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107-634: Sharadchandra Govindrao Pawar (Marathi pronunciation: [ʃəɾəd̪ pəʋaːɾ] , born in 12 December 1940) is an Indian politician. He has served as the Chief Minister of Maharashtra for four terms and has also served in the Union Council of Ministers as the Minister of Defence in the Cabinet of P.V. Narsimha Rao and as Minister of Agriculture in the Cabinet of Manmohan Singh . He is the first and former president of
214-498: A severe drought in Maharashtra . Like most Congress party politicians from rural western Maharashtra, he was also heavily involved in the politics of the local cooperative sugar mills and other member run cooperatives societies . In the early 1970s, the then chief minister Vasantrao Naik had been power for a long time and there was jockeying for succession among different factions of the state Congress party. At that time, looking to
321-469: A 3-acre plot of the Yerwada police station for "re-development" to Balwa was retracted following Balwa's arrest. For several years, confusion existed about the number of blasts in the 1993 Bombay Bombings , whether they were 12 or 13 in number. This was because Pawar, the then chief minister of Maharashtra , stated on television that day that there had been 13 blasts, and included a Muslim-dominated locality in
428-500: A Muslim-dominated locality to show that people from both communities had been affected. He attempted to justify this deception by claiming that it was a move to prevent communal riots, by falsely portraying that both Hindu and Muslim communities in the city had been affected adversely. He also admitted to lying about evidence recovered and misleading people into believing that it pointed to the Tamil Tigers as possible suspects. In 1993,
535-402: A capacity of about 50 millilitres (1.8 imperial fluid ounces). The gallbladder is shaped like a pear, with its tip opening into the cystic duct . The gallbladder is divided into three sections: the fundus , body , and neck . The fundus is the rounded base, angled so that it faces the abdominal wall . The body lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver. The neck tapers and
642-402: A change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol ), often cause no symptoms and are thus often detected in this way. Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include blood tests and medical imaging . A full blood count may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection. Tests such as bilirubin and liver function tests may reveal if there
749-627: A mandatory disclosure, but his critics claimed that his wealth far exceeded the stated amount. In 2010, it was alleged that the Pawar family indirectly held a 16% stake in the City Corporation, which had bid ₹ 11.76 billion (equivalent to ₹ 26 billion or US$ 320 million in 2023) for the Pune franchise of the Indian Premier League (IPL). Pawar and his family denied the allegations, but
856-560: A member of the Coordination Committee of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance at its Mumbai convention on 1 September 2023. The coordination committee will decide the national agenda, common campaign issues and common program of the country's main opposition alliance ( I.N.D.I.A. ). Pawar has interests in cricket , kabbadi , kho kho , wrestling and football . He has served as
963-404: A mucosal fold known as " Hartmann 's pouch". Lymphatic drainage of the gallbladder follows the cystic node, which is located between the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. Lymphatics from the lower part of the organ drain into lower hepatic lymph nodes . All the lymph finally drains into celiac lymph nodes . The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers. The innermost surface of
1070-401: A non-invasive mechanical procedure used to break down the stones, may also be used. Known as cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones, which is known as cholelithiasis . Blocked bile accumulates, and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation, such as phospholipase . There
1177-501: A paucity of wheat to stock FCI granaries. By July 2007 the shortage at FCI was large enough to require import of wheat at a much higher price of 320–360 USD/ton. Taking advantage of this, traders who had domestically purchased wheat at 900 INR/ton earlier, were now offering the same to FCI at 1,300 INR/ton. As the Minister of Agriculture, Pawar was consistently accused of colluding in the extreme hike in prices of agricultural produce: Since
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#17328592260611284-510: A remark that endosulfan is not yet proved dangerous. This remark prompted activist Dr. Vandana Shiva to call him a corrupt minister. In 2012, Pawar gave up the chairmanship of the Empowered Group of Ministers investigating the 2G spectrum case , days after his appointment by the prime minister, fearing that his association with the decision-making process would drag him into the 2G Spectrum controversy. In 2011, he also decided to resign from
1391-510: A six-year term. He lost his ministerial position when the BJP-led NDA defeated the ruling UPA government, in which Pawar was the minister of agriculture, in the general elections of 2014 . Pawar's NCP also lost power in Maharashtra after the 2014 assembly elections . The BJP had won a plurality of seats in the new assembly and initially formed a minority government with the NCP. The BJP's estranged ally,
1498-433: A stiff challenge to Congress. Congress fell short of an absolute majority in the state assembly, winning 141 seats out of 288. Pawar was sworn in as chief minister again on 4 March 1990 with the support of 12 independent or unaffiliated members of the legislative assembly (MLAs). During the course of the 1991 election campaign, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated . The party elected P.V. Narasimha Rao as
1605-417: A thick serosa , which is exposed to the peritoneum . The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics. The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue . The gallbladder varies in size, shape, and position among different people. Rarely, two or even three gallbladders may coexist, either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct, or sharing a common branch that drains into
1712-475: A well known criminal-turned-politician. Shiv Sena chief, Bal Thackeray , later concurred with these allegations. Further, Chief Minister Naik also alleged that it was possible that Kalani and Hitendra Thakur , another criminal-turned-politician from Virar , had been given tickets to contest election for the Maharashtra State Legislature at the behest of Pawar, who also put in a word for Naik with
1819-460: Is a bile leak, for example after surgery for removing the gallbladder ( laparoscopic cholecystectomy ), with an incidence of 0.3–2%. Other causes are biliary surgery, liver biopsy , abdominal trauma , and, rarely, spontaneous perforation. Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life. When cancer occurs, it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder ( adenocarcinoma ). Gallstones are thought to be linked to
1926-577: Is a politician and currently serves as one of the two Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra . His grandnephew Rohit Rajendra Pawar represents the Karjat constituency in the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha . Pawar is married to Pratibha ( née Shinde), daughter of the test cricketer Sadashiv Shinde . They have a daughter, Supriya Sule , who represents the Baramati constituency in the 17th Lok Sabha . He
2033-443: Is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed. It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones and is considered an elective procedure . A cholecystectomy may be an open procedure, or a laparoscopic one. In the surgery, the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus, and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the biliary tree . About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of indigestion following
2140-470: Is also the risk of bacterial infection. An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause sharp and localised pain, fever, and tenderness in the upper, right corner of the abdomen, and may have a positive Murphy's sign . Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics, particularly cephalosporins and, in severe cases, metronidazole . Additionally the gallbladder may need to be removed surgically if inflammation has progressed far enough. A cholecystectomy
2247-423: Is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs. Other imaging options include MRCP ( magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ), ERCP and percutaneous or intraoperative cholangiography . A cholescintigraphy scan is a nuclear imaging procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder. Most vertebrates have gallbladders, but the form and arrangement of
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#17328592260612354-575: Is associated with bold, belligerent behaviour, whereas to have "bile" is associated with sourness. In the Chinese medicine , the gallbladder ( 膽 ) is associated with the Wuxing element of wood, in excess its emotion is belligerence and in deficiency cowardice and judgement, in the Chinese language it is related to a myriad of idioms , including using terms such as "a body completely [of] gall" ( 渾身是膽 ) to describe
2461-717: Is associated with the Hon. Sharad Pawar Public School, under the Shree Gurudatta Education Society ; Sharad Pawar International School, Pune and the Sharad Pawar Cricket Academy , near Mumbai. Pawar is the current president of the century-old educational organisation Rayat Shikshan Sanstha . In 1992–93, the then Maharashtra Chief Minister Sudhakarrao Naik made a statement that the state leader of Indian National Congress party and erstwhile-Chief Minister Pawar, had asked him to "go easy on Pappu Kalani ",
2568-424: Is continuous with the cystic duct , part of the biliary tree . The gallbladder fossa, against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie, is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V. The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct . At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct, there is an out-pouching of the gallbladder wall forming
2675-493: Is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder, and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver, and a lipase or amylase may be elevated if there is pancreatitis . Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile. A CA 19-9 level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma. An ultrasound is often the first medical imaging test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected. An abdominal X-ray or CT scan
2782-409: Is more during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than during open cholecystectomy. Biliary injury may lead to several complications and may even cause death if not diagnosed in time and managed properly. Ideally biliary injury should be managed at a center with facilities and expertise in endoscopy , radiology and surgery. Biloma is collection of bile within the abdominal cavity . It happens when there
2889-574: Is now in CBI custody. Chief Minister of Maharashtra The Chief Minister of Maharashtra ( IAST : Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī) is the head of the executive branch of the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra . Following elections to the Legislative Assembly , the governor invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government and appoints the chief minister. If
2996-499: Is the oldest and senior most member of the Pawar political dynastic family of Maharashtra. The family have 2 Members of Parliament and 2 Members of Legislative Assembly in the state assembly. Among them, Ajit Pawar was the deputy chief minister of Maharashtra. In 1999, Pawar was diagnosed with oral cancer and had oral surgery in April 2004. In March 2021, he underwent surgery for his gallbladder problem. Pawar's first political activity
3103-635: Is the patriarch of the influential political family —the Pawar Family —and a prominent face in Maharashtra politics. Other politicians from the family include his daughter Supriya Sule , his nephew Ajit Pawar , his nephew's son Rohit Rajendra Pawar and other members of his extended family. Outside of politics, Pawar has served as the President of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) from 2005 to 2008 and as
3210-412: Is then released via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats . The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones , formed by material that cannot be dissolved – usually cholesterol or bilirubin , a product of hemoglobin breakdown. These may cause significant pain, particularly in the upper-right corner of the abdomen, and are often treated with removal of
3317-520: Is used in traditional Chinese medicine ; bile bears are kept alive in captivity while their bile is extracted, in an industry characterized by animal cruelty . Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in Babylonian models found from 2000 BCE, and in ancient Etruscan model from 200 BCE, with models associated with divine worship. Diseases of the gallbladder are known to have existed in humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in
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3424-1425: The Congress or its breakaway parties . So far, President's rule has been imposed thrice in the state : first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014. It was again imposed on 12 November 2019. The current incumbent is Eknath Shinde of the Shiv Sena since 30 June 2022. Colour key for political parties by (Governor) (1937 Elections) (Governor's Rule) 1939 Provincial (1946 Elections) (Governor) 1946 election ) ( 1952 elections ) ( 1952 elections ) ( 1957 elections ) (Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960) (Alliance) ( 1957 elections ) ( 1962 election ) ( 1967 election ) ( 1972 election ) ( 1978 election ) ( Congress - Congress (I) ) ( President's rule ) ( 1980 election ) ( 1985 election ) ( 1990 election ) ( 1995 election ) ( NDA ) ( 1999 election ) ( MA ) ( 2004 election ) ( 2009 election ) ( President's rule ) ( 2014 election ) ( MY ) ( President's rule ) ( 2019 election ) ( BJP - NCP ) ( MVA ) ( MY ) ( 2024 election ) ( MY ) Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of October 2024) Gallbladder In vertebrates ,
3531-615: The Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), "which he founded in 1999, after separating from the Indian National Congress" . His faction of the NCP was split by his nephew, Ajit Pawar. He leads his faction of the NCP in the Rajya Sabha , the upper chamber of the Indian parliament. He is the chairperson of Maha Vikas Aghadi , a regional Maharashtra -based political alliance. Pawar comes from Baramati of Maharashtra . He
3638-494: The Renaissance , perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables and less meat. Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones. Ludwig Georg Courvoisier , after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the eponymous Courvoisier's law , stated that in an enlarged, nontender gallbladder,
3745-524: The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government headed by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh as the Minister of Agriculture . He retained his portfolio when the UPA coalition government was reelected in 2009. He faced several crises and controversies during his tenure as Agriculture minister. Critics also point out that during his tenure as the minister agriculture, he spent time on cricket in his role as
3852-426: The gallbladder , also known as the cholecyst , is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives bile, produced by the liver, via the common hepatic duct , and stores it. The bile
3959-401: The hepatic diverticulum , which will go on to become the biliary tree . Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the cystic diverticulum , that will eventually develop into the gallbladder. The main functions of the gallbladder are to store and concentrate bile , also called gall, needed for the digestion of fats in food. Produced by the liver, bile flows through small vessels into
4066-566: The "D-Company," a reference to Dawood Ibrahim ) were the perpetrators of the serial blasts. On 27 October 2007, the Bombay High Court served notices to institutions headed by Pawar, Ajit Pawar , and Sadanand Sule (Pawar's son-in-law), along with a corresponding notice served to the Maharashtra Krishna Valley Development Corporation (MKVDC) on why special privileges were given to Pawar and his family. This
4173-469: The 1990s there had been a high number of farmer suicides in India: in excess of 10,000 per year, and totalling over 200,000 between 1997 and 2010. Pawar, as the agricultural minister, in 2006 had underplayed the rate of farmer suicide in India. However, he claimed at that time that his department was taking the necessary steps to reduce the numbers. His ministry initiated a series of government inquiries to look into
4280-595: The 1996 General elections , Pawar won the Baramati seat in the Lok Sabha and left the state assembly. In June 1997, Pawar unsuccessfully challenged Sitaram Kesri for the post of President of the Indian National Congress . In the mid-term parliamentary elections of 1998, Pawar not only won his constituency, Baramati, but also led Congress to a win by a large majority of Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituencies. Congress
4387-545: The Deputy Commissioner of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation , G. R. Khairnar made a series of accusations against Pawar for being involved in corruption and protecting criminals. Though Khairnar could not produce any evidence in support of his claims, it inevitably affected Pawar's popularity. Notable social worker Anna Hazare started a fast-unto-death to demand the expulsion of 12 officers of
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4494-563: The Janata party. His return to Congress (I) in 1987 has been cited as a reason for the rise of the Shiv Sena at that time. Pawar had stated at the time, "the need to save the Congress Culture in Maharashtra", as his reason for returning to Congress. In June 1988, Prime Minister of India and Congress President Rajiv Gandhi decided to induct then Maharashtra Chief Minister Shankarrao Chavan into his Union Cabinet as Finance Minister and Pawar
4601-406: The Maharashtra state forest department who had been accused of corruption. The opposition parties accused Pawar's government of trying to shield the corrupt officers. The 1994 Gowari stampede occurred at Nagpur , during the winter session of the state assembly, and killed 114 people. Nagpur Police were trying to disperse almost 50,000 Gowari and Vanjari protesters using baton charges but
4708-700: The Shiv Sena later joined the BJP-led government, and that government then did not need the support of the NCP. In May 2017, Pawar ruled out being a candidate for the June 2017 Indian presidential election . In the 2019 elections to the Lok Sabha , Pawar's NCP and the Congress party had a seat-sharing arrangement. Similarly, despite their differences, the BJP and Shiv Sena once again contested
4815-584: The appointee is not a member of either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of Maharashtra, then the Constitution stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn in. The office of the CM is coterminous with the concurrent Assembly provided the CM commands confidence in the house and hence does not exceed five years. However, it is subject to no term limits . Maharashtra
4922-707: The bidders board of the IPL contradicted their claims. In 2011, under investigation of the 2G spectrum case Nira Radia told the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) that agriculture minister Pawar may be controlling the controversial DB Realty. According to the reports, she also told the investigative agency that Pawar may have spoken with former telecom minister A. Raja about the allocation of spectrum and licence to Swan Telecom . Radia also said that she had no documentary proof to back up her allegations. Pawar has denied any link with former DB managing director Shahid Balwa who
5029-450: The bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than the single common bile duct found in humans. Several species of mammals (including horses , deer , rats , and laminoids ), several species of birds (such as pigeons and some psittacine species), lampreys and all invertebrates do not have a gallbladder. The bile from several species of bears
5136-417: The bile is saturated , usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin . Most gallstones do not cause symptoms, with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system . When symptoms occur, severe "colicky" pain in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen is often felt. If the stone blocks the gallbladder , inflammation known as cholecystitis may result. If the stone lodges in
5243-436: The biliary system, jaundice may occur; if the stone blocks the pancreatic duct , pancreatitis may occur. Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound . When a symptomatic gallstone occurs, it is often managed by waiting for it to be passed naturally. Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones, surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered. Some medication, such as ursodeoxycholic acid , may be used; lithotripsy ,
5350-468: The cause of jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones. The first surgical removal of a gallstone (cholecystolithotomy) was in 1676 by physician Joenisius, who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring biliary fistula . Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded cholecystotomy , although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit in the mid eighteenth century. German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed
5457-420: The causes of farmers' suicides in 2012. In 2013 Pawar admitted that the suicides was a serious issue with many factors being responsible, and he said the government was increasing investment in agriculture and raising minimum prices of crops to increase farmers' income. Even though the pesticide endosulfan has been banned, India is slow to phase it out. In spite of its known negative health effects , Pawar made
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#17328592260615564-412: The committee that was reviewing the draft of the anti-corruption Lokpal bill after his inclusion in the committee was criticized by the anti-corruption campaigner, Anna Hazare . In January 2012, Pawar announced that he will not contest the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, in order to make way for young leadership. Pawar is at present a member of the Rajya Sabha . He was elected to the body in April 2014 for
5671-588: The contest, and the Congress Parliamentary Party (party MPs) unanimously elected P.V. Narasimha Rao as their leader, and he was sworn in as prime minister on 21 June 1991. Rao named Pawar as defence minister . On 26 June 1991, Pawar took over that portfolio, and held it until March 1993. After Pawar's successor in Maharashtra, Sudhakarrao Naik , stepped down after the disastrous handling of the Bombay riots , Rao asked Pawar to serve again as chief minister of
5778-430: The cystic duct. Additionally, the gallbladder may fail to form at all. Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist. These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic. The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary, with documented variants including gallbladders found within, above, on the left side of, behind, and detached or suspended from
5885-424: The election, Pawar thought that his party would remain in opposition in the new assembly. However, differences between the Shiv Sena and the BJP led to a month of political drama , with Pawar and his family playing a pivotal roles. The drama ended with the NCP coming back into power on 28 November 2019, as part of a coalition between Shiv Sena, Congress, and the NCP, led by the Shiv Sena chief, Uddhav Thackeray , as
5992-650: The elections together under the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) banner. The election gave a landslide victory to Narendra Modi's BJP. Out of the 48 seats in Maharashtra , the Congress party won only one seat in the state, whereas the NCP won five seats from its stronghold of western Maharashtra. The 2019 Lok Sabha elections were soon followed by elections to the Vidhan Sabhaa in October 2019. Predictions for
6099-478: The family farm at Katewadi, ten kilometres from Baramati. Pawar studied till 10th SSC (Maharashtra Board) from Maharashtra Education Society's High School Baramati. Vasantrao, the eldest brother of Pawar and a lawyer, was murdered over a land deal by a man who was suspected to be a hired assassin. Pratap Pawar , Pawar's younger brother, runs the Marathi daily newspaper Sakal . One of Pawar's nephews, Ajit Pawar ,
6206-426: The first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis. Before this, surgery had focused on creating a fistula for drainage of gallstones. Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal have no gallbladder, humans could survive without one. The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s, with the consensus that removal of
6313-455: The first time, he won the Lok Sabha election from the Baramati parliamentary constituency in 1984. He also won the state assembly election of March 1985 from Baramati and preferred to return to state politics, and resigned his Lok Sabha seat. Congress (S), won 54 seats out of 288 in the state assembly, and Pawar became the leader of the opposition of PDF coalition which included the BJP , PWP, and
6420-508: The formation of cancer. Other risk factors include large (>1 cm) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified "porcelain" gallbladder . Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain, yellowing of the skin ( jaundice ), and weight loss. A large gallbladder may be able to be felt in the abdomen. Liver function tests may be elevated, particularly involving GGT and ALP , with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice. Cancer of
6527-416: The fourth week of embryological development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum . By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side,
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#17328592260616634-469: The future leadership of the party, Yashwantrao Chavan persuaded Naik to bring Pawar into his cabinet as state home affairs minister. Pawar continued as home affairs minister in the 1975-77 government of Shankarrao Chavan , who succeeded Naik as the chief minister. In the 1977 Lok Sabha elections , The Congress party, under Indira Gandhi , lost power to the Janata Alliance . Taking responsibility for
6741-522: The gallbladder (called a cholecystectomy ). Cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including result from the impaction of gallstones, infection, and autoimmune disease. The human gallbladder is a hollow grey-blue organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver . In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres (2.8 to 3.9 inches) in length and 4 centimetres (1.6 in) in diameter when fully distended. The gallbladder has
6848-535: The gallbladder appears to be protection against carcinogenesis as indicated by observations that removal of the gallbladder ( cholecystectomy ) increases subsequent cancer risk. For instance, a systematic review and meta analysis of eighteen studies concluded that cholecystecomy has a harmful effect on the risk of right-sided colon cancer. Another recent study reported a significantly increased total cancer risk, including increased risk of several different types of cancer, after cholecystectomy. Gallstones form when
6955-536: The gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder, however, as of 2010, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder, with 1–3% of cancers identified in this way. Gallbladder polyps are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall, and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size (>1 cm). Cholesterol polyps, often associated with cholesterolosis ("strawberry gallbladder",
7062-411: The gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct , eventually draining into the duodenum . The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food, thereby assisting their absorption. Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts , and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin , a product of hemoglobin metabolism, from the body. The bile that is secreted by
7169-449: The gallbladder wall is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli , very similar to intestinal absorptive cells. Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria , a muscular layer , an outer perimuscular layer and serosa . Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract, the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae , and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers. The mucosa ,
7276-447: The gallbladder was preferred. It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of contrast medium and CT scans were used to view the gallbladder. The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by Erich Mühe of Germany in 1985, although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively. To have "gall"
7383-410: The gallbladder. A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky–Aschoff sinuses , deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer, and which indicate adenomyomatosis . The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue. The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder, and the surfaces not in contact with the liver, are covered by
7490-500: The head of various sports organisations, including Pawar served as the president of Pune International Marathon Trust, which has hosted Pune International Marathon for last 22 years. Early in his public career in 1972, Pawar founded "Vidya pratishthan" for serving the educational needs of the rural poor. The organisation now runs a number of schools at all levels, and colleges specialising in subjects such as information technology, and Biotechnology in Baramati and other locations. Pawar
7597-432: The human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac . During the second week of embryogenesis , as the embryo grows, it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines . During
7704-566: The inner portion of the gallbladder wall, consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells, with cells possessing small hair-like attachments called microvilli . This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue, the lamina propria . The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called rugae . A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa. This is formed by smooth muscle , with fibres that lie in longitudinal, oblique and transverse directions, and are not arranged in separate layers. The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from
7811-687: The involvement of Vinod Goenka , Balwa's business partner, in a controversial commercial project in Yerwada , Pune , which was being constructed under the same survey number as Pawar's family friend, Atul Chordia, had constructed the Panchshil Tech Park. BJP leader Eknath Khadse alleged that it was Balwa who had applied for environmental clearance for the two projects, a charge that Chordia refuted. Coincidentally, Chordia's Panchshil Pvt. Ltd. has Pawar's daughter, Supriya Sule , and her husband Sadanand as investors. The state government's decision to hand over
7918-447: The larger hepatic ducts and ultimately through the cystic duct (parts of the biliary tree ) into the gallbladder, where it is stored. At any one time, 30 to 60 millilitres (1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz) of bile is stored within the gallbladder. When food containing fat enters the digestive tract , it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum. In response to cholecystokinin,
8025-510: The list. He later revealed that he had lied on purpose, and that there had been only 12 blasts, none of them in Muslim-dominated areas; he also confessed that he had attempted to mislead the public into believing that the blasts could be the work of the LTTE , a Sri Lankan militant organization, when in fact intelligence reports had already confirmed to him that Mumbai's Muslim underworld (known as
8132-440: The liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder. During gallbladder storage of bile, it is concentrated 3–10 fold by removal of some water and electrolytes. This is through the active transport of sodium and chloride ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder, which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes to be reabsorbed. A function of
8239-484: The liver. Such variants are very rare: from 1886 to 1998, only 110 cases of left-lying liver, or less than one per year, were reported in scientific literature. An anatomical variation can occur, known as a Phrygian cap , which is an innocuous fold in the fundus, named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap . The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube. Early in development,
8346-424: The loss of large number of seats in Maharashtra, chief minister Shankarrao Chavan resigned shortly afterwards and was replaced by Vasantdada Patil . Later in the year, the Congress party split, with Pawar's mentor, Yashwantrao Chavan joining one faction, Congress (U) , and Indira Gandhi leading her own faction, Congress (I) . Pawar himself joined Congress (U). In the state assembly elections held early in 1978 ,
8453-520: The mummy of Princess Amenen of Thebes dating to 1500 BCE. Some historians believe the death of Alexander the Great may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis. The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented, particularly in the last two centuries. The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in
8560-471: The nearby Satara . Govindrao had a prolonged career in Sahakari Kharedi Vikri Sangh , a Baramati Farmers' Cooperative . He also managed Shahu boarding , a students' hostel, in the 1940s. In the 1950s he was an instrumental in setting up cooperative sugar mills in the Baramati region. Shardabai Pawar was elected to the district local board three times between 1937 and 1952. She looked after
8667-608: The new chief minister of Maharashtra . In June 2020, Pawar was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha . Sharad Pawar, the founder and chief of NCP since 1999, announced his decision to step down from his post and also his unwillingness to contest election in future,at the launch of the second edition of his political memoirs ' Lok Maze Sangati' ('People Accompany Me'). Sharad Pawar has had a long period of public life from 1 May 1958 to 1 May 2023. Sharad Pawar took back his decision to step down as national leader of National Congress Party, citing "strong sentiments" his resignation had evoked among
8774-533: The new party aligned with the Congress party to form a coalition government in Maharashtra after the 1999 state assembly elections to prevent the Shiv Sena-BJP combine from returning to power. Pawar, however, did not return to state politics and Vilasrao Deshmukh of Congress was chosen as chief minister, with Chagan Bhujbal representing the NCP as deputy chief minister. After the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, Pawar joined
8881-418: The party in support of A. Pawar. He claimed to election commission that he's the president of NCP, later in his followers first public meeting, he claimed the ownership of party including its name, election symbol. This rebellion results in to two factions in the party: Sharad Pawar loyalist and Ajit Pawar's supporters, causing the 2022 Shiv sena like political crisis for Sharad Pawar. Pawar has been appointed
8988-473: The party needed to propose someone native-born as the prime ministerial candidate and not the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi , who had entered party politics and replaced Kesri as Congress president. In response, the Congress working committee (CWC) expelled the trio for six years from the party. In response Pawar and Sangma founded the Nationalist Congress Party in June 1999. Despite the falling out,
9095-419: The party president. It was expected that the party president would become the prime minister in the event of a Congress victory. However, Pawar at that time had talked about the distinction between party president and prime minister. Also since the Congress contingent from Maharashtra was the largest, Pawar felt he had a legitimate claim for the post of prime minister. However, Pawar eventually decided not to enter
9202-400: The party workers as well as leaders across the country. The octogenarian leader clarified that he would focus on assigning new responsibilities, through organizational changes and creating new leadership. In July 2023, Ajit Pawar rebelled against Sharad Pawar and joined ruling BJP-Shiv sena government and took oath as Deputy Chief minister of Maharashtra, majority of NCP's sitting MLAs deserted
9309-543: The police created panic and triggered a stampede amongst protesters. Allegations were made that the mishap occurred because welfare minister Madhukarrao Pichad did not meet with the delegation of the Vanjari people in time. Though Pichad, accepting moral responsibility for the mishap, stepped down, this incident was another setback to Pawar's government. After 16 years of protest by the Namantar Andolan (Name-change Movement),
9416-565: The police when the latter was arrested for his role in post- Demolition of the Babri Masjid riots in Mumbai. Pawar is also alleged to have close links with the underworld don Dawood Ibrahim through Ibrahim's henchman Lakhan Singh based in the Middle East and close relationship with Shahid Balwa , also a suspect in the 2G spectrum case . These allegations were strengthened by the revelation about
9523-533: The president of BCCI than on his ministerial duties. In 2007, the BJP asked for Pawar's resignation after alleging he was involved in a multi-crore Indian rupee (INR) scam involving wheat imports. In May 2007, a tender floated by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) for procurement of wheat was cancelled when the lowest bid received was for US$ 263/ton. The government subsequently allowed private traders to purchase wheat directly from farmers that year resulting in
9630-614: The president of the International Cricket Council (ICC) from 2010 to 2012. He was the president of the Mumbai Cricket Association from October 2013 to January 2017. In 2017, the Indian government conferred upon him the Padma Vibhushan , the second-highest civilian honour of India. Pawar is one of eleven children born to Govindrao Pawar and Shardabai Pawar. Govindrao's ancestors had moved to Baramati from
9737-463: The press even though the matter was subjudice at the time. Also in connection with the case, the respondents were directed not to create third-party interests in the property under dispute and to undertake any developments at their own risk. In 2010, in the case of tax exemptions of the Indian Premier League (IPL), Shiv Sena MLA Subhash Desai alleged that the state cabinet decided in January to impose
9844-436: The procedure, although severe complications are much rarer. About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of postcholecystectomy syndrome . Biliary injury (bile duct injury) is the traumatic damage of the bile ducts . It is most commonly an iatrogenic complication of cholecystectomy — surgical removal of gall bladder , but can also be caused by other operations or by major trauma . The risk of biliary injury
9951-558: The process, at the age of 38, he became the youngest Chief Minister of Maharashtra . This Progressive Democratic Front (PDF) government was dismissed in February 1980, following Indira Gandhi 's return to power. In the 1980 elections Congress (I) won the majority in the state assembly, and A.R. Antulay took over as chief minister. Pawar took over the Presidency of his Indian National Congress (Socialist) Congress (S) party in 1983. For
10058-478: The state government finally renamed Marathwada University as Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University on 14 January 1994, the compromise new name being an expansion of the old name ( Namvistar ) rather than a complete change of name ( Namanatar ). As chief minister, Pawar announced few developments in university departments. New elections to the Vidhan Sabha were held in 1995. The Shiv Sena - BJP coalition
10165-497: The state's ruling BJP–Shiv Sena alliance to win by a large margin led to a steady stream of defections from the NCP to the ruling alliance. Pawar was the star campaigner for the NCP-Congress alliance in the state.His campaigning during the assembly election was credited with helping not only the NCP but also the leaderless Congress party. Against predictions, the actual voting left the ruling alliance with fewer seats than in 2014. After
10272-408: The state. Pawar was sworn in as chief minister for his fourth term on 6 March 1993. Almost immediately, Mumbai experienced a series of bomb blasts , on 12 March 1993. Pawar's response to the blasts attracted controversy. More than a decade later, Pawar admitted that he had "deliberately misled" people following the bombings, by saying that there were "13 and not 12" explosions, and had added the name of
10379-651: The tax, before the year's IPL season started, but the decision was not implemented because of NCP chief Pawar's association with the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Bombay High Court in August 2010 said there was "nothing on record" to show that the Union Minister influenced the Maharashtra government's decision to exempt Indian Premier League matches from entertainment tax. In 2011, Pawar declared his assets to be worth ₹ 120 million (equivalent to ₹ 250 million or US$ 3.0 million in 2023) as part of
10486-514: The two Congress parties ran separately but then formed an alliance to keep power under Vasantdada Patil and deny it to Janata Party which emerged as the biggest single party after the election, but without a majority. Pawar served as Minister of Industry and Labour in the Patil government. In July 1978, Pawar broke away from the Congress (U) party to form a coalition government with the Janata Party. In
10593-505: The undivided Congress Party . He won the election and represented the constituency from 1967 to 1990. In 1969, when the Congress party split after the 1969 Indian presidential election he opted for the Congress(R) faction of prime minister Indira Gandhi along with his mentor Yashwantrao Chavan. As the MLA of Baramati in the early 1970s, he was instrumental in building percolation tanks during
10700-543: Was aligned with the Republican Party of India (Athvale) and Samajwadi Party for the Lok Sabha elections in Maharashtra. The Congress party won 33 Lok Sabha seats outright, and the allied Republican Party of India won 4 more, for a total of 37 out of 48 in the state. Pawar served as Leader of Opposition in the 12th Lok Sabha. In 1999, after the 12th Lok Sabha was dissolved and elections to the 13th Lok Sabha were called, Pawar, P. A. Sangma , and Tariq Anwar demanded that
10807-475: Was chosen to replace Chavan as the chief minister. Pawar had the task of checking the rise of the Shiv Sena in state politics, which was a potential challenge to the dominance of Congress in the state. In the 1989 Lok Sabha elections, Congress won 28 seats out of 48 in Maharashtra. In the state assembly elections of February 1990, the alliance between the Shiv Sena and the Bharatiya Janata Party posed
10914-512: Was done in consideration of Public Interest Litigation No. 148 of 2006, filed by Shamsunder Potare alleging that the said 2002 land allocations in Pune were illegal. The institutions and properties mentioned include: These allocations were allegedly made by NCP leader and minister Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar who was in charge of MKVDC at the time. Pawar was served a contempt of court notice on 1 May 2008 in connection with this case for issuing statements to
11021-407: Was formed by dissolution of Bombay State and Hyderabad State on 1 May 1960. Yashwantrao Chavan , who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956, became the first CM of Maharashtra. He belonged to the Indian National Congress and held the office until the 1962 Assembly elections . Marotrao Kannamwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office. Vasantrao Naik , who
11128-430: Was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years, has by far been the longest serving CM. He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years (1967-1972) till Devendra Fadnavis matched it (2014-2019). With the exceptions of Manohar Joshi ( SS ), Narayan Rane ( SS ), Devendra Fadnavis ( BJP ), Uddhav Thackeray ( SS ) and Eknath Shinde ( SS ), all other CMs have been from
11235-500: Was leading Congress in the polls, and there was widespread rebellion in the Congress party. Shiv Sena-BJP won 138 seats while Congress retained only 80 seats in the state assembly. Pawar had to step down and Shiv Sena leader Manohar Joshi took over as chief minister on 14 March 1995. Until the Lok Sabha elections of 1996, Pawar served as the Leader of the Opposition in the state assembly. In
11342-502: Was one of the two secretaries of Maharashtra youth congress and in regular contact with influential leaders of the party. Early in his career, Pawar was regarded as a protégé of Yashwantrao Chavan , a highly influential politician from Maharashtra at that time. At the young age of 27 in 1967, Pawar was nominated as the candidate for the Baramati of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly over more established members by
11449-484: Was when he was a school-going student. He organized a protest march for Goan Independence in Pravaranagar in 1956. At college, he was active in student politics. Although his older lawyer brother belonged to Peasants and Workers Party , the young Pawar preferred the Congress party and joined Youth Congress in 1958. He later became the president of Poona district (now Pune district) youth Congress in 1962. By 1964, he
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