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67-505: The region , known as Transjordan, was controlled by numerous powers throughout history. During the early modern period , the region of Transjordan was included under the jurisdiction of Ottoman Syrian provinces. After the Great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule during the 1910s, the Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by Hashemite Emir Abdullah , and the emirate became

134-629: A British protectorate . In 1946, the emirate achieved independence from the British and in 1949 the country changed its name to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", after the Jordanian annexation of the West Bank following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War . The prefix trans- is Latin and means "across" or beyond, and so "Transjordan" refers to the land on the other side of the Jordan River . The equivalent term for

201-761: A Field Marshal or General of the Army (US five stars), or Generalissimo (Soviet Union); and in the US Armed Forces an Admiral (typically four stars) may also command a region. Due to the large size of this formation, its use is rarely employed. Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern, Western, and southern (mostly in Italy) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation (see Military organization and APP-6A )

268-638: A cultural region. Examples of natural resource regions are the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania, which is a historical region as well as a cultural, physical, and natural resource region; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania's coal region is a historical, cultural, and natural region;

335-416: A functional region. Nodal regions, functional urban regions, daily urban systems, local labour-market areas (LLMAs), or travel-to-work areas (TTWAs) are considered to be special instances of a general functional region that need to fulfil some specific conditions regarding, for instance, the character of the region-organising interaction or the presence of urban cores, (Halas et al., 2015 ). In military usage,

402-522: A lesser degree, regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England, "Acadia" (Nova Scotia), "Newfoundland and The Fishery/The Banks". Other examples of historical regions are Iroquoia, Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert's Land . In Russia , historical regions include Siberia and the Russian North , as well as the Ural Mountains . These regions had an identity that developed from

469-653: A massive altar called the Witness by the Jordan River. This causes the "whole congregation of the Israelites" to prepare for war. They first sent a delegation to the Transjordanians, accusing them of making God angry and suggesting their land may be unclean. In response to this, the Transjordanians said that the altar is not for offerings, but is only a "witness". The western tribes were satisfied and return home. Assis argues that

536-539: A military and trade road along the fortified Limes Arabicus . The Incense Route comprised a network of major ancient land and sea trading routes linking the Mediterranean world with Eastern and Southern sources of incense, spices and other luxury goods, stretching from Mediterranean ports across the Levant and Egypt through Northeastern Africa and Arabia to India and beyond. The incense land trade from South Arabia to

603-500: A number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity (e.g., the región , used in Chile ). In English, the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages (e.g., the область ( oblast ), used in Russia alongside a broader term регион ). The following countries use the term "region" (or its cognate ) as

670-551: A proposed major sub-grouping of Semitic languages . The term was first coined in 1883 by Fritz Hommel . The grouping supported by Semiticists like Robert Hetzron and John Huehnergard divides the Semitic language family into two branches: Eastern and Western. The West Semitic languages consist of the clearly defined sub-groups: Modern South Arabian , Old South Arabian , Ethiopic , Arabic (including Maltese ), and Northwest Semitic (this including Hebrew , Aramaic , and

737-418: A region is shorthand for the name of a military formation larger than an Army Group and smaller than a Theater . The full name of the military formation is Army Region. The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers. Two or more Army Regions could make up a Theater. An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General (US four stars),

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804-529: A significant percentage of their respective continental land area. To a large extent, major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents. For the most part, the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies, from all types of media, or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of their own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments. Regional geography

871-651: A similar way, as does Romania and Venezuela . The government of Singapore makes use of the term " region " for its own administrative purposes. The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English: China has five 自治区 ( zìzhìqū ) and two 特別行政區 (or 特别行政区; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū ), which are translated as " autonomous region " and " special administrative region ", respectively. There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts, agencies, or regions. In general, they are all regions in

938-611: A sort of social and political polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant. These broad terms are somewhat vague when used to describe regions. Within some religions there are clearly defined regions. The Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others, define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , ecclesiastical provinces , and parish . For example,

1005-450: Is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character. The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region, which consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization, which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions. Regional geography

1072-655: Is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on. The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography . Regions are an area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries. In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes , biomes , drainage basins , natural regions , mountain ranges , soil types . Where human geography

1139-477: Is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences (similar to quantitative or critical geographies ; for more information, see history of geography ). Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments. It encompasses human , political , cultural , social , and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated. While

1206-401: Is concerned, the regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography . Global regions are distinguishable from space, and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments, land and water . However, they have been generally recognized as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography. They are divided into

1273-699: Is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions , replacing the current counties. The government of the Philippines uses the term "region" (in Filipino , rehiyon ) when it is necessary to group provinces, the primary administrative subdivision of the country. This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; "states") into grandes regiões ( greater regions ) for statistical purposes, while Russia uses экономические районы ( economic regions ) in

1340-476: Is giving spatial understanding of mediated image. [REDACTED] Africa [REDACTED] Antarctica [REDACTED] Asia [REDACTED] Australia [REDACTED] Europe [REDACTED] North America [REDACTED] South America [REDACTED] Afro-Eurasia [REDACTED] Americas [REDACTED] Eurasia [REDACTED] Oceania West Semitic languages The West Semitic languages are

1407-421: Is identified with six Xs. Media geography is a spatio-temporal understanding, brought through different gadgets of media, nowadays, media became inevitable at different proportions and everyone supposed to consumed at different gravity. The spatial attributes are studied with the help of media outputs in shape of images which are contested in nature and pattern as well where politics is inseparable. Media geography

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1474-432: Is not an abstract spatial concept, but to a certain extent it can be regarded as a reflection of the spatial behaviour of individuals in a geographic space. The functional region is conceived as a general concept while its inner structure, inner spatial flows, and interactions need not necessarily show any regular pattern, only selfcontainment. The concept of self-containment remains the only crucial defining characteristic of

1541-715: The Ammonites and Moabites as the "children of Lot". Throughout the Bible, the Ammonites and Israelites are portrayed as mutual antagonists. During the Exodus , the Israelites were prohibited by the Ammonites from passing through their lands ( Deuteronomy 23:4 ). In the Book of Judges , the Ammonites work with Eglon , king of the Moabites against Israel. Attacks by the Ammonites on Israelite communities east of

1608-807: The Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history, like New France , "West Indies", the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example). Instead he writes of "discrete colonization areas", which may be named after colonies but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries. Among other historic regions of this type, he writes about "Greater New England" and its major sub-regions of "Plymouth", "New Haven shores" (including parts of Long Island), "Rhode Island" (or "Narragansett Bay"), "the Piscataqua", "Massachusetts Bay", "Connecticut Valley", and to

1675-539: The Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed. Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name, like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as

1742-854: The Late Bronze Age collapse the Amorites of Syria disappeared after being displaced or absorbed by a new wave of semi-nomadic West Semitic-speaking peoples known collectively as the Ahlamu . Over time, the Arameans emerged as the dominant tribe amongst the Ahlamu; with the destruction of the Hittites and the decline of Assyria in the late 11th century BCE, they gained control over much of Syria and Transjordan. The regions they inhabited became known as Aram (Aramea) and Eber-Nari . The Book of Numbers (chapter 32 ) tells how

1809-463: The Mediterranean flourished between roughly the 7th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Region In geography , regions , otherwise referred to as areas , zones , lands or territories , are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ), human impact characteristics ( human geography ), and the interaction of humanity and

1876-979: The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas-Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C-TRAN . The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as "regions". These informal divisions do not form

1943-553: The Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the "Western Channel Community", which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset . In describing historic regions of America, Meinig writes of "The Great Fishery" off the coast of Newfoundland and New England, an oceanic region that includes

2010-566: The Pharisees because many marriages with Ammonite (and Moabite) wives had taken place in the days of Nehemiah ( Nehemiah 13:23 ). The men had married women of the various nations without conversion, which made the children not Jewish. The legitimacy of David 's claim to royalty was disputed on account of his descent from Ruth, the Moabite. King David spent time in the Transjordan after he had fled from

2077-616: The Septuagint to Ancient Greek : πέραν τοῦ Ιορδάνου, , romanized :  translit. péran toú Iordánou, , lit.   'beyond the Jordan';, which was then translated to Latin : trans Iordanen , lit.   'beyond the Jordan' in the Vulgate . However, some authors give the Hebrew : עבר הירדן , romanized :  ʿēḇer hayyardēn , lit.   'beyond

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2144-508: The United Kingdom 's Lake District and California's Wine Country . great plains region Natural resources often occur in distinct regions. Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography, but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography. A coal region, for example, is a physical or geomorphological region, but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and

2211-479: The oceans , and discrete climates above the land and water masses of the planet. The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large-scale ecologies, such as plains and features. As a way of describing spatial areas, the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography, each of which can describe areas in regional terms. For example, ecoregion

2278-510: The Far East across the eastern desert while other caravans brought myrrh and frankincense from the south. The region of Hauran then called "Auranitis" came under the control of the Nabataean kingdom. And the city of Bosra then called "Bostra" became the northern capital of the kingdom while its southern capital was Petra . After Pompey 's military conquest of Syria, Judaea, and Transjordan. Control of

2345-680: The Jordan is portrayed as "a barrier to the promised land ", but in Deuteronomy 1:7 and 11:24 , the Transjordan is an "integral part of the promised land." Unlike the other tribal allotments in Joshua, the Transjordanian territory was not divided by lot. Jacob Milgrom suggests that it is assigned by Moses rather than by God. Lori Rowlett argues that in the Book of Joshua, the Transjordanian tribes function as

2412-467: The Jordan were the impetus behind the unification of the tribes under Saul ( 1 Samuel 11:1–15 ). According to both Books of Kings ( 14:21–31 ) and Books of Chronicles ( 12:13 ), Naamah was an Ammonite. She was the only wife of King Solomon to be mentioned by name in the Tanakh as having borne a child. She was the mother of Solomon's successor, Rehoboam . The Ammonites presented a serious problem to

2479-653: The Jordan', as the basis for Transjordan, which is also the Modern Hebrew usage. Whereas the term "East" as in "towards the sunrise" is used in Arabic : شرق الأردن , romanized :  Sharq al ʾUrdun , lit.   'East of the Jordan'. The Shasu were Semitic-speaking cattle nomads in the Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. In a 15th-century BCE list of enemies inscribed on column bases at

2546-627: The Jordan, that Josephus et al. called Perea . Jerash was a prominent central community for the surrounding region during the Neolithic period and was also inhabited during the Bronze Age . Ancient Greek inscriptions from the city, and the literary works of Iamblichus and the Etymologicum Magnum indicate that the city was founded as "Gerasa" by Alexander the Great or his general Perdiccas , for

2613-544: The South Semitic languages. However, Hetzron and Huehnergard connect it more closely with the Northwest Semitic languages, to form Central Semitic . Some Semiticists continue to argue for the older classification, based on the distinctive feature of broken plurals . Some linguists also argue that Eteocypriot was a Northwest Semitic language spoken in ancient Cyprus . This Semitic languages -related article

2680-691: The United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic districts , which are subdivided into circuits (the Atlantic District (LCMS) , for example). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes, but uses terms like ward and stake . In the field of political geography , regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states ; subnational units such as administrative regions, provinces , states (in

2747-733: The United States) , counties , townships , territories , etc.; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East. The word "region" is taken from the Latin regio (derived from regere , 'to rule'), and

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2814-627: The Zarqa. Since Og's territory was not on the route to Canaan, it was "more naturally part of the Promised Land", and so the Manassites' status is less problematic than that of the Reubenites or Gadites. In Joshua 1 , Joshua affirms Moses' decision and urges the men of the two-and-a-half tribes to help in the conquest, which they are willing to do. In Joshua 22 , the Transjordanian tribes returned and built

2881-526: The area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors. Countries, states, provinces, and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors. Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany in Italy and Yucatán in Mexico. Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include

2948-578: The basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries, but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging. Examples are: Functional regions are usually understood to be the areas organised by the horizontal functional relations (flows, interactions) that are maximised within a region and minimised across its borders so that the principles of internal cohesiveness and external separation regarding spatial interactions are met (see, for instance, Farmer and Fotheringham, 2011; Klapka, Halas, 2016; Smart, 1974 ). A functional region

3015-410: The biblical writers. Horst Seebass argues that in Numbers "one finds awareness of Transjordan as being holy to YHWH ." He argues for this based on the presence of the Cities of Refuge there, and because land taken in a holy war is always holy. Richard Hess , on the other hand, asserts that "the Transjordanian tribes were not in the land of promise." Moshe Weinfeld argues that in the Book of Joshua,

3082-430: The city was later transferred to Herod the Great and his heirs until 106 CE, when Bosra was incorporated into the new Roman province of Arabia Petraea . The Herodian kingdom of Judaea was a client state of the Roman Republic from 37 BCE, and included Samaria and Perea . And when Herod died in 4 BCE, the kingdom was divided among his sons into the Herodian Tetrarchy . Provincia Arabia Petraea or simply Arabia,

3149-435: The early modern period and led to Siberian regionalism . A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics. These regions are often named after a geographical, former, or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of

3216-459: The environment ( environmental geography ). Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined, and sometimes transitory boundaries, except in human geography, where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law. More confined or well bounded portions are called locations or places . Apart from the global continental regions, there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover

3283-405: The extinct Amorite and Ugaritic languages). The East Semitic languages , meanwhile, consist of the extinct Eblaite and Akkadian languages. Ethiopic and South Arabian show particular common features, and are often grouped together as South Semitic . The proper classification of Arabic with respect to other Semitic languages is debated. In older classifications, it is grouped with

3350-439: The general sense of being bounded spatial units. Examples include electoral districts such as Washington's 6th congressional district and Tennessee's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as

3417-402: The half-tribe of Manasseh. Some of these traditions provide only an idealized picture of Israelite possessions east of the Jordan; others are no more than vague generalizations. Num 21.21–35, for example, says only that the land the people occupied extended from Wadi Arnon to Wadi Jabbok , the boundary of the Amorites . There is some ambiguity about the status of the Transjordan in the mind of

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3484-457: The inverse of the Gibeonites (mentioned in Joshua 9 ). Whereas the former have the right ethnicity, but wrong geographical location, the latter have the wrong ethnicity, but are "within the boundary of the 'pure' geographical location." According to Genesis , ( 19:37–38 ), Ammon and Moab were born to Lot and Lot's younger and elder daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah . The Bible refers to both

3551-454: The largest of land regions, known as continents and the largest of water regions known as oceans . There are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification, such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions, or earthquake regions that are defined in geology . Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempt to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalization for

3618-432: The major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth (see physical geography ), it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out, and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two. Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories: The field of historical geography involves

3685-551: The name of a type of subnational administrative unit: The Canadian province of Québec also uses the "administrative region" ( région administrative ). Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996. In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also, some single-province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma . Two län (counties) in Sweden are officially called 'regions': Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there

3752-449: The purpose of settling retired Macedonian soldiers (γῆρας— gēras —means "old age" in Ancient Greek). It was a city of the Decapolis, and is one of the most important and best preserved Ancient Roman cities in the Near East . The Nabataeans ' trading network was centered on strings of oases that they controlled. The Nabataean kingdom reached its territorial zenith during the reign of Aretas III (87-62 BCE), when it encompassed parts of

3819-417: The purpose of the study. As such they are conceptual constructs, usually lacking distinct boundaries. The oceanic division into maritime regions is used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent, using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity, such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy

3886-425: The rebellion of his son Absalom ( 2 Samuel 17–19 ). The Decapolis is named from its ten cities enumerated by Pliny the Elder (23–79). What Pliny calls Decapolis , Ptolemy (c. 100–c. 170) calls Cœle-Syria . Ptolemy does not use the term "Transjordan", but rather the periphrasis "across the Jordan". And he enumerates the cities; Cosmas, Libias , Callirhoe , Gazorus, Epicaeros—as being in this district—east of

3953-443: The regions of Amurru and Apu to the north. As such, parts of Canaan and southwestern Syria became tributary to the pharaohs of ancient Egypt before the Late Bronze Age collapse . When Canaanite confederacies centered on Megiddo and Kadesh came under the control of the New Kingdom of Egypt . However, the empire's control was sporadic, and not strong enough to prevent frequent local rebellions and inter-city conflict. During

4020-425: The study of human history as it relates to places and regions , or the study of how places and regions have changed over time. D. W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America, describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example, in identifying European "source regions" in early American colonization efforts, he defines and describes

4087-434: The temple of Soleb built by Amenhotep III , six groups of Shasu are noted; the Shasu of S'rr , the Shasu of Rbn , the Shasu of Sm't , the Shasu of Wrbr , the Shasu of Yhw , and the Shasu of Pysps . Some scholars link the Israelites and the worship of a deity named Yahweh with the Shasu. The Egyptian geographical term Retjenu is traditionally identified as an area covering Sinai and Canaan south of Lebanon, with

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4154-448: The territory of modern Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Israel. Bosra is located in a geographical area called the Hauran plateau. The soil of this volcanic plateau made it a fertile region for the cultivation of domesticated cereals during the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution . The city was noted in Egyptian documents of the 14th century BCE, and was situated on the trade routes where caravans brought spices from India and

4221-472: The tribes of Reuben and Gad came to Moses to ask if they could settle in the Transjordan. Moses is dubious, but the two tribes promise to join in the conquest of the land , so Moses grants them this region to live in. The Tribe of Manasseh is not mentioned until verse 33. David Jobling suggests that this is because Manasseh settled in the land that previously belonged to Og north of the Zarqa , while Reuben and Gad settled Sihon 's land, which lay south of

4288-444: The unusual dimensions of the altar suggest that it "was not meant for sacrificial use", but was, in fact, "meant to attract the attention of the other tribes" and provoke a reaction. Per the settlement of the Israelite tribes east of the Jordan, Burton MacDonald notes; There are various traditions behind the Books of Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, and 1 Chronicles' assignment of tribal territories and towns to Reuben, Gad, and

4355-409: The west side is the Cisjordan – literally, "on this side of the [River] Jordan". Both terms reflect the biblical perspective, as different regions were seen when looked at from the Holy Land . The Tanakh 's Hebrew : בעבר הַיַּרְדֵּן מִזְרָח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ‎ , romanized :  bʿēḇer hayyardēn mizrāḥ haššemeš , lit.   'beyond the Jordan towards the sunrise', is translated in

4422-417: Was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century. It consisted of the former Nabataean kingdom in the southern Levant, Sinai Peninsula, and northwestern Arabian peninsula. The Lordship of Oultrejordain (Old French for "beyond the Jordan"), also called the Lordship of Montreal, otherwise Transjordan, was part of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem . Roman roads The King's Highway

4489-412: Was a trade route of vital importance to the ancient Near East. It began in Egypt and stretched across the Sinai Peninsula to Aqaba. From there it turned northward across Transjordan, leading to Damascus and the Euphrates River. During the Roman period the road was called Via Regia (Orient) . Emperor Trajan rebuilt and renamed it Via Traiana Nova (viz. Via Traiana Roma), under which name it served as

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