57-401: Shepheard may refer to: Carole Shepheard (born 1945), New Zealand artist John Shepheard (born 1981), British footballer Peter Shepheard (1913–2002), British architect and landscape architect Ryan Shepheard (born 1977), Australian soccer referee Samuel Shepheard (died 1719), British Member of Parliament for Newport (Isle of Wight) and
114-728: A constitutional amendment in 1852 rescinded female voting and put property qualifications on male voting. The seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls , New York, was planted in 1840, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from the U.S. because of their sex. In 1851, Stanton met temperance worker Susan B. Anthony , and shortly
171-588: A local level. The two groups united became one and called themselves the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). Throughout the world, the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which was established in the United States in 1873, campaigned for women's suffrage, in addition to ameliorating the condition of prostitutes. Under the leadership of Frances Willard , "the WCTU became
228-408: A place in the voting booth . But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work; the point was that women's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women's entry into the public arena. Pre-WWI opponents of women's suffrage such as the Women's National Anti-Suffrage League cited women's relative inexperience in military affairs. They claimed that since women were
285-622: Is held in national and international collections including the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and the Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki . Shepheard studied at the University of Auckland Elam School of Fine Art in 1964–1967 (Honours in Stage Design) and 1998–2004, receiving a Doctorate of Fine Arts in 2004. A self-described feminist artist, Shepheard's work revolves around
342-467: Is they who even delegated as first ambassadors to discuss peace." The Iroquois, like many First Nations in North America, had a matrilineal kinship system . Property and descent were passed through the female line. Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them. The first independent country to introduce women's suffrage was arguably Sweden. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage
399-538: The Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838. This right was transferred after they resettled in 1856 to Norfolk Island (now an Australian external territory). The emergence of modern democracy generally began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens, except in the Kingdom of Hawai'i , where universal suffrage was introduced in 1840 without mention of sex; however,
456-643: The Liberia Women's League and the Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement , and in 1946, limited suffrage was finally introduced for women of the privileged Libero-American elite, and expanded to universal women's suffrage in 1951. One of the first occasions when women were able to vote was in the elections of the Nova Scotian settlers at Freetown . In the 1792 elections, all heads of household could vote and one-third were ethnic African women. Women won
513-559: The Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki she exhibited a solo show in 1991, Carole Shepheard: Essence and Shadow , and in 1993 was part of Unruly Practices , a series of solo projects by feminist artists living in Auckland, including works by Claudia Pond Eyley, Mary McIntyre, Christine Hellyar , Sylvia Siddell . Shepheard created the Museum of Cultural Anxiety (MOCA) in an Auckland warehouse space. The project operated between 2002–2006 and provided
570-594: The Convention on the Political Rights of Women , which went into force in 1954, enshrining the equal rights of women to vote, hold office, and access public services as set out by national laws. One of the most recent jurisdictions to acknowledge women's full right to vote was Bhutan in 2008 (its first national elections). Most recently, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia , after both national and international condemnation and activism by feminist groups, granted Saudi women
627-571: The Grand Duchy of Tuscany , in Italy, was the first European state to have a law that provided for the vote of women, for administrative elections, taking up a tradition that was already informally sometimes present in Italy. The 1853 Constitution of the province of Vélez in the Republic of New Granada , modern day Colombia , allowed for married women, or women older than the age of 21, the right to vote within
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#1732859228340684-662: The federation of the British colonies in Australia in 1901, the new federal government enacted the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 which allowed female British subjects to vote and stand for election on the same terms as men. However, many indigenous Australians remained excluded from voting federally until 1962. The first place in Europe to introduce women's suffrage was the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1906, and it also became
741-660: The 1792 elections in Sierra Leone , then a new British colony, all heads of household could vote and one-third were ethnic African women. Other early instances of women's suffrage include the Corsican Republic (1755), the Pitcairn Islands (1838), the Isle of Man (1881), and Franceville (1889–1890), but some of these operated only briefly as independent states and others were not clearly independent. The female descendants of
798-491: The 20th century, the Colony of New Zealand was the first to acknowledge women's right to vote in 1893, largely due to a movement led by Kate Sheppard . The British protectorate of Cook Islands rendered the same right in 1893 as well. Another British colony, South Australia , followed in 1895, enacting laws which not only extended voting to women, but also made women eligible to stand for election to its parliament. Following
855-460: The City of London (father of Samuel Shepheard ) Samuel Shepheard (1677–1748), British Member of Parliament for Malmesbury, Cambridge and Cambridgeshire [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Shepheard . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to
912-515: The Finnish nation in 1917. In the years before World War I , women in Norway also won the right to vote. During WWI, Denmark, Russia, Germany, and Poland also recognized women's right to vote. Canada gave right to vote to some women in 1917; women getting vote on same basis as men in 1920, that is, men and women of certain races or status being excluded from voting until 1960, when universal adult suffrage
969-507: The Kingdom of Hawaii established a House of Representatives, but did not specify who was eligible to participate in the election of it. Some academics have argued that this omission enabled women to vote in the first elections, in which votes were cast by means of signatures on petitions ; but this interpretation remains controversial. The second constitution of 1852 specified that suffrage was restricted to males over twenty years-old. In 1849,
1026-673: The National Woman's Suffrage Association (NWSA) in May 1869. Their goal was to change the 15th Amendment because it did not mention nor include women which is why the NWSA protested against it. Around the same time, there was also another group of women who supported the 15th amendment and they called themselves American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). The American Women Suffrage Association was founded by Lucy Stone , Julia Ward Howe , and Thomas Wentworth Higginson , who were more focused on gaining access at
1083-636: The Russian Grand Duchy of Finland , women gained equal suffrage, with both the right to vote and to stand as candidates in 1906. National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts towards women voting, especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance (founded in 1904 in Berlin , Germany). Most major Western powers extended voting rights to women by the interwar period, including Canada (1917), Germany (1918),
1140-727: The Transkei Legislative Assembly, established in 1963 for the Transkei bantustan , was granted to all adult citizens of the Transkei, including women. Similar provision was made for the Legislative Assemblies created for other bantustans. All adult coloured citizens were eligible to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council , which was established in 1968 with limited legislative powers;
1197-570: The United Kingdom ( 1918 for women over 30 who met certain property requirements, 1928 for all women), Austria , the Netherlands (1919) and the United States (1920). Notable exceptions in Europe were France, where women could not vote until 1944, Greece (equal voting rights for women did not exist there until 1952, although, since 1930, literate women were able to vote in local elections), and Switzerland (where, since 1971, women could vote at
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#17328592283401254-436: The ballot," argued Adella Hunt Logan of Tuskegee, Alabama, "how much more do black Americans, male and female, need the strong defense of a vote to help secure their right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness?" Scholars have proposed different theories for variations in the timing of women's suffrage across countries. These explanations include the activism of social movements, cultural diffusion and normative change,
1311-608: The basis for her doctoral study. She showcased the outcome of her doctoral work in 2002 with her exhibition Off Site at the Te Tuhi gallery in Pakuranga , Auckland. A huge mixed-media exhibition, it was opened by then Prime Minister Helen Clark . Artist files for Shepheard are held at: Also see: Women%27s suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections . Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of,
1368-550: The birthplace of democracy, only adult male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote. Through subsequent centuries, Europe was ruled by monarchs, though various forms of parliament arose at different times. The high rank ascribed to abbesses within the Catholic Church permitted some women the right to sit and vote at national assemblies – as with various high-ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany, who were ranked among
1425-645: The centenary of women's suffrage in New Zealand. In the 2002 New Year Honours , Shepheard was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit , for services to the arts. Shepheard is the president of the Waikato Society of Arts and a director of the Te Puti Art Studio, where she also works as an artist. She established the Te Puti Art Studio in 2009 to teach and support local artists. At
1482-673: The conference deleted the reference to the vote. In the US, women in the Wyoming Territory were permitted to both vote and stand for office in 1869. Subsequent American suffrage groups often disagreed on tactics, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state-by-state campaign and the National Woman's Party focusing on an amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The 1840 constitution of
1539-673: The council was however abolished in 1980. Similarly, all adult Indian citizens were eligible to vote for the South African Indian Council in 1981. In 1984 the Tricameral Parliament was established, and the right to vote for the House of Representatives and House of Delegates was granted to all adult Coloured and Indian citizens, respectively. In 1994 the bantustans and the Tricameral Parliament were abolished and
1596-481: The electoral calculations of political parties, and the occurrence of major wars. According to Adam Przeworski, women's suffrage tends to be extended in the aftermath of major wars. Scholars have linked women's suffrage to subsequent economic growth, the rise of the welfare state, and less interstate conflict. 1962 (full) Aboriginal men and women were not given the right to vote until 1960; previously, they could only vote if they gave up their treaty status. It
1653-729: The federal level, and between 1959 and 1990, women got the right to vote at the local canton level). The last European jurisdictions to give women the right to vote were Liechtenstein in 1984 and the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden at the local level in 1990, with the Vatican City being an absolute elective monarchy (the electorate of the Holy See , the conclave , is composed of male cardinals , rather than Vatican citizens). In some cases of direct democracy , such as Swiss cantons governed by Landsgemeinden , objections to expanding
1710-506: The first action for women's suffrage within the British Isles . The Pacific commune of Franceville (now Port Vila, Vanuatu ), maintained independence from 1889 to 1890, becoming the first self-governing nation to adopt universal suffrage without distinction of sex or color, although only white males were permitted to hold office. For countries that have their origins in self-governing colonies but later became independent nations in
1767-459: The first place in continental Europe to implement racially-equal suffrage for women. As a result of the 1907 parliamentary elections , Finland's voters elected 19 women as the first female members of a representative parliament. This was one of many self-governing actions in the Russian autonomous province that led to conflict with the Russian governor of Finland, ultimately leading to the creation of
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1824-530: The independent princes of the empire. Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times. Marie Guyart , a French nun who worked with the First Nations people of Canada during the 17th century, wrote in 1654 regarding the suffrage practices of Iroquois women: "These female chieftains are women of standing amongst the savages, and they have a deciding vote in the councils. They make decisions there like their male counterparts, and it
1881-549: The largest women's organization of its day and is now the oldest continuing women's organization in the United States." There was also a diversity of views on a "woman's place". Suffragist themes often included the notions that women were naturally kinder and more concerned about children and the elderly. As Kraditor shows, it was often assumed that women voters would have a civilizing effect on politics, opposing domestic violence, liquor, and emphasizing cleanliness and community. An opposing theme, Kraditor argues, held that women had
1938-438: The link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shepheard&oldid=1070936517 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Carole Shepheard Carole Marie Shepheard ONZM (born 6 November 1945) is a New Zealand artist. She specialises in printmaking and her work
1995-402: The majority of the population, women should vote in local elections, but due to a lack of experience in military affairs, they asserted that it would be dangerous to allow them to vote in national elections. Extended political campaigns by women and their supporters were necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for women's suffrage. In many countries, limited suffrage for women
2052-604: The mid–1970s she expanded to drawings, collages, etchings, and prints. She was an early member of the Feminist Art Networkers. Formed in 1982, the network was made up of Auckland women artists and art historians and included Juliet Batten , Elizabeth Eastmond, Alexa Johnston, Claudia Pond Eyley , Priscilla Pitts, and Cheryll Sotheran . Shepheard taught at the Elam School of Fine Arts for sixteen years, holding teaching, administrative and managerial positions. While at
2109-507: The more militant Women's Social and Political Union . Pankhurst would not be satisfied with anything but action on the question of women's enfranchisement, with "deeds, not words" the organization's motto. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were the first two women in America to organize the women's rights convention in July 1848. Susan B. Anthony later joined the movement and helped form
2166-515: The path of this right for women in the 1920s. By the time French women were granted the suffrage in July 1944 by Charles de Gaulle 's government in exile, by a vote of 51 for, 16 against, France had been for about a decade the only Western country that did not at least allow women's suffrage at municipal elections. Voting rights for women were introduced into international law by the United Nations' Human Rights Commission, whose elected chair
2223-635: The province. However, this law was subsequently annulled by the Supreme Court of the Republic , arguing that the citizens of the province could not have more rights than those already guaranteed to the citizens of the other provinces of the country, thus eliminating female suffrage from this province in 1856. In 1881 the Isle of Man , an internally self-governing dependent territory of the British Crown, enfranchised women property owners. With this it provided
2280-450: The re-interpretation of historical, domestic, and cultural objects. Through her prints she used symbols and images of the body in a consciously feminist way. Her use of materials draws on her feminist reflections on the role of women, specifically in the home. In her early years as an artist she concentrated on small-scale, often modular pieces, that utilised women's traditional arts, including stitching, quilting , batik , and weaving. From
2337-538: The right to vote in Sierra Leone in 1930. The campaign for women's suffrage was conducted largely by the Women's Enfranchisement Association of the Union , which was founded in 1911. The franchise was extended to white women 21 years or older by the Women's Enfranchisement Act, 1930 . The first general election at which women could vote was the 1933 election . At that election Leila Reitz (wife of Deneys Reitz )
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2394-536: The right to vote in the Isle of Man in 1881, and in 1893, women in the then self-governing British colony of New Zealand were granted the right to vote. In Australia, the colony of South Australia granted women the right to vote and stand for parliament in 1895 while the Australian Federal Parliament conferred the right to vote and stand for election in 1902 (although it allowed for the exclusion of "aboriginal natives"). Prior to independence, in
2451-523: The right to vote. In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was in effect during the Age of Liberty (1718–1772), as well as in Revolutionary and early-independence New Jersey (1776–1807) in the US. The first territory to continuously allow women to vote to the present day is the Pitcairn Islands since 1838. The Kingdom of Hawai'i , which originally had universal suffrage in 1840, rescinded this in 1852 and
2508-581: The same moral standards. They should be equal in every way and that there was no such thing as a woman's "natural role". For Black women in the United States, achieving suffrage was a way to counter the disfranchisement of the men of their race. Despite this discouragement, black suffragists continued to insist on their equal political rights. Starting in the 1890s, African American women began to assert their political rights aggressively from within their own clubs and suffrage societies. "If white American women, with all their natural and acquired advantages, need
2565-517: The same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution, 1922. In 1928, British women won suffrage on the same terms as men, that is, for ages 21 and older. The suffrage of Turkish women was introduced in 1930 for local elections and in 1934 for national elections. As the 19th Amendment passed and fully gave women the right to the vote, there were other contributors that made this happen. One of which being Alice Paul as she helped sealed
2622-827: The school she established a Women in Leadership Programme, curated participation in international biennales and exhibitions, supported an artist in residence programme, and founded the Association of Women Artists and in 1991, the Artists Alliance. Shepheard retired from Elam in 2007. In 1993, with Anne Gambrill , and support from the Auckland Zonta International Club , she organised the Zonta New Zealand Women's Print exhibition. The exhibited toured galleries throughout New Zealand to celebrate
2679-689: The suffrage claimed that logistical limitations, and the absence of secret ballot , made it impractical as well as unnecessary; others, such as Appenzell Ausserrhoden , instead abolished the system altogether for both women and men. Leslie Hume argues that the First World War changed the popular mood: The women's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were, both by constitution and temperament, unfit to vote. If women could work in munitions factories, it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them
2736-544: The two would be joined in the long struggle to secure the vote for women in the U.S. In 1868 Anthony encouraged working women from the printing and sewing trades in New York, who were excluded from men's trade unions, to form Working Women's Associations. As a delegate to the National Labor Congress in 1868, Anthony persuaded the committee on female labor to call for votes for women and equal pay for equal work. The men at
2793-570: The vote and right to run for office for the first time in the 2015 local elections . The suffrage movement was a broad one, made up of women and men with a wide range of views. In terms of diversity, the greatest achievement of the 20th-century woman suffrage movement was its extremely broad class base. One major division, especially in Britain, was between suffragists, who sought to create change constitutionally, and suffragettes , led by English political activist Emmeline Pankhurst , who in 1903 formed
2850-628: Was Eleanor Roosevelt . In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ; Article 21 stated: "(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures." The United Nations General Assembly adopted
2907-621: Was achieved. The Representation of the People Act 1918 saw British women over 30 gain the vote. Dutch women won the passive vote (allowed to run for parliament) after a revision of the Dutch Constitution in 1917 and the active vote (electing representatives) in 1919, and American women on August 26, 1920, with the passage of the 19th Amendment (the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities). Irish women won
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#17328592283402964-651: Was elected as the first female MP, representing Parktown for the South African Party . The limited voting rights available to non-white men in the Cape Province and Natal ( Transvaal and the Orange Free State practically denied all non-whites the right to vote, and had also done so to white foreign nationals when independent in the 1800s) were not extended to women, and were themselves progressively eliminated between 1936 and 1968. The right to vote for
3021-454: Was granted before universal suffrage for men; for instance, literate women or property owners were granted suffrage before all men received it. The United Nations encouraged women's suffrage in the years following World War II, and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979) identifies it as a basic right with 189 countries currently being parties to this convention. In ancient Athens , often cited as
3078-399: Was in effect during the Age of Liberty (1718–1772). In 1756, Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America. This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony . In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge , Massachusetts, she voted on at least three occasions. Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807. In
3135-514: Was led by several Egyptian women's rights pioneers in the first half of the 20th century through protest, journalism, and lobbying, through women's organizations, primarily the Egyptian Feminist Union (EFU). President Gamal Abdel-Nasser supported women's suffrage in 1956 after they were denied the vote under the British occupation. In 1920, the women's movement organized in the National Liberian Women's Social and Political Movement , who campaigned without success for women's suffrage, followed by
3192-427: Was not until 1948, when Canada signed the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, that it was forced to examine the issue of discrimination against Aboriginal people. 1929 (All provinces, including princely states) The struggle for women's suffrage in Egypt first sparked from the nationalist 1919 Revolution in which women of all classes took to the streets in protest against the British occupation. The struggle
3249-441: Was subsequently annexed by the United States in 1898. In the years after 1869, a number of provinces held by the British and Russian empires conferred women's suffrage, and some of these became sovereign nations at a later point, like New Zealand, Australia, and Finland . Several states and territories of the United States, such as Wyoming (1869) and Utah (1870), also granted women the right to vote. Women who owned property gained
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