Shao Yong ( Chinese : 邵雍 ; pinyin : Shào Yōng ; Wade–Giles : Shao Yung ; 1011–1077), courtesy name Yaofu (堯夫), named Shào Kāngjié (邵康節) was a Chinese cosmologist, historian, philosopher, and poet who greatly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism across China during the Song dynasty .
31-587: Shao is considered one of the most learned men of his time. Unlike most men of such stature in his society, Shao avoided governmental positions his entire life, but his influence was no less substantial. He wrote an influential treatise on cosmogony , the Huangji Jingshi (皇極經世, Book of supreme world ordering principles ). Shao's ancestors were from Fanyang . He was born in 1011 in an area known as Hengzhang county (衡漳, now Anyang, Henan ) to Shao Gu (邵古, 986–1064) and Lady Li (李氏, d. 1032 or 1033). Shao's mother, Li,
62-492: A joke.” Zengzi replied, “We should not lie to our children. Children are innocent and they learn from their parents. Therefore, if you cheat to your son, you're teaching your son to cheat others, and he won't trust you anymore. This is not the correct way to teach your son.” Finally, they cooked the pig for the son. When Zengzi was living in Fei County , there was a man with the same name of him living nearby committed murder. When
93-465: A lack of understanding, and in the case of Cosmology/Cosmogony, requires a theory of quantum gravity to understand. When the universe started to expand, what is colloquially known as the Big Bang occurred, which evidently began the universe. The other explanation, held by proponents such as Stephen Hawking , asserts that time did not exist when it emerged along with the universe. This assertion implies that
124-413: A sharp pain in his heart. He immediately knew his mother needed him and rushed home. One day, Zengzi's wife went shopping to the market. His son cried when his mother was leaving. She said to her son, “Don't cry. I'll slaughter a pig and make pork dishes for you when I'm back.” When she was back, Zengzi started slaughtering the pig in their yard. Zengzi's wife stopped him and said, “That was intended to be
155-636: A voluminous writer. He composed ten books, compiled in the Rites of the Elder Dai ( 大戴禮 ). He was said to have composed and/or edited the Classic of Filial Piety under the direction of Confucius. He was also associated with transmission of the Great Learning . He was first associated with the sacrifices to Confucius in 668 AD, but in 1267 he was advanced to be one of Confucius' Four Assessors . His title, "Exhibitor of
186-401: Is no subject which he has not studied. His appearance is respectful. His virtue is solid. His words command credence. Before great men he draws himself up in the pride of self-respect. His eyebrows are those of longevity." He was noted for his filial piety, and after the death of his parents he could not read the rites of mourning without being led to think of them and being moved to tears. He was
217-754: The I Ching extensively. Shao was a member of a group of thinkers who gathered in Luoyang toward the last three decades of the 11th century. This group had two primary objectives. One of these was to draw parallels between their own streams of thought and that of Confucianism ( 儒教 ) as understood by Mencius . Secondly, the men set out to undermine any links, real or otherwise, between 4th-century Confucianism and what they viewed as inferior philosophical schools of thinking, namely Buddhism and Taoism . Other loosely connected members of this so-called network of thinkers include: Cheng Yi , Zhang Zai , Cheng Hao (程顥, 1032–1085) and Zhou Dunyi . Central to each of these men
248-576: The Six Confucian classics intensively at a young age. Shao also sought out the scholarship of private schools, many of which were run by monks and heavily influenced by Buddhism. Around 1020, the Shao family moved to Gongcheng county (now Xinxiang, Henan ). Shortly after his mother's death in 1032 or 1033. Shao met his most important teacher, Li Zhicai ( 李之才 ). Li was a former pupil of ancient prose specialist Mu Xiu (穆修, 979–1032). Under Mu Xiu, Li had studied
279-608: The Woozle effect in English. In 1452 the title Wujing Boshi ( 五經博士 ) was bestowed upon the descendants of Zengzi and other Confucian sages such as Mencius , Yan Hui , Zhou Dunyi , and Zhu Xi . In the Republic of China there is an office called the "Sacrificial Official to Zengzi" which is held by a descendant of Zengzi, like the post of "Sacrificial Official to Mencius" for a descendant of Mencius , "Sacrificial Official to Yan Hui" for
310-440: The string theory , are compatible, whereas others are not. In mythology, creation or cosmogonic myths are narratives describing the beginning of the universe or cosmos . Some methods of the creation of the universe in mythology include: Creation myths may be etiological , attempting to provide explanations for the origin of the universe. For instance, Eridu Genesis , the oldest known creation myth, contains an account of
341-538: The Bisaya's Kaptan . In the humanities, the distinction between cosmogony and cosmology is blurred. For example, in theology, the cosmological argument for the existence of God (pre-cosmic cosmogonic bearer of personhood ) is an appeal to ideas concerning the origin of the universe and is thus cosmogonical. Some religious cosmogonies have an impersonal first cause (for example Taoism ). However, in astronomy, cosmogony can be distinguished from cosmology , which studies
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#1732851666362372-569: The Four Sages of Confucianism. Zeng Shen was known for his filial piety . After the deaths of his parents, he was unable to read the rites of mourning without bursting into tears. A famous legend about Zeng Shen, called Nie Zhi Tong Xin ( Chinese : 齧指痛心 ), is included in the influential Yuan dynasty text The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars . In the story, Zeng Shen was one day out gathering firewood, when some visitors unexpectedly showed up at his home. His mother bit her finger, and Zeng felt
403-577: The Fundamental Principles of the Sage", dates from the reign of the Jiajing Emperor , when he was associated with Yan Hui. Zengzi established his own school, and taught Zisi (Kong Ji), the grandson of Confucius, who was in turn the teacher of Mencius , thus beginning a line of transmitters of orthodox Confucian traditions. Along with Yan Hui , Zisi, and Mencius, Zengzi is considered to be one of
434-412: The board is to raise halberd and taste combat , to endure the freezing and brave the flames in the constant changes ; life and death each will come to both masters , but victory and defeat must each go to one . On this road, one strips away the other's disguises , in life, one must erect one's own facade ; dreadful is a wound to the exposed belly or heart , merely painful is an injury to
465-663: The creation of the world in which the universe was created out of a primeval sea ( Abzu ). Creation myths vary, but they may share similar deities or symbols . For instance, the ruler of the gods in Greek mythology , Zeus , is similar to the ruler of the gods in Roman mythology , Jupiter . Another example is the ruler of the gods in Tagalog mythology, Bathala , who is similar to various rulers of certain pantheons within Philippine mythology such as
496-508: The explanation of the universe's earliest moments. Cosmogonists have only tentative theories for the early stages of the universe and its beginning. The proposed theoretical scenarios include string theory , M-theory, the Hartle–Hawking initial state , emergent Universe , string landscape , cosmic inflation , the Big Bang , and the ekpyrotic universe . Some of these proposed scenarios, like
527-453: The extrapolation of scientific theories to untested regimes (such as the Planck epoch ), or the inclusion of philosophical or religious ideas. Zeng Can Zeng Shen (505–435 BC), better known as Zengzi (Master Zeng), courtesy name Ziyu ( 子 輿 ), was a Chinese philosopher and disciple of Confucius . He later taught Zisi (Kong Ji), the grandson of Confucius, who was in turn
558-422: The face, which can be cured ; Effective is a blow that strikes home in an opponent's back , successful are schemes that use repeated feints and deceit . Look at the activity on the streets of our capital , if you were to go elsewhere, wouldn't it be the same ? ^ a: The shorter "Long Ode" is available at this Chinese source Cosmogony Cosmogony is any model concerning
589-437: The leaves , guests relax on the veranda and watch as two compete at wéiqí . Each calls into themselves the divine and the infernal , sculpting mountains and rivers into their world . Across the board, dragons and serpents array for battle , geese scatter as collapsing fortresses are sacked ; masses die, pushed into pits by Qin's soldiers , a nd the drama's audience is left in awe of its General Jin . To sit at
620-413: The neighbours told Zengzi's mom that “Zeng Shen” committed murder, she initially did not believe it and stayed calm as if nothing happened. But when the third person told her about that, she started to believe that her son committed murder and hurriedly escaped from her house in panic. This story was later widely used as an example to illustrate the serious effect brought by rumours , which is also known as
651-431: The offspring of Mengzi -Meng Xiwen 孟希文 56th generation and Yan Hui -Yan Xihui 顔希惠 59th generation, the same was bestowed on the offspring of Zhou Dunyi -Zhou Mian 週冕 12th generation, the two Cheng brothers ( Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi -Chen Keren 程克仁 17th generation), Zhu Xi -Zhu Ting 朱梴 (Zhu Chan?) 9th generation, in 1456–1457, in 1539 the same was awarded to Zeng Can 's offspring-Zeng Zhicui 曾質粹 60th generation, in 1622
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#1732851666362682-438: The offspring of Zhang Zai received the title and in 1630 the offspring of Shao Yong. Shao is also famous for his poetry and for his interest in the game of Go (wéiqí). He wrote a Great Ode to Watching Wéiqí ( 觀棋大吟 ), one of the longest surviving classical Chinese poems, as well as a Long Ode to Watching Wéiqí ( 觀棋長吟 ), which is translated below. In a quiet courtyard in the spring, with evening's light filtering through
713-608: The origin of the cosmos or the universe . In astronomy , cosmogony is the study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the universe, the Solar System , or the Earth–Moon system . The prevalent cosmological model of the early development of the universe is the Big Bang theory. Sean M. Carroll , who specializes in theoretical cosmology and field theory , explains two competing explanations for
744-401: The origins of the singularity , which is the center of a space in which a characteristic is limitless (one example is the singularity of a black hole , where gravity is the characteristic that becomes limitless — infinite). It is generally thought that the universe began at a point of singularity, but among Modern Cosmologists and Physicists, a singularity usually represents
775-579: The realization of a base 3 system employed in the Taixuanjing Shao Yong then set the Hexagrams of the I Ching into a binary sequence (the Fu Xi Ordering). This in turn influenced Leibniz and his thinking on binary arithmetic, and in turn the language of modern computers. Shao Yong's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士 ; Wǔjīng Bóshì). In 1452 Wujing Boshi was bestowed upon
806-632: The teacher of Mencius , thus beginning a line of transmitters of orthodox Confucian traditions. He is revered as one of the Four Sages of Confucianism. Zeng Shen was 46 years younger than Confucius. He was a native of South Wu City in the State of Lu , and was the son of Zeng Dian , one of the earliest disciples of Confucius. When he was sixteen, he was sent by his father to study under Confucius. Confucians later considered him to be his second most senior student, after Yan Hui . Duanmu Ci said of him, "There
837-543: The universe and its existence, but does not necessarily inquire into its origins. There is therefore a scientific distinction between cosmological and cosmogonical ideas. Physical cosmology is the science that attempts to explain all observations relevant to the development and characteristics of the universe on its largest scale. Some questions regarding the behaviour of the universe have been described by some physicists and cosmologists as being extra-scientific or metaphysical . Attempted solutions to such questions may include
868-615: The universe does not have a beginning, as time did not exist "prior" to the universe. Hence, it is unclear whether properties such as space or time emerged with the singularity and the known universe. Despite the research, there is currently no theoretical model that explains the earliest moments of the universe's existence (during the Planck epoch ) due to a lack of a testable theory of quantum gravity . Nevertheless, researchers of string theory , its extensions (such as M-theory ), and of loop quantum cosmology , like Barton Zwiebach and Washington Taylor, have proposed solutions to assist in
899-404: Was an extremely devout practitioner of Buddhism . This link with Buddhism proved to be a major influence on Shao's thought throughout his life. Shao Yong's first teacher was Shao Gu, his father. This was common practice in the familial environment of China at the time. Shao Gu was a scholar in philology and his influence can be discerned in Shao's literary works. Guided by his father, he studied
930-586: Was the xiangshu xue (象數學, "image-number study") approach, which was based much more on iconographic and cosmological concepts. An approach to I Ching divination known as Mei Hua Yi has been attributed to him. Sima Guang (a close friend of Shao Yung) edited the Taixuanjing by Yang Xiong (written in 10 AD). Influenced by the Base 3 number system found in the Taixuanjing , probably drawing on this association and
961-514: Was the ancient text I Ching , which each had studied closely. The way in which Shao studied this ancient text, however, differed from the other members. During the Song Dynasty, there were two main approaches in I Ching studies. Together with the majority of scholars, the other members of the group took the yili xue (義理學, "principle study") approach, which was based on literalistic and moralistic concepts. The other approach, taken by Shao alone,