony , ca. 1562) and Satyr albo Dziki Mąż ( The Satyr, or the Wild Man  [ pl ] , 1564); and the light-hearted Szachy ( Chess , ca. 1562-66). The last, about a game of chess, has been described as the first Polish-language "humorous epic or heroicomic poem". Some of his works can be seen as journalistic commentaries, before

5782-479: The Rockaways in Queens and such Brooklyn neighborhoods as Bay Ridge , Sunset Park , and Red Hook with existing ferry landings in Lower Manhattan and Midtown Manhattan . A second expansion phase connected Staten Island to the West Side of Manhattan, and added a stop in Throgs Neck, in the Bronx. NYC Ferry is now the largest passenger fleet in the United States. The New Orleans area also has many ferries that carry both vehicles and pedestrians. Most notable

5880-486: The advent of journalism per see , expressing views of the royal court in the 1560s and 1570s, and aimed at members of parliament (the Sejm ) and voters. This period also saw most of his Fraszki ( Epigrams ), published in 1584 as a three-volume collection of 294 short poems reminiscent of Giovanni Boccaccio 's Decameron . They became Kochanowski's most popular writings, spawning many imitators in Poland. Czesław Miłosz , 1980 Nobel lureate Polish poet, calls them

5978-592: The backbone of the nationwide transport system by integrating ports with highway systems; the system has three main routes. Another known ferry service is the Pasig River Ferry Service , which is the only water-based transportation in Metro Manila . This system cruises the Pasig River . India's ro-ro ferry service between Ghogha and Dahej was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 22 October 2017. It aims to connect South Gujarat and Saurashtra currently separated by 360 kilometres (220 mi) of roadway to 31 kilometres (19 mi) of ferry service. It

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6076-518: The beginning of the nineteenth century, the most eminent Slavic poet was undoubtedly Jan Kochanowski" and that he "set the pace for the whole subsequent development of Polish poetry". The British historian Norman Davies names Kochanowski the second most important figure of the Polish Renaissance , after Copernicus . Polish poet and literary critic Jerzy Jarniewicz called Kochanowski "the founding father of Polish literature". Kochanowski never ceased writing in Latin . One of his major achievements

6174-558: The body of water that separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland, often under turbulent sea conditions. These run overnight but also include day crossings in peak time. Both ferries are based in the northern Tasmanian port city of Devonport and sail to Geelong . Before Geelong this ferry used to sail to Melbourne . The double-ended Freshwater-class ferry cuts an iconic shape as it makes its way up and down Sydney Harbour New South Wales , Australia between Manly and Circular Quay . In New Zealand, ferries connect Wellington in

6272-496: The bridge was mentioned by visiting Cardinal Gaetano 's secretary Paulo Mucante. He recorded this in Latin: ""Ne pontem sublicium superbo sumptu, atqe arte admirabili, a Sigmundo Augusto Rege fratre inchoatum, et a se post ejus mortem, consimili opere perfectum, repens vicina Suburbanorum male cantorum tectorum flamma, nec opina temore unquam corriperet correptumque in favillam redigeret. Anna Jagellona Poloniae Regum, conjux, Soror, Filia, hoc Caterilli propugnaculi Sepimento lutissimo

6370-413: The city's canals . They can comfortably carry up to 10 people, and can take individuals from the airport to their hotel. There are several companies that offer this service, including Vaporetto and Alilaguna. They operate on a series of lines that stop at different locations around Venice. The world's shortest ferry line is the Ferry Lina in Töreboda , Sweden . It takes around 20–25 seconds and

6468-499: The country, especially during the rainy season. These boats transport over 1.2 million tonnes of freight annually. Among these are the dingi , which is the oldest form of Bengal boat. Larger cargo boats includes vessels such as the balam , bajra and sampan . Under the category of bainkata (flat-bottomed) boats are the ghasi , gachari , dorakha , kathami , mallar , patam and panshi , among others. Ubiquitous throughout Bangladesh, especially in monsoon flood-prone regions,

6566-538: The craft must deal with. Double-ended ferries have interchangeable bows and sterns, allowing them to shuttle back and forth between two terminals without having to turn around. Well-known double-ended ferry systems include the BC Ferries , the Staten Island Ferry , Washington State Ferries , Star Ferry , several ferries on the North Carolina Ferry System , and the Lake Champlain Transportation Company . Most Norwegian fjord and coastal ferries are double-ended vessels. All ferries from southern Prince Edward Island to

6664-606: The creation of a vernacular culture in the Polish language"; Polish literary historian Elwira Buszewicz  [ pl ] describes him as "the 'founding father' of elegant humanist Polish-language poetry"; and American Slavicist and translator David Welsh writes that Kochanowski's greatest achievement was his "transformation of the Polish language as a medium for poetry". Ulewicz credits Kochanowski's Songs as most influential in this regard, while Davies writes that "Kochanowski's Psalter did for Polish what Luther's Bible did for German". Kochanowski's works also influenced

6762-449: The death of his daughter Ursula, which affected him greatly, he wrote one of his most memorable works, Treny (the Laments ). In 1576 Kochanowski was a royal envoy to the sejmik (local assembly) in Opatów . Despite the urging of people close to him, including the Polish nobleman and statesman Jan Zamoyski , he decided not to take an active part in the political life of the court. Nonetheless, Kochanowski remained socially active on

6860-442: The development of Lithuanian literature . Kochanowski's first published collection of poems was his David's Psalter (printed 1579). A number of his works were published posthumously, first in a series of volumes in Kraków in 1584–90, ending with Fragmenta albo pozostałe pisma  [ pl ] ( Fragments, or Remaining Writings ). That series included works from his Padua period and his Fraszki (Epigrams). 1884 saw

6958-419: The development of Warsaw, as the king frequently stayed there leading an active policy in the north-eastern part of the Republic . Warsaw was important because of regular parliamentary conventions of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the expected union . Construction was led by the Italian Erazm Giotto of Zakroczym , with supervision from the Czersk Castellan and

7056-411: The direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants (on three out of four ferries), cafeterias, and kiosks. Passengers without cars often make a double or triple return journey in the restaurants; for this, a single journey ticket is sufficient. Passenger and bicycle passenger tickets are inexpensive compared with longer routes. Large cruiseferries sail in

7154-488: The docking of these vessels, and oversees 380 launch terminals. There are 53 roll-on/roll-off ferries running on seven routes across the country: Paturia–Daulatdia, Aricha–Kazirhat, Shimulia–Banglabazar, Bhola–Lakshmipur, Lajarhat–Veduria, Char Kalipur–Kalipur Bazar and Harinaghat Chandpur–Shariatpur. More than 800,000 small and medium wooden sailboats and rowboats , often retrofitted to be motorised, are an important means of transportation for people and goods across

7252-452: The ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route in terms of the number of departures is across the northern part of Øresund , between Helsingborg , Scania , Sweden and Elsinore , Denmark . Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and "car and train" ferries departed up to seven times every hour (every 8.5 minutes). This has since been reduced, but

7350-659: The first English-language monograph devoted to him, by David Welsh, appeared in 1974. As late as the early 1980s, Kochanowki's writings were generally passed over or given short shrift in English-language reference works. However, more recently further English translations have appeared, including The Laments , translated by Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney (1995), and The Envoys , translated by Bill Johnston (2007). Kochanowski's oeuvre has inspired modern Polish literary, musical, and visual art. Fragments of Jan Kochanowski's poetry were also used by Jan Ursyn Niemcewicz in

7448-561: The form of epic poetry and included the commemoratives O śmierci Jana Tarnowskiego  [ pl ] ( On the Death of Jan Tarnowski , 1561) and Pamiątka wszytkimi cnotami hojnie obdarzonemu Janowi Baptiście hrabi na Tęczynie  [ pl ] ( Remembrance for the All-Blessed Jan Baptist, Count at Tęczyna, 1562-64); the more serious Zuzanna  [ pl ] (1562) and Proporzec albo hołd pruski ( The Banner, or

7546-617: The mainland of Canada were double-ended. This service was discontinued upon completion of the Confederation Bridge . Some ferries in Sydney, Australia and British Columbia are also double-ended. In 2008, BC Ferries launched the first of the Coastal-class ferries , which at the time were the world's largest double enders. These were surpassed as the world's largest double-enders when P&O Ferries launched their first double-ender, called

7644-568: The passenger and cargo traffic needs of the inhabitants of the waterlogged areas of the Districts of Alappuzha , Kottayam , Kollam , Ernakulam , Kannur and Kasargode . SWTD ferry service is also one of the most affordable modes to enjoy the beauty of the scenic Kerala backwaters . Japan used to rely heavily on ferries for passenger and goods transportation among the four main islands of Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . However, as highway and railway bridges and undersea tunnels (such as

7742-633: The poem Dryas Zamchana , is presented at a permanent exhibition in the Palace of the Commonwealth in Warsaw. Like many persons of his time he was deeply religious, and a number of his works are inspired by religion. However, he avoided taking sides in the strife between the Catholic Church and the Protestant denominations ; he stayed on friendly terms with figures of both Christian currents, and his poetry

7840-512: The poet's more influential works internationally, translated into Russian by Symeon of Polotsk and into Romanian, German, Lithuanian, Czech, and Slovak. His Pieśni ( Songs  [ pl ] ), written over his lifetime and published posthumously in 1586, reflect Italian lyricism and "his attachment to antiquity", in particular to Horace , and have been highly influential for Polish poetry. Kochanowski also translated into Polish several ancient classical Greek and Roman works, such as

7938-558: The pressure of ice on the Vistula River. It was repaired several times during the reign of King Stephen Báthory but eventually collapsed under the onslaught of a spring ice floe in 1603. Mostowa Street (Bridge Street), which led to it, still remains in Warsaw today. It wasn't until 1864 when another permanent bridge was built over the Vistula in Warsaw. The bridge uses a truss bearing system , which accounted for its technical novelty. It

8036-451: The restoration of service to the East Bay . The modern ferry network is primarily under the authority of San Francisco Bay Ferry , connecting with cities as far as Vallejo . Tourist excursions are also offered by Blue & Gold Fleet and Red & White Fleet . A ferry serves Angel Island (which also accepts private craft). Alcatraz is served exclusively by ferry service administered by

8134-568: The second largest in the world by vehicles carried, with ten routes on Puget Sound and the Strait of Juan de Fuca serving terminals in Washington and Vancouver Island. In 2016, Washington State Ferries carried 10.5 million vehicles and 24.2 million riders in total. The Alaska Marine Highway System provides service between Bellingham, Washington, and various towns and villages throughout Southeast and Southwest Alaska, including crossings of

8232-691: The skull of a woman, possibly Kochanowski's wife. Kochanowski's earliest known work may be the Polish-language Pieśń o potopie ( Song of the Deluge  [ pl ] ), possibly composed as early as 1550. His first publication was the 1558 Latin-language Epitaphium Cretcovii  [ pl ] , an epitaph dedicated to his recently deceased colleague Erazm Kretkowski  [ pl ] . Kochanowski's works from his youthful Padua period comprise mostly elegies , epigrams , and odes . Upon his return to Poland in 1559, his works generally took

8330-526: The southern and south-western regions of Bangladesh from the capital. The most popular destinations include Barisal , Bhola , Patuakhali , and Khulna . Additionally, there are water-transport routes connecting Dhaka with Kolkata in India. Approximately 200 launches operate across 107 water routes throughout the country as of 2022 . To support the launch services, the BIWTA has developed 292 wharfs ( ghats ) for

8428-508: The title of royal secretary. There are no details concerning the duties performed by Jan at the royal court. On 7 February 1564 Kochanowski was admitted to the provostship in the Poznań cathedral, which Myszkowski had renounced. Around 1562–63 he was a courtier to Bishop Filip Padniewski  [ pl ] and Voivode Jan Firlej . From late 1563 or early 1564, he was affiliated with the royal court of King Sigismund II Augustus , serving as

8526-479: The unfinished bridge. After his death, the construction was taken up by his sister Queen Anna Jagiellon , largely at her own expense which led to the completion of the bridge in 1573. The bridge was guarded by a specially appointed militia. Initially, the passage was free, but later fees were collected to cross it. On the Praga side of the bridge, from 1569 to 1572, a wooden mansion was built for King Sigismund Augustus. It

8624-459: Was a Polish Renaissance poet who wrote in Latin and Polish and established poetic patterns that would become integral to Polish literary language . He has been called the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz (the latter, a leading Romantic writer) and one of the most influential Slavic poets prior to the 19th century. In his youth Kochanowski traveled to Italy, where he studied at

8722-632: Was a blank-verse tragedy that recounted an incident, modeled after Homer , leading to the Trojan War . It was the first tragedy written in Polish, and its theme of the responsibilities of statesmanship resonates to this day. The play was performed on 12 January 1578 in Warsaw 's Ujazdów Castle at the wedding of Jan Zamoyski and Krystyna Radziwiłł (Zamoyski and the Radziwiłł family were among Kochanowski's important patrons). Miłosz calls The Dismissal of

8820-600: Was designed by the general manager of Şirket-i Hayriye (Bosporus Steam Navigation Company), Giritli Hüseyin Haki Bey and built by the Greenwich shipyard of Maudslay, Sons and Field . It weighed 157 tons, was 155 feet (47 meters) long, 27 feet (8.2 meters) wide and had a draft of 9 feet (2.7 meters). It was capable of travelling up to 6 knots with the side wheel turned by its 450-horsepower, single-cylinder, two-cycle steam engine. Launched in 1872, Suhulet's unique features consisted of

8918-578: Was erected on a stone foundation and had three main rooms: a large heated dining hall, a chamber with a cocklestove , and a bedroom with an entrance to the basement. It was surrounded by a garden and a palisade and was used by the king to rest. In 1582 the Bridge Gate was added, separating the bridge from the wooden buildings of the city (mainly for fire protection). On the Praga side of the river there were similar gates near to today's Ratuszowa Street. In 1595,

9016-539: Was highly innovative and the ability to move freight in great quantities and with minimal labour signalled the way ahead for sea-borne transport, converting the ro-ro ferry from an experimental and marginal ship type into one of central importance in the transport of goods and passengers. In 1871, the world's first car ferry crossed the Bosphorus in Istanbul. The iron steamship, named Suhulet (meaning 'ease' or 'convenience')

9114-404: Was made of oak wood and iron. It consisted of 22 spans with spans from 22 to 24 m long. It had 18 major fixed spans erected on piles and it was 500 m long and 6 m wide. For its construction 735 chariots of Hungarian iron rails were used. The middle part was able to be opened to allow ships on the Vistula to pass. The bridge was commemorated by poet Jan Kochanowski , who wrote about it in

9212-606: Was of the Odrowąż family . Jan had eleven siblings and was the second son; he was an older brother of Andrzej Kochanowski and Mikołaj Kochanowski  [ pl ] , both of whom also became poets and translators. Little is known of Jan Kochanowski's early education. At fourteen, in 1544, he was sent to the Kraków Academy . Later, around 1551-52, he attended the University of Königsberg , in Ducal Prussia (a fiefdom of

9310-552: Was the adaptation and popularization of Polish-language verse forms . Details of Jan Kochanowski's life are sparse and come primarily from his own writings. He was born in 1530 at Sycyna , near Radom , Kingdom of Poland , to a Polish szlachta (noble) family of the Korwin coat of arms . His father, Piotr Kochanowski  [ pl ] , was a judge in the Sandomierz area; his mother, Anna Białaczowska  [ pl ] ,

9408-575: Was the busiest international passenger ferry port in the world in 2017 with over 11.8 million passengers whilst the second business international ferry port, Dover, had 11.7 million passengers. The Helsinki- Tallinn route alone accounted for nine million passengers. In 2022 the port of Helsinki had almost 8 million passengers, of which 6.3 million travelled between Helsinki and Tallinn. Additionally many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of

9506-500: Was the creation of Polish-language verse forms that made him a classic for his contemporaries and posterity. He greatly enriched Polish poetry by naturalizing foreign poetic forms, which he knew how to imbue with a national spirit. Kochanowski, writes Davies, can be seen as "the founder of Polish vernacular poetry [who] showed the Poles the beauty of their language". American historian Larry Wolf argues that Kochanowski "contributed to

9604-482: Was viewed as acceptable by both. Kochanowski has been described as the greatest Polish poet prior to Adam Mickiewicz . The Polish literary historian Tadeusz Ulewicz  [ pl ] writes that Kochanowski is generally regarded as the foremost Renaissance poet not only in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth but across all Slavic nations. His primacy remained unchallenged until the advent of

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