55-630: 1992 is a logistics company based in East London, Eastern Cape founded by Richard Bill in 2019. It was previously headquartered in Thohoyandou, Limpopo . Its headquarters in Kempton Park, Johannesburg, 1992 Logistics is a significant company in the logistics sector. This logistics -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . East London, South Africa East London ( Xhosa : eMonti ; Afrikaans : Oos-Londen )
110-799: A 1.9 km swim, 90 km of cycling and a 21.1 km road run. The event started and finished at the Orient Beach in East London. In November 2021, the Buffalo City Ironman 70.3 event was cancelled in favour of the new Mossel Bay Ironman 70.3 event. Rugby is popular in East London. The provincial team, the Border Bulldogs , currently plays in the First Division of the Currie Cup competition. Most national games in East London are played at
165-703: A crest consisting of two crossed anchors and a mural crown. Heraldist Ivan Mitford-Barberton added two buffalo as supporters. The improved design was granted by the College of Arms on 15 December 1959. It was registered with the Cape Provincial Administration in 1960, and at the Bureau of Heraldry in 1967. Coelacanth Others, see text Coelacanths ( / ˈ s iː l ə k æ n θ / SEE -lə-kanth ) (order Coelacanthiformes ) are an ancient group of lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) in
220-416: A cross Gules between in the first and fourth quarters a garb and in the second and third quarters a fleece Or; on a chief Azure a demi-sun Or. A golden anchor was placed behind the shield, no doubt to show that the town was a seaport. The motto was Animo et fide . The arms were improved in the 1950s by the town clerk, H.H. Driffield. He changed the shield from silver to ermine, removed the anchor and devised
275-432: A degree of independence from Britain. The new government merged the three neighbouring settlements of East London, East London East and Panmure in 1873, forming the core of the current municipality, and in 1876 it began construction on the region's railway lines , commencing on the river's east bank. At the same time, it began construction of the East London harbour . This new infrastructure rapidly accelerated development of
330-433: A historic motor racing track that hosted three Formula One South African Grand Prix during the 1930s and 1960s. The circuit is run and managed by Border Motor Sport Club on a shoestring budget. South Africa's only Formula One World Drivers' Champion , Jody Scheckter , started his motor racing career with a Renault Gordini on this track. Golf is another favoured pastime in and around East London. East London Golf Club
385-403: A hollow, pressurized tube which is replaced by a vertebral column early in embryonic development in most other vertebrates. The coelacanth's heart is shaped differently from that of most modern fish, with its chambers arranged in a straight tube. The coelacanth's braincase is 98.5% filled with fat; only 1.5% of the braincase contains brain tissue. The cheeks of the coelacanth are unique because
440-580: A specimen at a local market in September 1997, but took only a few photographs of the first specimen of this species before it was sold. After confirming that it was a unique discovery, Erdmann returned to Sulawesi in November 1997 to interview fishermen and look for further examples. A second specimen was caught by a fisherman in July 1998 and was then handed to Erdmann. Latimeria chalumnae and L. menadoensis are
495-402: A third tier for its major intra-city roads. East London railway station offers long-distance passenger services to Cape Town and Johannesburg via Springfontein , and local services. King Phalo Airport is a commercial airport with service to other large South African metropolitan areas. The East London municipality assumed a coat of arms on 29 August 1892. The arms were : Argent,
550-440: A unique specialization for deep-water habitats. There are small and hard but flexible plates around the vestigial lung in adult specimens, though not around the fatty organ. The plates most likely had a regulation function for the volume of the lung. Due to the size of the fatty organ, researchers assume that it is responsible for the kidney's unusual relocation. The two kidneys, which are fused into one, are located ventrally within
605-433: Is 3 °C (37.4 °F), and the all-time record high is 44 °C (111.2 °F) on 13 March 2021. The hottest temperatures have been recorded in springtime and autumn, rather than the summer months, due to violent berg (foehn) winds. Temperatures above 38 °C (100 °F) have only been recorded early in the season, from August to December. Berg winds contribute to these high temperatures, as already warm air from
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#1732847846483660-657: Is a city on the southeastern coast of South Africa , in the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality , Eastern Cape Province . The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast, largely between the Buffalo River and the Nahoon River , and hosts the country's only river port . As of 2011 , East London had a population of over 267,000 with over 755,000 in the surrounding metropolitan area. John Bailie, one of
715-723: Is a highly regarded championship golf course. Some of the other golf clubs in the region are the West Bank Golf Club, Gonubie Golf Club, Olivewood Golf Estate and Fish River Sun Country Club (a Gary Player -designed golf course). East London has also hosted the Africa Open tournament multiple times. Golfers can also hone their skills at the East London Golf Club Driving Range. Rowing is on the Buffalo River. The annual Buffalo Regatta began in 1881 and has become
770-524: Is an adaptation of the Modern Latin Cœlacanthus ('hollow spine'), from the Greek κοῖλ-ος ( koilos , 'hollow') and ἄκανθ-α ( akantha , 'spine'), referring to the hollow caudal fin rays of the first fossil specimen described and named by Louis Agassiz in 1839, belonging to the genus Coelacanthus . The genus name Latimeria commemorates Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer , who discovered
825-574: Is held in February/March each year, and South Africa's oldest 160 km extreme ultra marathon , the Washie, over a picturesque and undulating coastal route from Port Alfred to the city. Triathlon is a popular sport and in particular hosted the a world-famous Ironman 70.3 South African event which took place annually in January from 2012 to 2021. Ironman 70.3 events follow a race format which consists of
880-484: Is limited evolutionary pressure on these organisms to undergo morphological divergence, they are undergoing measurable genetic divergence. Despite prior studies showing that protein coding regions are undergoing evolution at a substitution rate much lower than other sarcopterygians (consistent with phenotypic stasis observed between extant and fossil members of the taxa), the non-coding regions subject to higher transposable element activity show marked divergence even between
935-426: Is similar to humans, gestation can last 5 years, which is 1.5 years more than the deep-sea frilled shark , the previous record holder. They are nocturnal piscivorous drift-hunters. The body is covered in ctenoid elasmoid scales that act as armor. Coelacanths have eight fins – two dorsal fins, two pectoral fins, two pelvic fins, one anal fin and one caudal fin. The tail is very nearly equally proportioned and
990-483: Is split by a terminal tuft of fin rays that make up its caudal lobe. The eyes of the coelacanth are very large, while the mouth is very small. The eye is acclimatized to seeing in poor light by rods that absorb mostly short wavelengths. Coelacanth vision has evolved to a mainly blue-shifted color capacity. Pseudomaxillary folds surround the mouth and replace the maxilla, a structure absent in coelacanths. Two nostrils, along with four other external openings, appear between
1045-606: Is the seat of the Metro. East London has an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ), bordering on a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ), with the warm temperatures and moderation typical of the South African coastline. Although it has no true dry season, there is a drying trend in the winter, with the wettest times of year being spring and autumn. There is also a shorter and lesser dry period in December and January. The all-time record low
1100-487: Is the second largest industrial centre in the province. The motor industry is the dominant employer. A major Daimler plant is located next to the harbour, manufacturing Mercedes-Benz and other vehicles for the local market, as well as exporting to the United States and Brazil . Other industries include clothing, textiles , pharmaceuticals and food processing . The period of international sanctions that followed in
1155-447: Is very similar to that of tetrapods and is classified as being a basilar papilla . Coelacanths are a part of the clade Sarcopterygii , or the lobe-finned fishes. They share membership in this clade with lungfish and tetrapods. Externally, several characteristics distinguish coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. They possess a three-lobed caudal fin , also called a trilobate fin or a diphycercal tail. A secondary tail extending past
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#17328478464831210-571: The 1820 Settlers , surveyed the Buffalo River mouth and founded the town in 1836. There is a memorial on Signal Hill commemorating the event. The city formed around the only river port in South Africa and was originally known as Port Rex. Later it was renamed London in honour of the capital city of the United Kingdom , hence the name East London. This settlement on the West Bank was the nucleus of
1265-685: The Blackburn Rovers , prior to its sudden dissolution in 2014. Motocross is also popular and many national events are held in the area surrounding East London, due to the challenging terrain there and in Transkei . East London is home to the ELMCC (East London Motor Cycle Club), which organises most of the motorcycle events in the area. East London is home to the Prince George Race Circuit , opened in 1959 (renamed East London Grand Prix Circuit),
1320-469: The Buffalo City Stadium , which holds around 15000 people and was a host stadium during the 1995 Rugby World Cup . East London schools have produced many fine rugby players, including (in recent times) André Vos , Keith and Mark Andrews , Christiaan Scholtz , Brent Russell , Rory Kockott , Akona Ndungane and Odwa Ndungane . Football is also very popular in the city. East London was home to
1375-499: The Cape Colony that same year. This fort is one of a series of British-built forts, including Fort Murray, Fort White , Fort Cox , Fort Hare , Fort Jackson and Fort Beaufort , in the border area that became known as British Kaffraria . With later development of the port came the settlement of permanent residents, including German settlers, most of whom were bachelors. These settlers were responsible for German names of some towns in
1430-631: The Chalumna River mouth near East London by fishermen in 1938, and numerous memorial statues. In 1948, the National Party came to power in South Africa, and began to implement the policy of apartheid . Apartheid as a doctrine envisaged the total segregation of races in South Africa, and East London was no different. In 1950, the Group Areas Act was placed upon the statute books making absolute segregation in all urban areas mandatory. In 1951,
1485-681: The Comoro Islands off the east coast of Africa, and the Indonesian coelacanth ( Latimeria menadoensis ). The name coelacanth originates from the Permian genus Coelacanthus , which was the first scientifically named coelacanth. The oldest known coelacanth fossils date back more than 410 million years. Coelacanths were thought to have become extinct in the Late Cretaceous , around 66 million years ago, but were discovered living off
1540-559: The class Actinistia . As sarcopterygians, they are more closely related to lungfish and tetrapods (which includes amphibians , reptiles , birds and mammals ) than to ray-finned fish . Well-represented in both freshwater and marine fossils since the Devonian , they are now represented by only two extant marine species in the genus Latimeria : the West Indian Ocean coelacanth ( Latimeria chalumnae ), primarily found near
1595-416: The opercular bone is very small and holds a large soft-tissue opercular flap. A spiracular chamber is present, but the spiracle is closed and never opens during development. Also unique to extant coelacanths is the presence of a "fatty lung" or a fat-filled single-lobed vestigial lung , homologous to other fishes' swim bladders . The parallel development of a fatty organ for buoyancy control suggests
1650-621: The 1980s damaged the economy of East London's harbour. Enormous investment in recent years, by corporations such as Daimler AG , has resulted in the harbour being developed to include a new car terminal. From the 1960s until the 1990s, the apartheid government created tax and wage incentives to attract industries to the then black "independent states", including nearby Ciskei . Investment thus flowed into surrounding areas such as Fort Jackson and Dimbaza , leaving East London in relative isolation. Transport infrastructure deteriorated and port activity wound down. To encourage investment in East London,
1705-625: The Amalinda area was zoned as a White Group Area by Government Gazette Proclamation number 21. This meant that the municipality's plans to extend the area in order to accommodate the Black African population were abandoned. In 1953, residents in the East Bank were forcibly moved to the new township of Mdantsane . In February 1966, the South African government defined Mdantsane as a separate homeland township. In 1956, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd , who
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1760-602: The East London Industrial Development Zone (IDZ) was established on the West Bank in 2004, close to both the port and airport. 1500ha of land has been made available, and the site is one of four duty-free development areas in South Africa. Cricket is popular around East London. A combined Border/Eastern Province cricket side known as the Warriors take part in the top provincial competition. Former Proteas wicketkeeper Mark Boucher who as of July 2023 holds
1815-617: The Land Tenure Advisory Board, the body created to enforce the act, conducted initial investigations into the reallocation of space along racial lines in East London. Residential segregation had long been practised in East London prior to the advent of apartheid. In 1941, the East London Municipality moved residents from East Bank townships to the newly built township of Duncan Village . In 1951, all inter-racial property exchanges were prohibited in East London. In 1955,
1870-589: The Test record for most dismissals by a wicketkeeper hails from East London. Buffalo Park Stadium in East London hosted a match during the ICC Cricket World Cup in 2003 and two matches of the 2009 Indian Premier League . The Buffalo Road Running Club of East London has created two established events that have gained international recognition. They are the Old Mutual Buffalo 42,2 km marathon , which
1925-401: The abdominal cavity, posterior to the cloaca. In 2013, a research group published the genome sequence of the coelacanth in the scientific journal Nature . Due to their lobed fins and other features, it was once hypothesized that the coelacanth might be the youngest diverging non- tetrapod sarcopterygian . But after sequencing the full genome of the coelacanth, it was discovered that
1980-454: The area into today's thriving city of East London. The unusual double-decker bridge over the Buffalo River was completed in 1935, and to this day is the only bridge of its type in South Africa. Modern day attractions include the Gately House, City Hall, Cape Railways, Nahoon Museum, East London Museum housing the coelacanth , a prehistoric fish, thought to be extinct, discovered live at
2035-494: The arid interior is further heated through compression as it drops over the escarpment to sea level. Although temperatures have never dropped below freezing since records began, East London has recorded snowfall in 1985 and 1989. East London is the second-largest city in the Eastern Cape with a population of 474,000 as of 2016. English is the first spoken language in the city and Xhosa is the second language spoken. East London
2090-673: The city prompting petitions and letters of complaint from numerous organisations including the Black Sash , trade unions and various Black community groups. In 1967, the East London Municipality proclaimed the majority of the city an area for White occupancy, with the exception of a broad sector of land encompassing the Parkside, Parkridge and Buffalo Flats areas which was zoned for Coloured residence. Certain parts of Duncan Village were abolished and its African residents removed, new coloured and Asian locations were built and proclaimed upon land in 1973. In
2145-479: The coast of South Africa in 1938. The coelacanth was long considered a " living fossil " because scientists thought it was the sole remaining member of a taxon otherwise known only from fossils, with no close relations alive, and that it evolved into roughly its current form approximately 400 million years ago. However, several more recent studies have shown that coelacanth body shapes are much more diverse than previously thought. The word Coelacanth
2200-518: The coelacanth the best-known example of a Lazarus taxon , an evolutionary line that seems to have disappeared from the fossil record only to reappear much later. Since 1938, West Indian Ocean coelacanth have been found in the Comoros , Kenya , Tanzania , Mozambique , Madagascar , in iSimangaliso Wetland Park , and off the South Coast of Kwazulu-Natal in South Africa. The Comoro Islands specimen
2255-532: The first Latimeria specimen was found off the east coast of South Africa, off the Chalumna River (now Tyolomnqa). Museum curator Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer discovered the fish among the catch of a local fisherman. Courtenay-Latimer contacted a Rhodes University ichthyologist, J. L. B. Smith , sending him drawings of the fish, and he confirmed the fish's importance with a famous cable: "Most Important Preserve Skeleton and Gills = Fish Described." Its discovery 66 million years after its supposed extinction makes
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2310-454: The first specimen. The earliest fossils of coelacanths were discovered in the 19th century. Coelacanths, which are related to lungfishes and tetrapods , were believed to have become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. More closely related to tetrapods than to the ray-finned fish , coelacanths were considered transitional species between fish and tetrapods. On 23 December 1938,
2365-471: The largest in South Africa: in 2018 there were 1000 competitors participating in 200 events over three days. Surfski is ideally suited to East London. The Port Elizabeth to East London Challenge organized by East London's Border Canoe club is 244 km long, often in extremely challenging conditions, takes place every second year, attracting competitors from around the world. It began in 1972 to see who
2420-415: The lungfish instead is more closely related to tetrapods. Coelacanths and rhipidistians (the concestor of lungfish and tetrapods) had already diverged from each other before the lungfish made the transition to land. Another important discovery made from the genome sequencing is that the coelacanths are still evolving today. While phenotypic similarity between extant and extinct coelacanths suggests there
2475-444: The only two known living coelacanth species. Coelacanths are large, plump, lobe-finned fish that can grow to more than 2 m (6.6 ft) and weigh around 90 kg (200 lb). They are estimated to live up to 100 years, based on analysis of annual growth marks on scales, and reach maturity around the age of 55; the oldest known specimen was 84 years old at the time of its capture in 1960. Even though their estimated lifetime
2530-407: The premaxilla and lateral rostral bones. The nasal sacs resemble those of many other fish and do not contain an internal nostril. The coelacanth's rostral organ, contained within the ethmoid region of the braincase, has three unguarded openings into the environment and is used as a part of the coelacanth's laterosensory system. The coelacanth's auditory reception is mediated by its inner ear, which
2585-433: The primary tail separates the upper and lower halves of the coelacanth. Ctenoid elasmoid scales act as thick armor to protect the coelacanth's exterior. Several internal traits also aid in differentiating coelacanths from other lobe-finned fish. At the back of the skull, the coelacanth possesses a hinge, the intracranial joint, which allows it to open its mouth extremely wide. Coelacanths also retain an oil-filled notochord ,
2640-560: The same year, the newly constructed location of Braelynn was proclaimed an Indian area while Buffalo Flats Extension and Pefferville were proclaimed as Coloured areas. The construction/ extension of Coloured areas and the Duncan Village were suspended in 1983. At the end of apartheid in 1994, East London became part of the province of Eastern Cape . In 2000, East London became part of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality , also consisting of King William's Town , Bhisho and Mdantsane and
2695-639: The suburb of Nahoon is a famous South African surf spot and is the site of the annual Nahoon Surf Pro (formerly Buffalo City Surf Pro). The city has also hosted the South African Surfing Championships on numerous occasions and even the ISA World Surfing Championship. There are also a few private colleges. Other points of interest include: East London is serviced by two national roads: the coastal N2 highway connects it to Qonce , Makhanda , Gqeberha and Cape Town to
2750-464: The town of East London, which was elevated to city status in 1914. During the early to mid-19th century frontier wars between the British settlers and the local Xhosa inhabitants, East London served as a supply port to service the military headquarters at nearby King William's Town , about 50 km (31 mi) away. A British fort , Fort Glamorgan, was built on the West Bank in 1847, and annexed to
2805-490: The vicinity of East London such as Stutterheim and Berlin . Today, German surnames such as Gehring, Salzwedel and Peinke are still common in East London, but the descendants of the settlers rapidly became Anglicised. The existing port, in the mouth of the Buffalo River , adjoining the Indian Ocean , began operating in 1870. In 1872, the Cape Colony, under the leadership of its first Prime Minister John Molteno , attained
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#17328478464832860-567: The west and Mthatha and Durban to the east. It is the southern end of the N6 , which runs north via Komani and Aliwal North to Bloemfontein . Older sections of the N2 have been renumbered the R102. The R72 is an alternative route to Port Elizabeth , via Port Alfred . The R346 is an alternative route to King William's Town . East London, like South Africa's other major cities, uses Metropolitan (or M) routes as
2915-480: Was discovered in December 1952. Between 1938 and 1975, 84 specimens were caught and recorded. The second extant species, the Indonesian coelacanth , was described from Manado , North Sulawesi , Indonesia, in 1999 by Pouyaud et al. based on a specimen discovered by Mark V. Erdmann in 1998 and deposited at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). Erdmann and his wife Arnaz Mehta first encountered
2970-455: Was faster, ultra-distance runner John Ball over land, or surf lifesaver John Woods over water. John Ball won. Surfing is popular in East London. It is home to some of South Africa's top surfers, including Greg Emslie, former World Championship Tour surfer, ISA World Masters Champion, five-time South African Men’s Champion and coach to Olympic silver medalist Bianca Buitendag, Andre Malherbe, and up-and-comer Zoe Steyn. Nahoon Reef, located in
3025-425: Was the architect of apartheid, forbade the East London municipality from extending the existing Duncan Village township and sanctioned the building of Mdantsane. In 1961, these plans provided for the allocation of a distinct wedge of the city for Asian and Coloured residence, which "incorporated the areas of North End and the recently proclaimed Buffalo Flats location. This plan occasioned tremendous resentment in
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