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97-456: The Sherman Quarters was built in 1834 by diplomat and businessman Thomas O. Larkin . Larkin made his home available as a service to U.S. troops during the U.S. occupation of California. This small adobe building served as headquarters for Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman and military secretary of state Henry W. Halleck from 1847 to 1849 while they served under Colonel Richard Barnes Mason , military governor of California before it became

194-481: A state . Sherman later became famous as a Union general during the American Civil War . The spiked cannon in front of the house was used as a hitching post. A legend about the house said that Sherman fell in love with Señorita Maria Ygnacia Bonifacio, who lived in the house before his assignment to Monterey in 1847. He gave Maria a rose-tree or "Sherman Rose," with the promise that he would return. The building

291-501: A "sense of earthly grandeur and divine purpose". He was later called the "Moses of the Pilgrims", notes historian Jon Meacham . The Pilgrims "believed they had a covenant like the Jewish people of old", writes author Rebecca Fraser . "America was the new Promised Land." In a similar vein, early American writer James Russell Lowell stated, "Next to the fugitives whom Moses led out of Egypt,

388-415: A bookbinder but disliked working for another man. His mother died in 1818 when he was 16. He had only one close family member remaining, his brother William. In 1819, he changed employer, but this did not resolve his dissatisfaction. On October 21, 1821 he sailed to Wilmington, North Carolina . The town was deserted due to a Yellow Fever epidemic. Determined to succeed, he persevered and obtained work as

485-459: A clerk. He was extremely observant and critical of Southern business practices and disappointed at the few books available to the general population. He contracted for a voyage to Bermuda in February 1822 as supercargo of the ship Susan . He was to be paid $ 20 a month plus 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 % of the cargo sale. The drunk captain cheated him and Larkin was never paid. In June 1822 he opened

582-616: A condition outlawing independent English church congregations in Holland. In aggregate, these became the separatists' motivating factors to sail for the New World , which would have the added benefit of being beyond the reach of King James and his bishops. Their desire to travel to America was considered audacious and risky, as previous attempts to settle in North America had failed. Jamestown , founded in 1607, saw most of its settlers die within

679-527: A crew member threw a rope, which Howland managed to grab, and he was safely pulled back on board. The passengers were forced to crouch in semi-darkness below deck. With waves tossing the boat in different directions, men held onto their wives, who themselves held onto their children. Water was soaking everyone and everything above and below deck. In mid-ocean, the ship came close to being totally disabled and might have had to return to England or risk sinking. A storm had so badly damaged its main beam that even

776-515: A crew of 25 to 30 officers and men, bringing the total aboard to approximately 130. At about 180 tons, she was considered a smaller cargo ship, having traveled mainly between England and Bordeaux with clothing and wine, not an ocean ship. Nor was she in good shape, as she was sold for scrap four years after her Atlantic voyage. She was a high-built craft forward and aft, measuring approximately 100 feet (30 m) in length and about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point. The living quarters for

873-613: A good neighborhood. Their new home soon acquired the reputation they had gained in California for lavish hospitality. But the cold and damp eastern weather did not agree with them. Rachel and the children endured repeated bouts of illness. Thomas acquired an acute skin disease and was so ill for two months that newspapers mistakenly announced his death. When he finally began to recover, Rachel, who had helped doctor him, collapsed from exhaustion. In May 1853, they returned to San Francisco where their health improved. They found good schools for

970-635: A group of English families left England for the Netherlands, where they could worship freely. By 1620, the community determined to cross the Atlantic for America, which they considered a "new Promised Land ", where they would establish Plymouth Colony . The Pilgrims had originally hoped to reach America by early October using two ships, but delays and complications meant they could use only one, Mayflower . Arriving in November, they had to survive unprepared through

1067-427: A harsh winter. As a result, only half of the original Pilgrims survived the first winter at Plymouth. If not for the help of local indigenous peoples to teach them food gathering and other survival skills, all of the colonists might have perished. The following year, those 53 who survived celebrated the colony's first fall harvest along with 90 Wampanoag Native American people, an occasion declared in centuries later

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1164-617: A job in the Washington DC post office, or join his brother in California. The first two did not materialize. He received a letter from his older half-brother, John Cooper , who persuaded him that Alta California was full of opportunity, and asked for his assistance with his business. In September 1831 Thomas left Boston in September 1831 on the brig Newcastle , engaged in the hide and tallow trade . The journey via sailing ship around Cape Horn took seven months. The only other passenger

1261-535: A large piece of property on Calle Principal between Jefferson and Madison Streets, in Monterey, California . In 1834 he opened a store on the property and began building a home on it, now known as the Larkin House . It was likely the first home in California to have an interior chimney and fireplace. The building marks a turning point in the development of California adobe buildings. The distinctive broad roof that overhangs

1358-570: A new start after the repairs, but more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England, Speedwell sprang a third leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as vital funds had been wasted on the ship, which were considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth , England, where 20 Speedwell passengers joined

1455-521: A plantation, God works a miracle! Especially considering how scant we shall be of victuals; and, most of all, ununited amongst ourselves, and devoid of good tutors and leaders. Violence will break all. Where is the meek and humble spirit of Moses and of Nehemiah, who re-edified the walls of Jerusalem, and the State of Israel? ... I see not, in reason, how we shall escape, even the gasping of hunger-starved persons: but God can do much; and his will be done!" During

1552-541: A self-governing community, they came ashore. The moment the Pilgrims stepped ashore was described by William Bradford, the second Governor of the Plymouth Colony: Being thus arrived in a good harbor and brought safe to land, they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of heaven, who had brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on

1649-560: A smallpox hospital in Monterey. With the rise of James K. Polk to the Presidency in 1845, war with Mexico seemed unavoidable. Larkin hired William Leidesdorff as Vice Consul in San Francisco, thus relieving himself of some of the burden of the office. Early in 1846, Larkin received instructions from Secretary of State James Buchanan to begin working covertly to assure all concerned that

1746-511: A sought-after destination for Protestant intellectuals. Many of the separatists were illegal members of a church in Nottinghamshire , England, secretly practicing their Puritan form of Protestantism. When they learned that the authorities were aware of their congregation, church members fled in the night with little more than the clothes they were wearing, and clandestinely made it to Holland. Life in Holland became increasingly difficult for

1843-509: A store in Wilmington in partnership with his friend, F.G. Thurston. He returned to Boston for a visit and felt like he didn't belong. His brother William and he bought $ 5,000 in goods in the North and had them shipped to North Carolina. When Thurston tried to discredit Larkin, Larkin successfully turned back the attack on his character, but when William died on September 4, 1825, Larkin lost interest in

1940-622: A week. He was buried in what was the Laurel Hill Cemetery in San Francisco, but he is now interred at Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California . An obituary was published in the Sacramento Daily Union on October 29, 1858. Thomas Oliver Larkin married Rachel M. Hobson ( Ipswich, Massachusetts , April 30, 1807 – San Francisco, October 29, 1873), the daughter of Daniel and Eliza Hobson, on June 10, 1833. Children: Larkin bought

2037-525: Is assumed that they carried tools, food and weapons, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. The ship also held two small 21-foot (6 m) boats powered by oars or sails. There were also artillery pieces aboard, which they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces or indigenous tribes. On November 19, 1620 [ O.S. November 9, 1620], they sighted present-day Cape Cod . They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of

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2134-507: Is clad with fieldstone with painted earthen plaster that is now peeling showing the adobe brick beneath. It has an entrance porch, wood steps, wood rail and door. Windows are single, double hung, wood, multipane with shutters. The roof is a front gable, shake roof with open eaves. It has an exterior brick chimney. The small one-room adobe is between the House of the Four Winds and shares a garden with

2231-622: Is today the United States, dropping anchor near the tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts , on November 21 [ O.S. November 11], 1620. Differing from their contemporary Puritans (who sought to reform and purify the Church of England ), the Pilgrims chose to separate themselves from the Church of England, which forced them to pray in private. They believed that its resistance to reform and Roman Catholic past left it beyond redemption. Starting in 1608,

2328-501: The Colony of Virginia , where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. But the strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, known today as Provincetown Harbor , and they set anchor on November 21 [ O.S. November 11]. It was before setting anchor that the male Pilgrims and non-Pilgrim passengers (whom members of

2425-612: The Company of Merchant Adventurers of London , and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself. Three of Mayflower ' s owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones's death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones's widow, Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of

2522-403: The House of the Four Winds in 1834 (or 1840). The building was used as the first State of California Hall of Records . At that time, all foreign ships had to stop at the port of Monterey to pay import/export tariffs and obtain permission to trade. Larkin was well-positioned to engage in trade with Mexico , the United States and other countries. British and American trade with China came to

2619-560: The House of the Four Winds on the same property. It served as headquarters for Henry Halleck , Secretary of State. After the Mexican–American War , the building was first used as a residence and by the Spanish Governor of Alta California Juan Bautista Alvarado . In 1846, William S. Johnson designated it as the first State of California Hall of Records for the newly formed County of Monterey. Johnson had his office and home in

2716-680: The Mayflower Barn , located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added timbers from a ship to a farmhouse. They were bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe and believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower . The well-preserved structure became a tourist attraction, receiving visitors from all over the world, particularly from America, but it later became privately owned and closed to

2813-583: The Pacific Squadron and John C. Frémont . Gillespie, after traveling in secret across Mexico and catching a ship to California, arrived early in June 1846 with the verbal messages from Polk. What was in the messages are unknown but the Bear Flag revolt came as a surprise to Larkin. On July 7, 1846, Commodore John D. Sloat entered Monterey Bay with three ships. His marines and "blue-jackets" (enlisted sailors) raised

2910-558: The Sherman Quarters in 1834. In 1835 he built the first two-story house in California, a combination of New England and California building materials and methods that is today known as Monterey Colonial architecture . Larkin House is now part of Monterey State Historic Park . Larkin also built the first wharf at Monterey harbor and was commissioned to rebuild the Customhouse . He built

3007-416: The 102 passengers were cramped, with the living area about 20 by 80 feet (6 by 24 m) or 1,600 square feet (150 m ) and the ceiling about five feet (1.5 m) high. With couples and children packed closely together for a trip lasting two months, a great deal of trust and confidence was required among everyone aboard. John Carver , one of the leaders on the ship, often inspired the Pilgrims with

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3104-772: The American Conquest of California and the end of the Mexican-American War , Larkin was a delegate to the Monterey Constitutional Convention in 1849 and a signatory of the Constitution of California . Larkin was born in Charlestown, Massachusetts , the son of Thomas Larkin and Ann Rogers, and great nephew of the Deacon John Larkin who provided the horse for Paul Revere 's famous ride. He

3201-793: The American flag over the Customs House. Commodore (Rear Admiral) Robert Field Stockton replaced Sloat a week later as commander of the Pacific Squadron. Stockton appointed Fremont commander of the volunteer militia formed around his 60-man Corps of Topographical Engineers and the Bear Flag Republicans as the California Battalion . He dispatched 160 of the forces on the USS Cyane to occupy San Diego and Los Angeles. Larkin joined

3298-523: The Colony of Virginia. The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 20 by 75 feet (6 by 23 m) large at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 15 by 25 feet (4.5 by 7.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than

3395-503: The Cooper house. Upon learning she was carrying Thomas' child, Rachel moved to Santa Barbara where her husband's ship was expected. Faced with the dilemma of explaining the child to her husband, she learned in October that he had died the year before while at sea enroute from Acapulco to Lima, Peru. In January 1833, Rachel gave birth to a daughter she named Isabel Ann. In Monterey, Larkin found

3492-490: The King of Spain.... The missionaries objected to any settlements in the country but the missions; the presidios they regarded as a necessary evil. Larkin remained in Monterey, working as a clerk for his brother John B. R. Cooper. In early 1833, he sailed to Santa Barbara and was reunited with Hobson. They were married on board the American bark Volunteer , on June 10, 1833. The U. S. Consul for Hawai'i , John Coffin Jones , performed

3589-526: The Larkin House, built in 1834 by Thomas O. Larkin. The Larkin garden has redwoods, palm, and fig trees. The artist Percy Gray , a California Impressionist, and his wife Leone Phelps, purchased the house in 1923 and renovated it. In 1939, he sold the adobe and moved to San Francisco. The watercolor, Sherman's Quarters, is an example of his work that he did on the Sherman Quarters. The Sherman Quarters

3686-501: The Monterey area, and was not one of those sent to prison in chains in 1840. Larkin loaned money to Alvarado 's successor, Micheltorena , which he lost when the Governor was overthrown by Alvarado in 1844. He never applied for Mexican citizenship, which required conversion to Catholicism; instead he renewed his visa annually to maintain his legal status. As a non-citizen, he could not legally own land, but he managed to obtain land grants in

3783-625: The North Atlantic into a dangerous place to sail. Mayflower ' s provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship this entire time, feeling worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in the cramped spaces of a small ship. When Mayflower sailed from Plymouth alone on September 16 [ O.S. September 6], 1620, with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind", she carried 102 passengers plus

3880-448: The North Atlantic off Spitsbergen or sailed to Mediterranean ports. After 1616, no further record specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. No Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620. Some of the records of the period might have been lost, or this might be due to

3977-595: The Pacific Coast by way of Hawai'i . As a prominent figure in the occasional capital of a distant province of an occasionally unstable nation, Larkin stood in a position of influence that could easily have been his undoing if he chose the wrong side. The fact that he was able to survive through shifting administrations is testimony to his political skills. Despite being a supporter of Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado , he did not involve himself with Alvarado's accusations against Isaac Graham and other foreign residents of

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4074-525: The Pilgrim Fathers first set foot December, 1620 upon a bare rock on the bleak coast of Massachusetts Bay, while all around the earth was covered with deep snow ... Dreary, indeed, was the prospect before them. Exposure and privations had prostrated one half of the men before the first blow of the ax had been struck to build a habitation. ... One by one perished. The governor and his wife died in April 1621; and on

4171-439: The Pilgrims were not accustomed to winter weather which was much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore because of the bad weather they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that froze overnight. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on the expedition. Plymouth faced many difficulties during its first winter,

4268-588: The Port Books of 1609–11 as "of Harwich " in the county of Essex , coincidentally the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570. Records dating from August 1609 note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return in bad weather, and she made short delivery of her cargo of herring. Litigation resulted, and this

4365-464: The United States would support any attempt at secession from Mexico . Toward this end, he secretly employed Abel Stearns to work in southern California. He volunteered to go to Mexico City on behalf of the United States to work out a peaceful settlement, but Congress had already declared war by the time his letter arrived in Washington. Larkin had entered into a dialog with General Mariano Vallejo with

4462-451: The analogy of the ancient Israelites leaving Babylon to escape bondage by returning to Jerusalem, where they would build their temple. "The Pilgrims and Puritans actually referred to themselves as God's New Israel", writes Peter Marshall. It was therefore considered the destiny of the Pilgrims and Puritans to similarly build a "spiritual Jerusalem" in America. When it was time to leave, the ship's senior leader, Edward Winslow , described

4559-495: The appraisal indicates. The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds , eight shillings , and fourpence . What finally became of Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire . Tradition claims that this barn still exists as

4656-464: The beginning, the assistance they received from the local Native Americans was vital. One colonist's journal reported, "We dug and found some more corn, two or three baskets full, and a bag of beans. ... In all we had about ten bushels, which will be enough for seed. It is with God's help that we found this corn, for how else could we have done it, without meeting some Indians who might trouble us." Governor Bradford held out hope: Friends, if ever we make

4753-512: The building. Larkin Street in San Francisco is named for him. An elementary school in Monterey, now closed, was named for him. Mayflower Mayflower was an English sailing ship that transported a group of English families, known today as the Pilgrims , from England to the New World in 1620. After 10 weeks at sea, Mayflower , with 102 passengers and a crew of about 30, reached what

4850-507: The business venture. He moved to Rockfish and opened another store. He was appointed Justice of the Peace, his first taste of government service, but he gave first priority to his business. He made money from the store, but was left $ 1,500 in debt by a sawmill operation. In 1830 he returned to Massachusetts, destitute. Larkin felt he had three options: marry a cousin in Massachusetts, get

4947-595: The ceremony. The infant Isabel died in July 1833, a month after the wedding. Years later they discovered Jones did not have the authority to perform the service and they had to be remarried. With an investment of $ 500, aided by his wife's and Captain Holmes' former accounts, he opened his own store in Monterey, selling dry goods, grog, produce, and groceries. They had eight more children, five of whom survived to adulthood. Their son Thomas Oliver, Jr., born in Monterey on April 13, 1834,

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5044-486: The city at the Carquinez Straits that became Benicia , but Larkin's business interests were in San Francisco and he sold out his share after a few years. As he took control of his own affairs, his relationship with Leidesdorff fell apart. By the time gold was discovered , Larkin had permanently settled in the San Francisco and was in the next few years able to reap a fortune from the economic boom that followed. It

5141-449: The community together, it was revolutionary by chance. Author Rebecca Fraser On Monday, December 7 [ O.S. November 27], an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. There were 34 persons in the open small boat: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were ill-prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, as

5238-549: The congregation referred to as "Strangers") drew up and signed the Mayflower Compact . Among the resolutions in the Compact were those establishing legal order and meant to quell increasing strife within the ranks. Myles Standish was selected to make sure the rules were obeyed, as there was a consensus that discipline would need to be enforced to ensure the survival of the planned colony. Once they agreed to settle and build

5335-456: The congregation. They were forced into menial and backbreaking jobs, such as cleaning wool, which led to a variety of health afflictions. In addition, a number of the country's leading theologians began engaging in open debates which led to civil unrest , instilling the fear that Spain might again place Holland's population under siege, as it had done years earlier. England's James I subsequently formed an alliance with Holland against Spain, with

5432-461: The economics of land and commerce were controlled by the Spanish missions, presidios, pueblos, and a few ranchos. The lands of each mission joined those of other missions on either side, so that all were connected, or, in other words, the missionaries occupied all the land along the coast, except the presidios, the three pueblos and their lands, and a few ranchos which were held by virtue of grants from

5529-518: The failure of the Church of England to reform what they felt were many excesses and abuses. But rather than work for change in England (as other Puritans did), they chose to live as Separatists in religiously tolerant Holland in 1608. As separatists, they were considered illegal radicals by their home country of England. The government of Leiden was recognized for offering financial aid to reformed churches, whether English, French or German, which made it

5626-463: The firm and stable earth, their proper element. Plymouth Colony was the first experiment in consensual government in Western history between individuals with one another, and not with a monarch. The colony was a mutual enterprise, not an imperial expedition organized by the Spanish or English governments. In order to survive, it depended on the consent of the colonists themselves. Necessary in order to bind

5723-610: The first American Thanksgiving . Before disembarking on the Mayflower , the Pilgrims wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact , an agreement that established a rudimentary government, in which each member would contribute to the safety and welfare of the planned settlement. As one of the earliest colonial vessels, the ship has become a cultural icon in the history of the United States. A congregation of approximately 400 English Protestants living in exile in Leiden , Holland, were dissatisfied with

5820-655: The first of that month, forty-six of the one hundred emigrants were in their graves, nineteen of whom were signers of the Mayflower Compact. Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover." Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through

5917-494: The first year. 440 of the 500 new arrivals died of starvation during the first six months of winter. The Puritan separatists also learned of the constant threat of attacks by indigenous peoples. But despite all the arguments against traveling to this new land, their conviction that God wanted them to go held sway: "We verily believe and trust the Lord is with us," they wrote, "and that he will graciously prosper our indeavours, according to

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6014-511: The force sailing for southern California which by August 13, had peacefully occupied San Diego, California and Los Angeles . General José Castro and Governor Pío Pico fled south. Commodore Stockton, the senior military officer in California, appointed Larkin as Naval agent, and Larkin returned to Monterey. The apparently peaceful conquest of California soon began to fray at the edges in southern California. Revolts broke out in Los Angeles, and

6111-420: The gallant little craft slipped out to sea. In proportion to her cubic feet of space, no heavier cargo had ever been shipped across the Atlantic. The entirety of a new church, a new commonwealth, a new nation, all of which were to bless the world, were confined within the limits of Mayflower's hold. The course of empire was moving westward indeed. Rev. E. W. Bishop In early September, western gales turned

6208-618: The goal of arranging a peaceful annexation of California when the Bear Flag Revolt began on 14 June 1846 and the General was captured and imprisoned by a band of Americans who had heard a rumor that the Mexican authorities were thinking of arresting all Americans. In 1846, Marine Lieutenant Archibald Gillespie was sent by President James Polk with secret messages to U.S. Consul Larkin in Monterey, California , Commodore John D. Sloat commanding

6305-400: The little shipload of outcasts who landed at Plymouth are destined to influence the future of the world." The first half of the voyage proceeded over calm seas and under pleasant skies. Then the weather changed, with continuous northeasterly storms hurling themselves against the ship, and huge waves constantly crashing against the topside deck. In the midst of one storm, William Butten ,

6402-403: The most notable being the risk of starvation and the lack of suitable shelter. The Pilgrims had no way of knowing that the ground would be frozen by the middle of November, making it impossible to do any planting. Nor were they prepared for the snow storms that would make the countryside impassable without snowshoes. And in their haste to leave, they did not think to bring any fishing rods. From

6499-411: The name Mayflower in the Port Books of England during the reign of James I (1603–1625); it is not known why the name was so popular. The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records from her home port, her known tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name. It is not known when and where Mayflower was built, although late records designate her as "of London". She was designated in

6596-431: The names of his children. In 1842, Monterey was surprised by the actions of U.S. Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones , who landed Marines to take over Monterey in the mistaken belief that war had broken out between the United States and Mexico . Larkin and William Hartnell worked to smooth over the situation. Jones was induced to submit a written apology to the angry Mexican officials and withdraw his troops. The Commodore

6693-434: The necessary travel supplies. The congregation therefore decided that the younger and stronger members should go first, with others possibly following in the future. Although the congregation had been led by John Robinson , who first proposed the idea of emigrating to America, he chose to remain in Leiden to care for those who could not make the voyage. In explaining to his congregation why they should emigrate, Robinson used

6790-445: The now overcrowded Mayflower , while the others returned to Holland. They waited for seven more days until the wind picked up. William Bradford was especially worried: "We lie here waiting for as fair a wind as can blow... Our victuals will be half eaten up, I think, before we go from the coast of England; and, if our voyage last long, we shall not have a month's victuals when we come in the country." According to Bradford, Speedwell

6887-447: The occupation forces under Archibald Gillespie and his 30-40 men were driven out. José Castro returned, and Larkin moved his family to Yerba Buena (San Francisco) as the Californios throughout the province were attempting to repel the thinly spread out California Battalion garrison troops and Navy forces. Larkin was captured outside of the city when, against advice, he tried to go to his deathly ill daughter, still in Monterey. Larkin

6984-528: The planned rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell , coming from Holland with members of the Leiden congregation. Although both ships planned to depart for America by the end of July, a leak was discovered on Speedwell , which had to be repaired. The ships set sail for America around August 5, but Speedwell sprang another leak shortly after, which necessitated the ships' return to Dartmouth for repairs. They made

7081-610: The return trip home. She arrived in London on May 16 [ O.S. May 6], 1621, less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America. Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. More than a third of the passengers were Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society that incorporated their own religious ideals. Other passengers were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for

7178-411: The sailors despaired. By a stroke of luck, one of the colonists had a metal jackscrew that he had purchased in Holland to help in the construction of the new settler homes. They used it to secure the beam, which kept it from cracking further, thus maintaining the seaworthiness of the vessel. The ship's cargo included many essential stores the Pilgrims would need for their journey and future lives. It

7275-699: The scene of families being separated at the departure: "A flood of tears was poured out. Those not sailing accompanied us to the ship, but were not able to speak to one another for the abundance of sorrow before parting." William Bradford , another leader who would be the second governor of the Plymouth Colony, similarly described the departure: Truly doleful was the sight of that sad and mournful parting. To see what sighs and sobs and prayers did sound among them; what tears did gush from every eye, and pithy speeches pierced each heart...their Reverend Pastor, falling down on his knees, and they all with him... The trip to

7372-592: The second floor windows and the second story balcony are stylish as well as practical and became the standard for adobe buildings of the period. It is a National Historic Landmark and California Historical Landmark. The Sherman Quarters shares a parcel of land with the Larkin House. Larkin built it in 1834 and made it available as a service to U.S. troops during the U.S. occupation of California. This small adobe building served as headquarters for Lieutenant William Tecumseh Sherman and military secretary of state Henry W. Halleck from 1847 to 1849. Larkin also built

7469-570: The ship to settle the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe (the home and burial place of Captain Jones), where Mayflower apparently was then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up following Jones's death and allowed to get out of repair, as

7566-540: The simplicity of our hearts therein." After deciding to leave Holland, they planned to cross the Atlantic using two purchased ships. A small ship with the name Speedwell would first carry them from Leiden to England. The larger Mayflower would then be used to transport most of the passengers and supplies the rest of the way. Not all of the Separatists were able to depart, as many did not have enough time to settle their affairs and their budgets were too meager to buy

7663-429: The size of a modern-day single bed . Passengers passed the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games. They consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals. This was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources and caused disease. No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. There were 26 vessels bearing

7760-516: The south coast of England took three days, where the ship took anchor at Southampton on August 5 [ O.S. July 26], 1620. From there, the Pilgrims first laid eyes on their larger ship, Mayflower , as it was being loaded with provisions. Carrying about 65 passengers, Mayflower left London in mid-July 1620. The ship then proceeded down the Thames to the south coast of England, where it anchored at Southampton, Hampshire. There she waited for

7857-604: The two youngest children and resumed their busy social and business lives. They built an opulent mansion and enjoyed the civic improvements that had taken place in San Francisco as a consequence of the California Gold Rush since they left for New York. During this time Larkin pressed the Federal government for compensation for money he claimed he had spent on Naval supplies and for work on the Monterey Customs House and

7954-408: The unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England Jones was one of the owners of the ship by 1620, along with Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, and Thomas Short. It was from Child and Jones that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in Mayflower voyage due to his membership in

8051-427: The wharf there, without satisfaction. Larkin acquired several land grants including Rancho Jimeno , Rancho Boga , Rancho Cienega del Gabilan , Rancho Pleyto , Rancho Cotate , and Rancho Larkin's Children . In his last years, Larkin engaged in land speculation and was thought by some to be the richest man in America. On October 27, 1858, while at Colusa, California , he contracted typhoid fever and died within

8148-413: The winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 15 [ O.S. April 5], 1621. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors. Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her on the initial voyage pushed her along on

8245-504: The winter, the passengers remained on board Mayflower , suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described as a mixture of scurvy , pneumonia , and tuberculosis . After it was over, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from Mayflower on March 31, 1621 [ O.S. March 21, 1621]. Historian Benson John Lossing described that first settlement: After many hardships ...

8342-429: The young, indentured servant of physician Samuel Fuller , died—the sole fatality of the voyage —and was buried at sea. A baby was also born, christened Oceanus Hopkins. During another storm, so fierce that the sails could not be used, the ship was forced to drift without hoisting its sails for days, or else risk losing her masts. The storm washed passenger John Howland overboard. He sank about 12 feet (4 m), but

8439-478: Was 24 year old Mrs. Rachel Hobson Holmes, who was traveling to Alta California to join her husband, Captain A. C. Holmes, a Danish sea captain and international trader. During the months-long voyage the two had an intimate relationship. The Newcastle made a stopover in Hawai'i before arriving in San Francisco and then Monterey in April 1832. There were no accommodations in the small town and they both were guests at

8536-485: Was a descendant of Richard Warren , a passenger on the Mayflower , and his grandfather, Ebenezer Larkin, took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill . Larkin's mother was married three times, to Thomas Cooper, Thomas Oliver Larkin, and Amariah Childs. On April 8, 1808, at age 6, Larkin's father died, and in 1813 Larkin's mother moved the family to Lynn, Massachusetts. At the age of 15, Larkin went to Boston to apprentice as

8633-448: Was an American diplomat and businessman. After some success and several business failures on the east coast, his elder half-brother, Alta California pioneer businessman Juan B. R. Cooper , invited him to join him in on the west coast, propelling him to success and wealth. Larkin served as the only U.S. consul to Alta California during the Mexican era and was covertly involved in U.S. plans to annex California from Mexico. Following

8730-475: Was as a representative from San Francisco that he served at the 1849 Constitutional Convention , held in Monterey. Early in 1850, he built the first brick building in San Francisco at 1116 Stockton Street. In 1850 they moved to New York. They rented a comfortable suite at the Irving House, a hotel that was popular with Californians. In November they bought and renovated at great expense an eighteen-room home in

8827-907: Was designated as a significant building in the city's Monterey Downtown Area Context Statement and Survey, and was recorded by the Architectural Resources Group , with the Department of Parks and Recreation in June 2011. The building is closed but can be seen when visiting the Larkin House garden. A historical marker was placed on the wall of the building at 510 Calle Principal. The inscription reads: Quarters of General William Tecumseh Sherman Lieutenant Quartermaster and Adjutant General 1847 • 1849 Thomas O. Larkin Thomas Oliver Larkin (September 16, 1802 – October 27, 1858), known later in life in Spanish as Don Tomás Larquin ,

8924-564: Was forced to ride to Santa Barbara . En route, he witnessed the inconclusive Battle of Natividad (near Salinas ) from General Castro's side. He was later imprisoned in Los Angeles and was not reunited with his family until after the signing of the Treaty of Cahuenga which ended four months of skirmishes. His daughter Sophia Adeline died while he was a captive. Now free to own land in his own name, Larkin turned his attention to his new opportunities. In partnership with Robert Semple , he established

9021-418: Was originally part of a large piece of property at Calle Principal between Jefferson and Madison Streets, in Monterey, California . It shares a parcel of land with the Larkin House . In Sherman's memoirs, he talks about the house as the adobe back of Larkin's. The entrance is located in the gardens of the Larkin House. In the 1920s, Larkin's granddaughter, Alice, used it as a tea room. The one-story building

9118-407: Was refitted and seaworthy, having "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." He suggested that Speedwell ' s master may have used "cunning and deceit" to abort the voyage by causing the leaks, fearing starvation and death in America. At last the over-full and hitherto baffled Mayflower was ready for the third trial. This final voyage would be successful. On September 26, 1620,

9215-632: Was still proceeding in 1612. According to records, the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November, and in 1616 she was on the Thames carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land. Jones sailed Mayflower cross-Channel, taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine back to London. He also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and he may have taken Mayflower whaling in

9312-531: Was subsequently removed from his command, but U.S.–Mexican relations remained tense. The successful conclusion to the affair brought Larkin to the attention of officials in Washington , and in 1843 President Tyler appointed Larkin as the first (and last) American consul to Alta California . The following year, he thwarted a British attempt to acquire California while he was assisting the Mexican government in building

9409-537: Was the first white child born of American parents in California. Holmes was the first American woman in California. In 1834 he built a "double geared" flour mill , the first of its kind on the West Coast. He pursued trading opportunities with Hawai'i and Mexico. In 1842 Larkin opened a second sawmill in Santa Cruz run by Josiah Belden. Larkin developed a reputation for his success in land speculation. Larkin built

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