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200-699: Shandong University ( 山东大学 ; SDU ) is a public university in Jinan , Shandong , China. It is affiliated with the Ministry of Education of China . The university is part of Project 211 , Project 985 , and the Double First-Class Construction . The oldest of Shandong University's precursor institutions, Cheeloo University , was founded by American and English mission agencies in the late 19th century (as Tengchow College of Liberal Arts in Penglai ). Tengchow College

400-491: A Guanyin temple that had been sold to them since there were insufficient funds for its upkeep as a temple. The school's first class consisted of six boarders and two day pupils. The school was enlarged to accommodate 30 boarders and divided into primary and high school sections in 1869. The high school became known as the Wenhui Guan ( Chinese : 文 会 馆 ; pinyin : Wénhuì Guǎn ). The Tengchow College of Liberal Arts

600-648: A Jesuit missionary in China, wrote the first book that used the Latin alphabet to write Chinese, entitled Xizi Qiji ( 西字奇蹟 ; 'Miracle of Western Letters') and published in Beijing in 1605. Twenty years later, fellow Jesuit Nicolas Trigault published 'Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati' ( 西儒耳目資 ; Xīrú ěrmù zī )) in Hangzhou. Neither book had any influence among

800-404: A tone number at the end of individual syllables. For example, tóng is written tong . Each tone can be denoted with its numeral the order listed above. The neutral tone can either be denoted with no numeral, with 0, or with 5. Briefly, tone marks should always be placed in the order a, e, i, o, u, ü , with the only exceptions being iu and io where the tone mark is placed on

1000-609: A GB recommendation in 1996, and were last updated in 2012. In practice, however, published materials in China now often space pinyin syllable by syllable. According to Victor H. Mair , this practice became widespread after the Script Reform Committee, previously under direct control of the State Council , had its power greatly weakened in 1985 when it was renamed the State Language Commission and placed under

1200-570: A K prefix on their route numbers. From 2018, most lines are air-conditioned lines (Include lines without K perfix). These lines comprise more than 200 routes covering the whole city. Local residents in the city proper, as well as in the surrounding areas, have traditionally spoken the Jinan dialect of Mandarin that is not readily understood even by native speakers of standard Mandarin. The younger people of Jinan are more likely to speak standard Mandarin, whereas many older residents retain strong local dialect elements in their speech. Nevertheless, even

1400-587: A Student Associations Activity Center with a total floor space of about 2000 square meters. The Qilu Software College Campus is home to the School of Computer Science and Technology as well as to the university's Software College. Campus construction started in July 2001 and the campus now has a total area of about 267,000 square meters. More than 3,000 students live on the Qilu Software College Campus. The campus

1600-402: A cabinet of vice presidents ( Chinese : 副 校 长 ; pinyin : Fù Xiàozhǎng ), each with a specific portfolio of responsibilities (e.g., research, international exchange). Central administrative departments (e.g., for finance, human resources, research, or international affairs) are led by a director ( Chinese : 处 长 ; pinyin : Chùzhǎng ). Below the central administration,

1800-400: A common practice in some sub-dialects, is rarely used in official publications. Even though most initials contain a consonant, finals are not always simple vowels, especially in compound finals ( 复韵母 ; 複韻母 ; fùyùnmǔ ), i.e. when a "medial" is placed in front of the final. For example, the medials [ i ] and [ u ] are pronounced with such tight openings at the beginning of

2000-605: A contemporary Japanese government official, about 2,000 Japanese were living in Jinan in 1931, about half of whom were involved in the opium trade for which the Japanese had a loosely controlled monopoly that was exploited with the participation of Chinese traders. During the Warlord era of the Republic of China , Zhang Zongchang , nicknamed the "Dogmeat General", ruled Shandong from Jinan for

2200-458: A decisive turn in favor of the attackers when KMT Lieutenant-General Wu Huawen defected to the Communist side with about 8,000 of his troops. The most likely explanation for his defection is that he had been pressured through relatives of his who were held captive by the Communist forces. Lieutenant-General Wu had been in charge of the vital outer ring of defenses that protected the main airfield,

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2400-498: A final that some native Chinese speakers (especially when singing) pronounce yī ( 衣 ; 'clothes'), officially pronounced /í/ , as /jí/ and wéi ( 围 ; 圍 ; 'to enclose'), officially pronounced /uěi/ , as /wěi/ or /wuěi/ . Often these medials are treated as separate from the finals rather than as part of them; this convention is followed in the chart of finals below. The conventional lexicographical order derived from bopomofo is: In each cell below,

2600-473: A front high rounded vowel, namely after the letters j , q , x , and y . For example, the sound of the word for 'fish' ( 鱼 ; 魚 ) is transcribed in pinyin simply as yú , not as * yǘ . This practice is opposed to Wade–Giles, which always uses ü , and Tongyong Pinyin , which always uses yu . Whereas Wade–Giles needs the umlaut to distinguish between chü (pinyin ju ) and chu (pinyin zhu ), this ambiguity does not arise with pinyin, so

2800-450: A group of Chinese army cadets, he urged them to turn their energies to washing away the shame of Jinan, but to conceal their hatred until the last moment. The Kuomintang government later decreed that May 3 be designated a "National Humiliation Memorial Day." During the Nanjing decade of the Republic of China , Han Fuju , a military commander from the warlord era who had aligned himself with

3000-726: A joint urban research center with the University of Cincinnati in the United States, and a presence on each other's campus. An International Laboratory operated in the a partnership with Virginia Tech was inaugurated in the Integrated Research Building on the Central Campus in August 2010. The laboratory focuses on a biophysics and engineering analysis of biological model systems drawn from China's biodiversity. Shandong University

3200-613: A major trading center for agricultural goods in northern China. Traded commodities included cotton , grain, peanuts , and tobacco . Jinan also developed into a major industrial center, second in importance to Qingdao in the province. In 1919, after World War I , the Japanese took over the German sphere of influence in Shandong, including control of the Jiaoji railway, and established a significant Japanese influence in Jinan. According to estimates by

3400-561: A member of the Double First-Class Construction . The city is rated Beta- (Global second-tier city) by the biannual GAWC ratings in 2020. The modern-day name Jinan literally means "south of the Ji" and refers to the old Ji River (濟水) that had flowed to the north of the city until the middle of the 19th century. The Ji River disappeared in 1852 when the Yellow River changed its course northwards and took over its bed. The current pronunciation of

3600-474: A period of rapid academic expansion. By 1997, is contained 14 colleges, 45 schools and offered 56 undergraduate program, 57 master's degree programs as well as 17 doctoral degree programs. Shandong University merged with Shandong Medical University and the Shandong University of Technology in 2000. With Shandong Medical University the former campus of Cheeloo University became part of Shandong University (as

3800-459: A period that lasted from April 1925 until May 1928. Zhang was unpopular for his heavy-handed rule and in particular his heavy taxation. Besides heavy taxes, he relied financially on opium to finance his periodic wars. Zhang even planned to use some of the wealth extracted from these sources for building a living shrine and a large bronze statue for himself on the shore of Daming Lake , but these plans were not realized as his rule came to an end. In

4000-677: A pot of boiling water. The spring was visited by the Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) of the Qing dynasty who declared it "the best spring under the heaven" ( Chinese : 天下第一泉 ; pinyin : tiān xià dì yī quán ). A tablet with the Emperor's handwriting "Baotu Spring" has since been erected beside the spring pool. Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin , or simply pinyin , is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese . In official documents, it

4200-606: A resolution passed by the Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province on July 29, 1970, the liberal arts of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into the Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences was to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. In 1971,

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4400-592: A road and rail transportation hub, the Jinan Coach Terminus has one of the largest passenger flows nationally. On peak travel days, as many as 92,000 passengers per day have been counted, on off-peak days the number is around 42,000 passengers per day. Jinan Yaoqiang International Airport is located about 33 km (21 mi) northeast of the city center and located in Yaoqiang Subdistrict  [ zh ] of Licheng District, Jinan , from which

4600-473: A theological college ( Chinese : 青 州 共 合 神 道 学 堂 ; pinyin : Qīngzhōu Gònghé Shéndào Xuétáng ) in Qingzhou , and a medical college ( Chinese : 济 南 共 合 医 道 学 堂 ; pinyin : Jìnán Gònghé Yīdào Xuétáng ) in Jinan . In 1909, all three colleges were consolidated into Shantung Protestant University ( Chinese : 山 东 新 教 大 学 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Xīnjiào Dàxué ) which

4800-524: A total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters. Jinan is positioned at the intersection of two major railways: The Jinghu Railway that runs from Beijing to Shanghai is the major north–south backbone of the railway system in eastern China. In Jinan, it intersects with the Jiaoji Railway that connects Jinan to the sea port of Qingdao to the east. In addition, the Hanji Railway connects Jinan to

5000-408: A total gross floor area of 171,000 square meters. Jinan is renowned across China for its numerous springs, the lakes fed by the spring water, and the weeping willows that grow along the water edges. The late-Qing author Liu E describes Jinan's cityscape in his novel "The Travels of Lao Can" ( 老 残 游 记 , written 1903–04, published in 1907) as "Every family has spring water, every household has

5200-757: A transliteration system for Chinese, his discussion ultimately led to a proliferation of proposed schemes. The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and further improved by Herbert Giles , presented in Chinese–English Dictionary (1892). It was popular, and was used in English-language publications outside China until 1979. In 1943, the US military tapped Yale University to develop another romanization system for Mandarin Chinese intended for pilots flying over China—much more than previous systems,

5400-438: A willow tree". Jinan was also the historical center of Buddhist culture for the whole province which is still manifest in the many historic sites that are left behind in its southern counties. Jinan is known as the "City of Springs" because of the large number of natural artesian springs. The majority of the springs, many of which have been historically listed under the " 72 Famous Springs " ( 七 十 二 名 泉 ) are concentrated in

5600-592: Is 14.70 °C (58.5 °F), and the annual precipitation is 670 millimetres (26.4 in), with a strong summer maximum, and high variability from year to year. January is the coldest and driest month, with a mean temperature of −0.7 °C (30.7 °F) and 5.0 millimetres (0.20 in) of equivalent rainfall. July is the hottest and wettest month, the corresponding numbers are 27.4 °C (81.3 °F), and 189.0 mm (7.44 in). With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44 percent in July to 59 percent in May,

5800-606: Is a partner university of the Study China Programme , which is coordinated by the University of Manchester and funded by the UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills . Jinan Jinan is the capital of Shandong province in Eastern China . With a population of 9.2 million, it is one of the largest cities in Shandong in terms of population. The area of present-day Jinan has played an important role in

6000-595: Is also located on the central campus. The roads within the Central Campus are named after concepts from Confucianism. The Hongjialou Campus derives its name from the Hongjialou Square and is located immediately to the north and east of the Square and the Sacred Heart Cathedral ( Chinese : 洪 家 楼 耶 稣 圣 心 主 教 座 堂 ; pinyin : Hóngjiālóu Yēsū Shèngxīn Zhǔjiào Zuòtáng ). The first construction on

6200-725: Is around 57,500 full-time students, of which 14,500 are postgraduate students, and over 1,000 are foreign students (data from 2009). The major research efforts at Shandong University are organized in 34 national, provincial, and ministerial key academic disciplines, two national key research labs, 21 provincial and ministerial key research labs, a national engineering and technology promotion center, 10 provincial technology research centers, three national basic scientific research and personnel development bases; three social science key research bases approved by Ministry of Education ; and three national fundamental science personnel development bases. Among its faculty are 23 members (including adjuncts) of

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6400-976: Is associated in a sister school for American Middle Schools and Junior Highs, including Scofield Magnet Middle School. Among its faculty are international researchers and scholars, who either visit for a short term (less than 1 month, 160 visitors in 2009), a medium term (less than half a year, 70 visitors in 2009), or for the long term (more than half a year, 80 visitors in 2009). Of the 80 long-term international faculty members, 30 language scholars teach languages such as English , Japanese , Korean , French , German, Spanish , and Russian . The others are active in disciplines such as philosophy , biology , chemistry , physics , law , international politics and economics , as well as Chinese classics and traditional philosophy. About 1500 international students from about 40 countries come to study at Shandong University each year. An international student population numbering more than 1000 can be found on campus at any given time during

6600-656: Is based on the phonological system of Beijing Mandarin. Other romanization schemes have been devised to transcribe those other Chinese varieties, such as Jyutping for Cantonese and Pe̍h-ōe-jī for Hokkien . Based on the "Chinese Romanization" section of ISO 7098:2015, pinyin tone marks should use the symbols from Combining Diacritical Marks , as opposed by the use of Spacing Modifier Letters in bopomofo. Lowercase letters with tone marks are included in GB 2312 and their uppercase counterparts are included in JIS X 0212 ; thus Unicode includes all

6800-493: Is both a medial and a coda, the nucleus may be dropped from writing. In this case, when the coda is a consonant n or ng , the only vowel left is the medial i, u , or ü , and so this takes the diacritic. However, when the coda is a vowel, it is the coda rather than the medial which takes the diacritic in the absence of a written nucleus. This occurs with syllables ending in -ui (from wei : wèi → -uì ) and in -iu (from you : yòu → -iù ). That is, in

7000-465: Is distinct from the concept of consonant and vowel sounds as basic units in traditional (and most other phonetic systems used to describe the Chinese language). Every syllable in Standard Chinese can be described as a pair of one initial and one final, except for the special syllable er or when a trailing -r is considered part of a syllable (a phenomenon known as erhua ). The latter case, though

7200-752: Is located in Qingdao, and another is in Weihai. Construction of the Central Campus commenced in 1959, about a year after the university had moved back from Qingdao to Jinan and during a time that coincided with the Great Leap Forward, the Great Chinese Famine , as well as a devastating flood of the Yellow River (in July 1959). The Central Campus houses the central administration (in the Mingde Building, Chinese : 明 德 楼 ; pinyin : Míngdé Lóu ),

7400-522: Is located next to a cluster of commercial software ventures, such as the China International ICT Innovation Cluster (CIIIC) and shares educational resources with these businesses. Shandong University Weihai Campus was established in 1984, its campus covers a total area of about 1 million square meters, making it the largest campus of Shandong University. Shandong University Weihai Campus is organized in 13 departments that include

7600-519: Is not limited only to pinyin, since many languages that use the Latin alphabet natively also assign different values to the same letters. A recent study on Chinese writing and literacy concluded, "By and large, pinyin represents the Chinese sounds better than the Wade–Giles system, and does so with fewer extra marks." As pinyin is a phonetic writing system for modern Standard Chinese , it is not designed to replace characters for writing Literary Chinese ,

7800-590: Is not ordinarily reflected in pinyin spelling. Standard Chinese has many polysyllabic words. Like in other writing systems using the Latin alphabet, spacing in pinyin is officially based on word boundaries. However, there are often ambiguities in partitioning a word. The Basic Rules of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet Orthography were put into effect in 1988 by the National Educational and National Language commissions. These rules became

8000-713: Is now kept in the National Palace Museum in Taipei , Taiwan where it had been taken during the retreat of the Kuomintang at the end of the Chinese Civil War . Governor Yuan Shikai wanted a prominent position for Western learning in the curriculum of the new college. Hence, he invited the American Presbyterian missionary Dr. Watson McMillan Hayes ( Chinese : 赫 士 ; pinyin : Hèshì , 1857–1944) who

8200-722: Is outside the central metropolitan center and is in suburban western Jinan's Huaiyin District . Since it opened for public service on June 30, 2011, it has become a future hub with west–east running high speed railways to Taiyuan , Shijiazhuang and Qingdao . Jinan East railway station opened in 2018. An additional station, Jinan North railway station , is planned. Started by construction in 2013, Jinan Metro opened in 2019. Currently, Lines 1, 2 and 3 are operational, and has 40 stations. Major expressways include China National Highway 104 , China National Highway 220 , and China National Highway 309 . Because of Jinan's location and role as

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8400-500: Is part of Jimo City and located to the northeast of Qingdao. The campus site is immediately adjacent to the seashore of Aoshan Bay and the coastal highway ( Chinese : 滨 海 大 道 ; pinyin : Bīnhǎi dàdào ). The total planning area covers about two million square meters, 43 percent of which are included in the first construction phase. When completed, the Qingdao Campus will have a capacity of 30,000 students; recruitment of

8600-411: Is part of a plan to give Shandong University a presence that is distributed throughout the province in a manner that is comparable to the University of California system , but retains a greater level of central control. Shandong University has established an international network for educational cooperation and has signed exchange agreements with over 70 universities from over 50 countries. Shandong also

8800-597: Is referred to as the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet . Hanyu ( 汉语 ; 漢語 ) literally means ' Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while pinyin literally means 'spelled sounds'. Pinyin is the official romanisation system used in China, Singapore, Taiwan, and by the United Nations . Its use has become common when transliterating Standard Chinese mostly regardless of region, though it is less ubiquitous in Taiwan. It

9000-460: Is sometimes used instead by convention. For example, it is common for cellphones to use v instead of ü . Additionally, some stores in China use v instead of ü in the transliteration of their names. The drawback is a lack of precomposed characters and limited font support for combining accents on the letter v , ( v̄ v́ v̌ v̀ ). This also presents a problem in transcribing names for use on passports, affecting people with names that consist of

9200-502: Is the black "egg-shell pottery" with wall thicknesses that can go below 1 millimeter. During the Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BCE) and Warring States period (475–221 BCE), the area of Jinan was split between two states: the state of Lu in the west and the state of Qi in the east. In 685 BCE, the state of Qi started to build the Great Wall of Qi across Changqing county. Portions of

9400-566: Is used to teach Standard Chinese, normally written with Chinese characters , to students already familiar with the Latin alphabet . Pinyin is also used by various input methods on computers and to categorize entries in some Chinese dictionaries . In pinyin, each Chinese syllable is spelled in terms of an optional initial and a final , each of which is represented by one or more letters. Initials are initial consonants, whereas finals are all possible combinations of medials ( semivowels coming before

9600-513: Is written over an i , then it replaces the tittle, as in yī . In dictionaries, neutral tone may be indicated by a dot preceding the syllable—e.g. ·ma . When a neutral tone syllable has an alternative pronunciation in another tone, a combination of tone marks may be used: zhī·dào ( 知道 ) may be pronounced either zhīdào or zhīdao . Before the advent of computers, many typewriter fonts did not contain vowels with macron or caron diacritics. Tones were thus represented by placing

9800-542: The Boxer Uprising in the province and to reassure the foreign diplomats in the country who were looking for quick decisive actions against the boxers. In 1901, the same year that marked the end of the Boxer Uprising, Yuan sent a draft for the university charter ( simplified Chinese : 山 东 大 学 办 学 章 程 ; traditional Chinese : 山 東 大 學 辦 學 章 程 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Dàxué Bànxué Zhāngchéng ) to

10000-538: The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering . Three general hospitals, including Qilu Hospital, and 12 teaching hospitals are affiliated with the university. The university library houses a collection of over 3,550,000 items. Shandong University has a total of seven campuses. All but two of them are located in Jinan , the capital city of Shandong Province. Together they cover an area of 3.8 km. There are two campuses outside Jinan, one

10200-626: The Chinese Civil War . In the summer of 1948, the East China Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party decided to establish East China University in Weifang by combining the former Linyi Shandong University with Huazhong Construction University. After Jinan was taken by the communists, East China University moved to Jinan in November. In the winter of 1950, after KMT and US Navy left Qingdao, it

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10400-472: The Cultural Revolution started in Jinan with an article in the local newspaper "Jinan Evening News" ( 济南 晚报 ) that denounced vice-governor Yu Xiu as a Bourgeois agent within the government. Starting from early June 1966, the schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against". At the same time, big-character posters started to appear in the city. Red Guards took to

10600-521: The Guangxu Emperor and instructed Li Yukai, the magistrate of Penglai, to start preparations for the university. The draft of the university charter was approved by the emperor in November 1901, shortly after the Boxer Uprising had officially ended with the signing of the Boxer Protocol on September 7, 1901. Shandong Imperial University became hence the second modern national university established in

10800-686: The Jingnan Campaign where the city was defended by loyalists of the Jianwen Emperor led by Tie Xuan against the rebel Prince of Yan Zhu Di 's army. In 1852, the northward shift of the Yellow River into a new bed close to the city triggered the modern expansion of Jinan. The new course of the Yellow River connected the city to the Grand Canal and regional waterways in northern Shandong and southern Hebei . German influence in Jinan grew after

11000-422: The Ministry of Education . Mair claims that proponents of Chinese characters in the educational bureaucracy "became alarmed that word-based pinyin was becoming a de facto alternative to Chinese characters as a script for writing Mandarin and demanded that all pinyin syllables be written separately." Pinyin superseded older romanization systems such as Wade–Giles and postal romanization , and replaced bopomofo as

11200-537: The Nature Index according to the Nature Index 2023 Science Cities. The city is home to several major universities , including Shandong , Shandong Normal , Shandong Jianzhu , University of Jinan , Qilu University of Technology , Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Shandong University of Finance and Economics . Notably, Shandong University is one of China's most prestigious universities as

11400-716: The Qing dynasty ceded Qingdao to the German Empire in 1897. A German concession area was established to the west of the historical city center (in the vicinity of the Jinan Railway Station first established by the Germans). The Jiaoji (Qingdao–Jinan) railway was built by the Germans against local resistance. Discontent over the construction of the railway was one of the sources fueling the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901). During

11600-473: The Shandong cuisine , one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China. One of its features is the use of soup in its dishes. Modern cuisines in northern China —Beijing, Tianjin and the northeastern regions including Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning — are all branches of Shandong cuisine. Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around Spring City Square and Quancheng Road ( 泉 城 路 ; 'spring city road'). City of Springs Square

11800-401: The Sino-Soviet split , Soviet faculty members worked at Shandong University. In October 1958, the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The marine sciences remained in Qingdao, where they later formed Shandong Ocean University. In Jinan, Shandong University first occupied the Hongjialou Campus. Construction of the new Central Campus commenced in 1959, during the Great Leap Forward and in

12000-441: The West Campus, renamed Baotuquan Campus in 2009). The campus of Shandong University of Technology became the South Campus of Shandong University (renamed Qianfoshan Campus in 2009). Construction of the Xinglongshan Campus (then under the name "New South Campus"), a large new campus located in a mountain valley to the south of Jinan dedicated to education of first- and second-year undergraduate students, began in 2003. In July 2019,

12200-418: The "Jinan Jiaoan" ( Chinese : 济 南 教 案 ; pinyin : Jìnán Jiào'àn ), had considerable diplomatic repercussions for the relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the United States. The Luoyuan Academy was rebuilt in 1896 to become the largest institution of its kind in Shandong. Five years later (in 1901) it was replaced by the newly founded Imperial Shandong College which took over its campus (today

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12400-481: The "School of Higher Learning" ( Chinese : 山 东 高 等 学 校 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Gāoděng Xuéxiào ). The first modern academic institution in the port city of Qingdao, then part of the German Kiautschou Bay colonial concession , was the German-Chinese "Advanced School of Special Sciences of a Special Type" ( "Hochschule für Spezialwissenschaften mit besonderem Charakter" , Chinese : 特别 高等 专门 学堂 ; pinyin : Tèbié Gāoděng Zhuānmén Xuétáng ). It

12600-435: The "Shanghai Ranking", placed the university 101th-150th in the world. Shandong University ranked 191st worldwide and 18th nationwide in the CWUR World University Ranking 2023. A controversy occurred in 2019 regarding the assignment of study buddies for international students at Shandong University. At the top level, Shandong University is governed by a president ( Chinese : 校 长 ; pinyin : Xiàozhǎng ) and

12800-511: The "father of pinyin". They based their work in part on earlier romanization systems . The system was originally promulgated at the Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress in 1958, and has seen several rounds of revisions since. The International Organization for Standardization propagated Hanyu Pinyin as ISO 7098 in 1982, and the United Nations began using it in 1986. Taiwan adopted Hanyu Pinyin as its official romanization system in 2009, replacing Tongyong Pinyin . Matteo Ricci ,

13000-538: The 1,500 square meter excavation site, emphasizing the wealth of the city during the period. Cao Cao (155 – 220 CE) was an official in Jinan before he became the de facto ruler of the Han dynasty. His son, Cao Pi , overthrew the last emperor of the Han and founded the Wei Kingdom (220 – 265 CE) of the Three Kingdoms period . Beginning in the 5th century CE, Buddhism flourished in Jinan. The Langgong Temple ( 朗 公 寺 ; Lǎnggōng Sì , later renamed Shentong Temple, ( 神 通 寺 ; Shéntōng Sì , and now in ruins) in

13200-415: The 1950s, large iron and steel works as well as chemical factories were established around Jinan. The large metal works produce pig iron , ingot steel, as well as finished steel. In the 1970s, Sinotruk established its headquarters and factories for the production of trucks and construction vehicles in the city. Industrial zones include: Founded in 1991, the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development zone

13400-419: The American Presbyterian missionaries John Murray ( Chinese : 莫 约 翰 ; pinyin : Mò Yuēhàn ) and Stephen A. Hunter ( Chinese : 洪 士 提 反 ; pinyin : Hóngshì Tífǎn ) attempted to purchase a property adjacent to the Luoyuan Academy for use as a chapel. This led to a violent reaction when on July 13, 1881, literati from the academy incited an attack on the property. The incident, known as

13600-523: The Chinese and European approaches were combined in the teaching of the humanities. Religious subjects had been excluded from the curriculum at the request of the Chinese government. The number of students at the school rose to about 400 in 1914, the school assembled a German and a Chinese library with about 5000 and 8000 volumes respectively. School operations ceased with the beginning of the First World War in 1914 and never resumed. Qingdao reverted from Japanese to Chinese control in 1922 and Qingdao University

13800-434: The College of Korean Studies, the Business School, the Law School, the School of Journalism and Communication, the Art Institute, the College of Ocean Science, the School of Information Engineering, the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, the Institute of Space Science and Physics, the Mathematics and Statistics Institute, the School of International Education, and the College of Vocational and Technical Training. To

14000-426: The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and China in 1979. In 2001, the Chinese government issued the National Common Language Law , providing a legal basis for applying pinyin. The current specification of the orthography is GB/T 16159–2012. Chinese phonology is generally described in terms of sound pairs of two initials ( 声母 ; 聲母 ; shēngmǔ ) and finals ( 韵母 ; 韻母 ; yùnmǔ ). This

14200-476: The Fifth Session of the 1st National People's Congress on 11 February 1958. It was then introduced to primary schools as a way to teach Standard Chinese pronunciation and used to improve the literacy rate among adults. Despite its formal promulgation, pinyin did not become widely used until after the tumult of the Cultural Revolution . In the 1980s, students were trained in pinyin from an early age, learning it in tandem with characters or even before. During

14400-496: The Games' visitors. In early January 2019, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the approval of Shandong Province to adjust the administrative division of Laiwu City and Jinan City , cancel Laiwu City, and all jurisdiction of former Laiwu City belongs to Jinan City; establish Laiwu District of Jinan City to replace the former Laicheng District of Laiwu City with

14600-681: The Imperial College in Beijing but above the other provincial Chinese universities. The local informal name for the university was "Hainan School" in reference to an old name for Qingdao. Studies were organized in a "preparatory level" with a six-year (since 1911, five-year) curriculum for students aged 13 to 15 years and an "upper school". Subjects covered included German, history, geography, mathematics, natural history, zoology, botany, health, physics, chemistry, drawing, music, sports, as well as Chinese language and sciences. Whereas engineering and natural sciences were taught in an entirely "Western mode",

14800-470: The Japanese consul in Jinan to declare Shandong an "independent state" allied with Japan. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War , the Japanese invasion force crossed the Yellow River 60 km (37 mi) north-east of Jinan on December 23, 1937. Han Fuju abandoned Jinan the next day against orders to hold the city to the death. He ordered the offices of the provincial government and

15000-539: The Japanese consulate in Jinan to be burned down and the ensuing power vacuum led to widespread looting in the city. Japanese troops from the 10th Division of the Manchurian Area Army entered Jinan on December 27, 1937. Han Fuju was arrested and executed for disobeying orders from superior commanders and retreating on his own accord by Chiang Kai-Shek's chief of staff, General Hu Zongnan . Japanese troops controlled Jinan until their defeat in 1945. After this,

15200-532: The Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone has attracted enterprises as LG, Panasonic, Volvo, and Sanyo. In 2000, it joined the world science and technology association and set up a China-Ukraine High-tech Cooperation Park. The Qilu Software Park became the sister park of Bangalore park of India. The export processing zone is located in the eastern suburbs of Jinan, to the east of the Jinan High-tech Industrial Development Zone and to

15400-665: The Kuomintang regained short-lived control of the city during the period from 1946 to 1948. The provincial government during this time was led by Lieutenant-General Wang Yaowu , who also commanded the KMT army in the region. KMT rule over Jinan ended in September 1948 with the Battle of Jinan in which units of the People's Liberation Army under the command of Chen Yi took the city. The battle for Jinan took

15600-484: The Kuomintang, was rewarded with the military governorship of Shandong, after fighting against the rebel troops of Yan Xishan and his former commander Feng Yuxiang in the Central Plains War in 1930. He established his base in Jinan and is credited with curtailing banditry and drug trading, thereby bringing a measure of peace and prosperity to the city. However, from 1935 onwards Han was under heavy pressure from

15800-632: The Mateer Science Hall (formerly for Physics and Physiology), the McCormick Hall, and the Alumni Gate (the former main entrance, construction completed on June 17, 1924). Baotuquan Campus houses the schools of public health, nursing, dentistry, pharmacy, and medicine. The Qianfoshan Campus was established in 1949 and served as the campus of Shandong University of Technology. It became a part of Shandong University when Shandong University of Technology

16000-733: The Ministry of Education. Teachers and students were then transferred to the National Central University that had been moved from Nanjing to Chongqing in the previous year. The books and equipment of Shandong University were placed into storage in the National Central Library, the National Central University, and the National Central Vocational School. After the war, in the spring of 1946,

16200-593: The Private Use Areas, and some input methods (e.g. Sogou Pinyin) also outputs the Private Use Areas code point instead of the original character. As the superset GB 18030 changed the mappings of ⟨ḿ⟩ and ⟨ǹ⟩ , this has caused an issue where the input methods and font files use different encoding standards, and thus the input and output of both characters are mixed up. Other symbols are used in pinyin are as follows: The spelling of Chinese geographical or personal names in pinyin has become

16400-595: The Qianfoshan Campus are named after famous engineers and inventors from China as well as abroad. The Xinglongshan Campus is the newest campus of Shandong University and also its largest campus in Jinan with an area of about 769,000 square meters. Construction of the campus started in March 2003 and its first facilities were ready for use in August 2004. The campus is used to house first- and second-year students of nine different departments. The Xinglongshan Campus also houses

16600-402: The Shandong Agricultural College. The rest of the sciences were to form the Shandong Science and Technology University. Shandong Normal University was to be moved to Liaocheng. Shandong Medical College and Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine were to be merged and moved to Tai'an. Shandong University was restored in its original form and the "Shandong Science and Technology University"

16800-646: The Shandong Agricultural Institute that used it until 1958, when the Institute moved to Tai'an . In October 1958, the Hongjialou Campus became Shandong University's first Campus after the university moved back to Jinan from Qingdao. The Hongjialou Campus houses the Schools of Law, Foreign Languages and Literature as well as Fine Arts. The Baotuquan Campus is the former campus of Cheeloo University and

17000-705: The Shandong Anti-Japanese People's Government of the CCP established Shandong University in Linyi , the capital of the communist base; to distinguish it from the National Shandong University, it was called Linyi Shandong University . In early 1946, Peng Kang, the president of Huazhong Construction University, led the teachers and students of the university to merge into Linyi Shandong University. Shortly after Japanese withdrew from China, CCP and KMT fought

17200-706: The Song dynasty at the hands of the Jurchens who gained control over almost half of the Song territories and established the Jin dynasty in northern China. After Jinan came under control of the Jin dynasty, both Li Qingzhao and Xin Qiji had to abandon their homes and reflected this experience in their works. During the Civil War that followed the proclamation of Kublai Khan as Great Khan in 1260 CE, Jinan

17400-475: The United States. The buildings on the new Cheeloo campus were designed by the architectural firm of Perkins, Fellows, & Hamilton from Chicago. Henry W. Luce was elected vice-president of Cheeloo University in 1916, but resigned in the following year already, because he felt that he had insufficient support for his vision of a university of major national influence from the then Cheeloo president J. Percy Bruce . Cheeloo University particularly made its mark in

17600-416: The absence of a written nucleus the finals have priority for receiving the tone marker, as long as they are vowels; if not, the medial takes the diacritic. An algorithm to find the correct vowel letter (when there is more than one) is as follows: Worded differently, The above can be summarized as the following table. The vowel letter taking the tone mark is indicated by the fourth-tone mark. Tone sandhi

17800-537: The area. Jinan was chosen as the new location for the consolidated university. A prominent member of Cheeloo University's faculty was Henry Winters Luce (1868–1941), the father of the publisher Henry R. Luce (founder of TIME , Fortune , and Life ). Henry W. Luce initially led the fundraising efforts for the new campus in Jinan (today the Baotuquan Campus of Shandong University). In this capacity, he raised 300,000 dollars between 1912 and 1915 from donors in

18000-643: The arrival of a mango fruit in the "August 1st" Meeting Hall. The fruit had been a gift to the workers in Beijing by Mao and was subsequently passed on to the workers in Jinan. In November 1968, Wang Xiao Yu began to agitate against the local army units in Jinan and Shandong Province. By then unrest due to the Cultural Revolution had severely damaged the city's governmental and industrial infrastructure, with about 80 percent of all government institutions shut down. Large public protests were staged on April 4 and 5, 1969, in which approximately 500,000 people protested

18200-419: The back-lawn, and slaughtered by machine guns on the same day. After the incident, Japanese reinforcements were sent to Shandong and by 11 May, Japanese troops pushed the Chinese troops from the area, inflicted thousands of casualties and killed over 2000 Chinese civilians. The Japanese occupied Jinan for more than six months until they withdrew to their garrison in Qingdao on 28 March 1929. When Chiang lectured

18400-617: The beginning, the curriculum covered 3 years, but it was later expanded to 4 years. The first president of the new university was Zhou Xuexi . In 1904, Imperial Shandong University moved to new premises in the Ganshi Qiao ( Chinese : 杆 石 桥 ; pinyin : Gānshí Qiáo ) area of Jinan (located to the south-west of the historical city center) and changed its name to "Shandong Institution of Higher Learning" ( Chinese : 山 东 高 等 学 堂 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Gāoděng Xuétáng ). In 1911, it changed its name once again, this time to

18600-644: The campus dates back to 1936 when it was used for the Jinan Yifan Girls' Middle School ( Chinese : 懿 范 女 子 中 学 ; pinyin : Yìfàn Nǚzǐ Zhōngxué ) that was operated by Franciscan sisters ( Chinese : 艾 修 女 ; pinyin : ài xiū nǚ ) of the Archdiocese of Jinan . In 1948, the Yifan Girls' Middle School was combined with Liming Middle School ( Chinese : 黎 明 中 学 ; pinyin : Límíng Zhōngxué ) and its former campus became part of

18800-491: The campus was developed by Perkins Eastman (New York). One of the founders of Perkins Eastman, Bradford Perkins is the grandson of Dwight H. Perkins, whose firm (Perkins, Fellows, & Hamilton) designed the Cheeloo University campus in Jinan. The campus will be dedicated to advanced science and engineering research, with a special emphasis on interfacing with high-tech industry and international academic collaboration. It

19000-481: The character "Ji" with the third tone ( jǐ ) was established in the late 1970s. Prior to this, it was pronounced with the fourth tone ( jì ). Older western texts spell the name as "Tsinan" ( Postal romanization) or "Chi-nan" ( Wade-Giles romanization). During the times of the Zhou dynasty (1045 BC to 256 BC), the city of Lixia ( simplified Chinese : 历 下 ; traditional Chinese : 歷 下 ; pinyin : Lìxià )

19200-441: The city limits of present-day Jinan. Marco Polo gives a brief description of Jinan under the name "Chingli" or "Chinangli". 19th and early 20th century texts frequently give the name of the city as "Tsinan Fu" where the additional "Fu" (Chinese: 府 ) comes from the dated Chinese term for a provincial capital (Chinese: 省 府 ). Jinan is also referred to by the nickname "City of Springs" (Chinese: 泉 城 ), because of

19400-728: The city of Handan ( Hebei Province) in the west. Within Shandong province, the Jinghu Railway connects Jinan with the cities of Dezhou , Tai'an , Jining , and Zaozhuang ; the Jiaoji Railway provides a link to the cities of Zibo , Qingdao , and Weifang ; the Hanji Railway serves the cities of Yancheng and Liaocheng . Central Jinan is served by Jinan railway station , Jinan East railway station , and Daminghu railway station (just by Daming Lake ). The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway calls at Jinan West railway station , which

19600-411: The city receives 2,333 hours of bright sunshine annually. Due to the mountains to the south of the city, temperature inversions are common, occurring on about 200 days per year. The high precipitation for northern Chinese standards, in tandem with the topography (mountains surrounding the city on three sides), leads to particularly oppressive summer weather and the city being named as a candidate for

19800-599: The common accented characters from pinyin. Other punctuation mark and symbols in Chinese are to use the equivalent symbol in English noted in to GB 15834. According to GB 16159, all accented letters are required to have both uppercase and lowercase characters as per their normal counterparts. GBK has mapped two characters ⟨ḿ⟩ and ⟨ǹ⟩ to Private Use Areas in Unicode respectively, thus some fonts (e.g. SimSun) that adhere to GBK include both characters in

20000-421: The contemporary Chinese literati, and the romanizations they introduced primarily were useful for Westerners. During the late Qing, the reformer Song Shu (1862–1910) proposed that China adopt a phonetic writing system. A student of the scholars Yu Yue and Zhang Taiyan , Song had observed the effect of the kana syllabaries and Western learning during his visits to Japan. While Song did not himself propose

20200-409: The country after Imperial Capital University ( simplified Chinese : 京 师 大 学 堂 ; traditional Chinese : 京 師 大 學 堂 ; pinyin : Jīngshī Dàxuétáng ) that had been founded in 1898 and later became Peking University . The charter of Shandong Imperial University served as a model for subsequent foundations of imperial university. The original charter document for Shandong University

20400-625: The country after the People's Republic was established. Earlier attempts to romanize Chinese writing were mostly abandoned in 1944. Zhou became an economics professor in Shanghai, and when the Ministry of Education created the Committee for the Reform of the Chinese Written Language in 1955, Premier Zhou Enlai assigned him the task of developing a new romanization system, despite the fact that he

20600-475: The curriculum as well as in daily life at Tengchow College. The college soon enjoyed a reputation for its high standards of academic excellence. When W.A.P Martin hired young professors of Western learning for the Imperial Capital University (the precursor of present-day Peking University), 12 out of 13 young professors hired were graduates of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts. In 1884, shortly after

20800-558: The downtown district and flow north to converge in Daming Lake . The Baotu Spring Park is the most popular of the springs in the City of Jinan proper. Besides the Baotu Spring, the park contains several other springs that are listed among the "72 Famous Springs". "Bào tū" ( 趵 突 ) means "jumping and leaping" in Chinese. The water in the spring pool can be seen foaming and gushing, looking like

21000-717: The establishment of the academy. The name "Luoyuan" (literally "source of the Luo [River]") refers to the original location of the academy near the Baotu Spring . The academy was dedicated to teaching the Chinese classics to the sons of the gentry . Scholars affiliated with the academy include: Bi Yuan (畢沅, 1730–1797), Sang Tiaoyuan (桑调元, 1695–1771), Shen Qiyuan (沈起元, 1685–1763), He Shaoji (何紹基, 1799–1873), Kuang Yuan (匡源, 1815–1881), Wang Zhihan (王之翰, 1821–1850), Liu Yaochun ( 刘耀春 ), Zhu Xuedu (朱学笃, 1826–1892), and Miao Quansun (缪荃孙, 1844–1919). In 1881,

21200-505: The extraordinary art works he completed during his stay in Jinan, the best known painting is "Autumn Colors on the Qiao and Hua Mountains" ( 《 鹊 华 秋 色 》 ). Geographer Yu Qin (1284–1333) also served as an official in Jinan and authored his geography book Qi Cheng there. When Shandong province was established under the Ming dynasty , Jinan became its capital. Jinan was the site of a siege during

21400-859: The field of medicine: From 1914 to 1936, the university built and subsequently expanded Cheeloo Hospital as a major facility for medical education in China. Between 1916 and 1923, the former Peking Union Medical College, the Medical Department of Nanking University, the Hankow Medical College, and the North China Union Medical College for Women were all moved to Jinan and merged into the Cheeloo University School of Medicine under Dean and acting university president Samuel Cochran . Cheeloo University attracted Chinese intellectuals and scholars. The writer Lao She , author of

21600-404: The first class of 5,000 freshman students is planned for the fall of 2013. The construction cost is estimated at 800 million Chinese Yuan (about 124 million US Dollars). The architecture of the new campus is intended to blend Chinese and western elements. Many buildings will incorporate the red roofs and other building style elements of the German colonial architecture in Qingdao. The master plan for

21800-455: The following is an exhaustive table of all possible finals. The only syllable-final consonants in Standard Chinese are -n , -ng , and -r , the last of which is attached as a grammatical suffix . A Chinese syllable ending with any other consonant either is from a non-Mandarin language (a southern Chinese language such as Cantonese , reflecting final consonants in Old Chinese ), or indicates

22000-487: The formal establishment of Tengchow College of Liberal Arts, British Baptists established Tsingchow Boys' Boarding School in Qingzhou , also located in northern Shandong, but not directly on the coast. In 1902, the American and British missionaries agreed to combine their education ventures in Shandong, and established an arts college ( Chinese : 潍 县 广 文 学 堂 ; pinyin : Wéixiàn Guǎngwén Xuétáng ) in Weifang ,

22200-459: The fourth "furnace", c.e. Three Furnaces . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −19.7 °C (−3 °F) on January 17, 1953, to 42.5 °C (109 °F) on July 24, 1955. The sub-provincial city of Jinan has direct jurisdiction over ten districts and 2 counties after the annexation of Laiwu to Jinan in 2019: These are further divided into 146 township-level divisions , including 65 towns , 27 townships and 54 subdistricts . With

22400-432: The front of the provincial government between two rival factions of the Cultural Revolution, the "April 22nd Group" and Wang Xiao Yu's "April 28th Group". In the end, more than 10,000 people had been involved in the fighting. On October 11, 1967, the tallest statue of Mao Zedong in Shandong province was erected on the campus of Shandong Normal University . On September 17, 1968, a large assembly of Jinan workers celebrated

22600-589: The fusion of six schools into a provincial Shandong University ( Chinese : 省 立 山 东 大 学 ; pinyin : Shěnglì Shāndōng Dàxué ) in Jinan in 1926. In 1928, the Kuomintang Government in Nanjing regained control of northern China and Shandong through the Northern Expedition . Soon afterwards, preparations commenced for a National University in the province. In August 1928, the government ordered

22800-418: The governor of Shandong province. Yuan Shikai was the chief military modernizer of the late Qing Dynasty whose control over a powerful army combined with his personal ambition played a key role in the birth of the Republic of China as well as its descent into warlordism in the early 20th century. Yuan Shikai had been governor of Shandong Province since December 1899. He had been appointed to this post to quell

23000-580: The height of the Cold War the use of pinyin system over Wade–Giles and Yale romanizations outside of China was regarded as a political statement or identification with the mainland Chinese government. Beginning in the early 1980s, Western publications addressing mainland China began using the Hanyu Pinyin romanization system instead of earlier romanization systems; this change followed the Joint Communiqué on

23200-400: The history of the region from the earliest beginnings of civilization and has evolved into a major national administrative, economic, and transportation hub. The city has held sub-provincial administrative status since 1994. Jinan is often called the "City of Springs" for its famous 72 artesian springs. Jinan is one of the top 35 cities in the world for scientific research as tracked by

23400-671: The imperial university. Hayes went on to teach the Presbyterian Mission Theological Class in Chefoo (present-day Yantai ) and continued to work as a missionary and educator in Shandong until his death in a Japanese internment camp in Wei County (present-day Weifang) in 1944. Imperial Shandong University occupied the premises of the Luoyuan Academy which had been renovated and extended significantly five years earlier. It

23600-441: The initials ⟨ l ⟩ and ⟨ n ⟩ when necessary in order to represent the sound [y] . This is necessary in order to distinguish the front high rounded vowel in lü (e.g. 驴 ; 驢 ; 'donkey') from the back high rounded vowel in lu (e.g. 炉 ; 爐 ; 'oven'). Tonal markers are placed above the umlaut, as in lǘ . However, the ü is not used in the other contexts where it could represent

23800-600: The language on the application form was "improper expression" due to "insufficient checks". The incident led to complaints about foreign students receiving too many privileges. Shandong University was one of the Project 985 universities in China to appear in the world's top 500 universities in the first global university ranking in 2003, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities . The joint THE-QS World University Rankings 2005 ranked Shandong University =282nd in

24000-654: The last 10 years, Shandong University has been continuously ranked among the top 10 universities nationwide in terms of the number of publications included in the Science Citation Index. Research at Shandong University is deemed particular strong in the areas of physics, mathematics, and medicine. A ranking by Mines ParisTech based on the number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies placed Shandong University first within China. The 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Shandong University at 19th in

24200-615: The main university library, a large dining hall, as well as student dormitories. The central campus is home to the schools of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Economics, History and Culture, Marxism–Leninism, Life Sciences, Mathematics and System Science, Literature and Journalism and Communication, as well as Information Science and Engineering. One of Shandong University's hotels ( Chinese : 山 东 大 学 学 术 交 流 中心 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Dàxué Xuéshù Jiāoliú Zhōngxīn , or for short: "Xueren Dasha", Chinese : 学 人 大 厦 ; pinyin : Xuérén Dàshà )

24400-454: The many artesian springs in the urban city centre and its surroundings. The area of present-day Jinan has been inhabited for more than 4000 years. The Neolithic Longshan culture was first discovered at Chengziya to the east of Jinan ( Zhangqiu District ) in 1928. One of the characteristic features of the Longshan culture are the intricate wheel-made pottery pieces it produced. Most renowned

24600-760: The method of Chinese phonetic instruction in mainland China . The ISO adopted pinyin as the standard romanization for modern Chinese in 1982 (ISO 7098:1982, superseded by ISO 7098:2015). The United Nations followed suit in 1986. It has also been accepted by the government of Singapore , the United States's Library of Congress , the American Library Association , and many other international institutions. Pinyin assigns some Latin letters sound values which are quite different from those of most languages. This has drawn some criticism as it may lead to confusion when uninformed speakers apply either native or English assumed pronunciations to words. However, this problem

24800-421: The model set by Peking University in establishing an "inclusive" ( Chinese : 兼 容 并 包 ; pinyin : Jiānróng bìngbāo ), "scientific and democratic" ( Chinese : 科学 民主 ; pinyin : Kēxué mínzhǔ ) academic environment. During this period, Shandong National University hired distinguished scientists, scholars and literary figures such as Lao She , Wen Yiduo , Shen Congwen , Liang Shiqiu ,

25000-404: The more convenient form ju is used instead of jü . Genuine ambiguities only happen with nu / nü and lu / lü , which are then distinguished by an umlaut. Many fonts or output methods do not support an umlaut for ü or cannot place tone marks on top of ü . Likewise, using ü in input methods is difficult because it is not present as a simple key on many keyboard layouts. For these reasons v

25200-440: The most common way to transcribe them in English. Pinyin has also become the dominant Chinese input method in mainland China, in contrast to Taiwan, where bopomofo is most commonly used. Families outside of Taiwan who speak Mandarin as a mother tongue use pinyin to help children associate characters with spoken words which they already know. Chinese families outside of Taiwan who speak some other language as their mother tongue use

25400-514: The name change and its reversal, Lixia District had been known officially as "Hongwei", Tianqiao as "Face the Sun", Huaiyin as "East Wind", and Shizhong as "Red Flag". As the Cultural Revolution came to an end, Jinan started to receive visitors from abroad. For example, it was visited by a delegation from the United States Congress between August 8 and 11, 1975. On September 18, 1976, Mao's death

25600-405: The name of the airport is derived. The airport is connected to the city center of Jinan by expressways. It has domestic flights to many of the major cities in China as well as to international destinations, in particular Helsinki , Osaka , Seoul , Paris , Bangkok and Singapore . The conventional buses in the city have air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned buses. Air-conditioned lines have

25800-564: The names of several pinyin letters using -ê finals. According to the Scheme for the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet , ng can be abbreviated with the shorthand ŋ . However, this shorthand is rarely used due to difficulty of entering it on computers. (Starts with the vowel sound in f a ther and ends in the velar nasal ; like s ong in some dialects of American English) An umlaut is added to ⟨ u ⟩ when it occurs after

26000-479: The new college. Hayes also published Shandong's first successful daily newspaper and petitioned the Qing court to grant a holiday on Sundays; As a consequence, Shandong University was closed on Sundays right from the start. However, by the end of the year, Hayes and six Chinese Christian teachers he had brought with him had resigned already over disagreements regarding the policy of mandatory Confucius worship for students of

26200-584: The north of the Jiwang highway. The distances to the Jiqing Highway and the Jinan Airport are 9 km (5.6 mi) and 18 km (11 mi) respectively. As of the 2020 Chinese census , its total population (including Laiwu City merged recently) was 9,202,432 inhabitants and its built-up ( or metro ) area made of 6 out of 10 urban districts ( Jiyang , Zhangqiu , Laiwu and Gangcheng not yet conurbated)

26400-556: The northeast of the port city of Qingdao . The Luoyuan Academy ( Chinese : 泺 源 书 院 ; pinyin : Luoyuán Shūyuàn ) was established in Jinan in 1733 by an imperial edict from the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing Dynasty . The governor of Shandong, Yue Jun ( simplified Chinese : 岳 浚 ; traditional Chinese : 岳 濬 ; pinyin : Yuè Jùn ), received 1,000 taels of silver (approximately 37 kg) to fund

26600-470: The novel " Rickshaw Boy " and the play "Teahouse" , taught at Cheeloo University (1930–1934) as well as at National Shandong University in Qingdao and other universities between 1934 and 1937. In 1937, when the Japanese forces occupied northern China during the Second Sino-Japanese War , Cheeloo University evacuated to Sichuan and operated on the campus of West China Union University in Chengdu . In Jinan,

26800-413: The nuclear physicist Wang Ganchang (faculty member from 1934 to 1936), and the embryologist Tong Dizhou . Poet Zang Kejia , who later co-edited the "Selected Poems of Chairman Mao" ( Chinese : 毛主席 诗词 讲解 , 1957), was a student of Wen Yiduo from 1930 to 1934 in Qingdao. In November 1937, a few months after Marco Polo Bridge Incident that had marked the outbreak of a fully-fledged war in July of

27000-455: The occupation of Zhenbao Island by the Soviet Union. On July 29, 1970, the leadership of the Cultural Revolution passed a resolution to make sweeping changes to the city's educational system: The liberal arts departments of Shandong University were moved to Qufu and combined with Qufu Normal College to form a new Shandong University. The biology department was moved to Tai'an and merged into

27200-545: The pinyin letters assigned to each initial are accompanied by their phonetic realizations in brackets, notated according to the International Phonetic Alphabet . In each cell below, the first line indicates the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription, the second indicates pinyin for a standalone (no-initial) form, and the third indicates pinyin for a combination with an initial. Other than finals modified by an -r , which are omitted,

27400-412: The pinyin system, four main tones of Mandarin are shown by diacritics: ā, á, ǎ, and à. There is no symbol or diacritic for the neutral tone: a. The diacritic is placed over the letter that represents the syllable nucleus , unless that letter is missing. Tones are used in Hanyu Pinyin symbols, and they do not appear in Chinese characters. Tones are written on the finals of Chinese pinyin. If the tone mark

27600-411: The practice to use "LYU" and "NYU" in passports. Although nüe written as nue , and lüe written as lue are not ambiguous, nue or lue are not correct according to the rules; nüe and lüe should be used instead. However, some Chinese input methods support both nve / lve (typing v for ü ) and nue / lue . The pinyin system also uses four diacritics to mark the tones of Mandarin . In

27800-499: The railroad station, and the commercial district. With these critical assets lost, the situation of the city's defenders became untenable. Following the weakening of the city's defenses, the People's Liberation Army breached the city wall and entered Jinan on September 24, 1948. In March 1966, the largest among the drawn-out sequence of earthquakes that made up the Xingtai earthquake damaged about 36,000 houses in Jinan. On May 27, 1966,

28000-469: The rebellion, foreign priests were evacuated from Jinan and Chinese Christians became a target of violence. The Jiaoji railway was completed in 1904, three years after the Boxer Rebellion had been put down, and opened the city to foreign trade. The importance of Jinan as a transportation hub was cemented with the completion of the north–south Jinpu railway from Tianjin to Pukou in 1912. Jinan became

28200-539: The recently opened treaty port of Dengzhou ( Chinese : 登州 ; Wade–Giles : Tengchow ) in the area of the present-day city of Penglai on the north-eastern coast of Shandong Peninsula. Their journey had begun in New York on July 3, 1863, had taken them around the Cape of Good Hope to Shanghai, and had ended with a shipwreck off the coast of Yantai. In the autumn of 1864, the Mateers opened an elementary school for boys (Mengyang Educational Society, Chinese : 蒙 养 学 堂 ; pinyin : Méngyǎng Xuétáng ) in

28400-426: The region during the Song dynasty (960 – 1279 CE). The Song rulers promoted Jinan to a superior prefecture in 1116 CE. Two of the most important poets of the Southern Song were both born in Jinan: Li Qingzhao (1084–1151 CE), the most renown female poet in Chinese history, and Xin Qiji (1140–1207 CE), who was also a military leader of the Southern Song dynasty. Both poets witnessed a series of crushing defeats of

28600-490: The replacement of the provincial Shandong University with a National University in Shandong. The National University of Qingdao was formally established with an opening ceremony on September 21, 1930. In 1932, it was renamed "National Shandong University". Like Qingdao University, Shandong National University was housed in the buildings of the former Bismarck barracks. The university's chancellor, Yang Zhensheng ( Chinese : 杨 振 声 ; pinyin : Yáng Zhènshēng ), followed

28800-431: The result appears very similar to modern Hanyu Pinyin. Hanyu Pinyin was designed by a group of mostly Chinese linguists, including Wang Li , Lu Zhiwei , Li Jinxi , Luo Changpei , as well as Zhou Youguang (1906–2017), an economist by trade, as part of a Chinese government project in the 1950s. Zhou, often called "the father of pinyin", worked as a banker in New York when he decided to return to China to help rebuild

29000-555: The same administrative area; establish Gangcheng District of Jinan City to replace the former Gangcheng District of Laiwu City with the same administrative area. Jinan has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cwa ), considering an isotherm of −3 °C, or a humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dwa ), considering an isotherm of 0 °C, with four well-defined seasons. The city is dry and nearly rainless in spring, hot and rainy in summer, crisp in autumn and dry and cold (with little snow) in winter. The average annual temperature

29200-424: The same year, National Shandong University was evacuated from Qingdao. The university first moved to Anqing in Anhui Province and soon afterwards to Wanxian in Sichuan Province (today Wanzhou District in Chongqing ). Books, equipment, and administrative files were shipped in separate installments and suffered severe loss. Classes resumed in Wanxian in Spring 1938, but were stopped soon after that on orders of

29400-448: The school, Franke's collaboration plan received firm backing from Admiral von Tirpitz as well as the German envoy in Beijing. The university operated under the supervision of the German naval administration, but was recognized and supported financially by the Chinese government. The cumbersome name of the school ("spezial" or "tebie", i.e., "special") was chosen at the insistence of the Chinese government to reflect its special status, below

29600-418: The second vowel instead. Pinyin tone marks appear primarily above the syllable nucleus—e.g. as in kuài , where k is the initial, u the medial, a the nucleus, and i is the coda. There is an exception for syllabic nasals like /m/ , where the nucleus of the syllable is a consonant: there, the diacritic will be carried by a written dummy vowel. When the nucleus is / ə / (written e or o ), and there

29800-579: The semester. Most of these international students come from Asian and African countries, but there are also students from Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Since 1980, Shandong University has received more than 10,000 students from over 60 countries. Popular study subjects are Chinese language and culture, but also economics and medicine. Furthermore, Shandong University participates in international short term exchange programs and receives approximately 2500 international student visitors for such programs per year. In 2006, Shandong University created

30000-413: The shift of the Yellow River to a new bed right to the north of Jinan (in 1852) and the establishment of a railroad hub, the city became a major market for agricultural products from the productive farming regions to the north. Following the trade in agricultural goods, the city developed a textile and clothing industry, flour mills, oil presses, as well as factories producing paper, cement, and matches. In

30200-400: The site of the Provincial Bureau of Statistics on Spring City Road, Chinese : 泉 城 路 ; pinyin : Quán Chéng Lù ). The earliest precursor institutions that would later be fused into Shandong University were founded by American and English mission agencies: In early January 1864, Calvin W. Mateer , an American Presbyterian missionary, and his wife Julia Brown Mateer , arrived in

30400-443: The sound lü or nü , particularly people with the surname 吕 ( Lǚ ), a fairly common surname, particularly compared to the surnames 陆 ( Lù ), 鲁 ( Lǔ ), 卢 ( Lú ) and 路 ( Lù ). Previously, the practice varied among different passport issuing offices, with some transcribing as "LV" and "NV" while others used "LU" and "NU". On 10 July 2012, the Ministry of Public Security standardized

30600-416: The southern county of Licheng was one of the most important temples in northern China at that time. The same period witnessed extensive construction of Buddhist sites in the southern counties of Licheng and Changqing such as the Lingyan Temple and the Thousand-Buddha Cliff . In particular, a large number of cave temples were established in the hills south of Jinan. Jinan remained the cultural center of

30800-553: The spring of 1928, the Kuomintang 's Northern Expedition reached Jinan. On May 3, 1928, clashes developed between Japanese troops stationed in Jinan and the Kuomintang troops moving into the city ( Jinan incident ). Cai Gongshi , a Kuomintang emissary sent to negotiate and 16 members of his entourage were cruelly executed by the Japanese. Japanese officers placed an order to slice off his nose and ears, and to gouge out his eyes and tongue. Sixteen other members of his negotiation team were also striped naked, recklessly whipped, dragged to

31000-442: The standard written language prior to the early 1900s. In particular, Chinese characters retain semantic cues that help distinguish differently pronounced words in the ancient classical language that are now homophones in Mandarin. Thus, Chinese characters remain indispensable for recording and transmitting the corpus of Chinese writing from the past. Pinyin is not designed to transcribe varieties other than Standard Chinese, which

31200-406: The streets of Jinan from late August 1966 onwards, damaging cultural heritage and setting up courts to prosecute perceived enemies of the revolution. In the spring of 1967, the "May 7th Incident" took place: When Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan , both later reviled as members of the Gang of Four , visited Jinan to support the Cultural Revolution and its local leader Wang Xiao Yu, fighting erupted in

31400-419: The takeover from the Japanese unexpectedly lost to its rival Fengtian clique in the Second Zhili–Fengtian War of 1924. Gao Enhong was forced to resign as president of the university and funding dried up. The Fengtian clique installed the warlord Zhang Zongchang as ruler of Shandong. Zhang, an illiterate former bandit who had built a reputation mainly for ruthlessness, brutality, and colorful antics, ordered

31600-449: The time when Qingdao was part of the German concession in Shandong. The curriculum of Qingdao University was mainly focused on engineering and business administration and a bachelor's degree was to be awarded after four years of study. Luo Ronghuan , later a marshal of the People's Liberation Army, was among Qingdao University's students. Qingdao University fell on hard times after the Zhili clique of warlords that had ruled Shandong since

31800-510: The times of the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), Jinan was the capital of the feudatory Kingdom of Jibei ( Chinese : 濟 北 國 ) and evolved into the cultural and economic hub of the region. The Han dynasty tomb where the last king of Jibei, Liu Kuan ( 刘 宽 ; 劉 寬 ; Liú Kuān ), was buried at Shuangru Mountain was excavated by archaeologists from Shandong University in 1995 and 1996. More than 2000 artifacts such as jade swords, jade masks, and jade pillows have been recovered within

32000-429: The university attracted controversy when it was reported that male foreign students were assigned three generally female Chinese "buddies" to help them with life in China. An application form for the study program even mentioned "making foreign friends of the opposite sex". The university subsequently apologized but dismissed reports of male international students being paired with three female domestic students, saying that

32200-846: The university is organized by subject area into 31 faculties that are referred to as "Schools" ( Chinese : 学 院 ; pinyin : Xuéyuàn ) as well as a graduate school. Each school is headed by a dean ( Chinese : 院 长 ; pinyin : Yuànzhǎng ) and may be divided further into departments headed by a chairperson. Academic programs are offered in 11 main disciplines: philosophy , economics, law, literature, history, natural sciences, engineering, management, medicine, education, and military science . There are 104 undergraduate degree programs, 209 master's degree programs, and 127 doctoral degree programs. In addition, there are seven professional master's degree programs in law, business management, engineering, clinical medicine, public health, dentistry, and public administration. The student population

32400-416: The university moved back to Qingdao. From 1945 until May 1949, part of the Shandong University campus in Qingdao served as the headquarters for the U.S. Sixth Marine Division until it was disbanded on March 31, 1946 and later on for the U.S. Fleet Marine Force , Western Pacific. In 1947, the Su Mingcheng Incident, in which an American seaman had killed a rickshaw puller after an argument, caused protests of

32600-403: The university students. Before the surrender of Japanese, in 1944, the Central China Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) decided to establish Huazhong Construction University (华中建设大学) on the basis of the Huazhonga Party School. The school was located in Xinpu, Xuyi County , in the border area of Jiangsu and Anhui. In August 1945, the school moved to Qingjiang City . In August 1945,

32800-440: The university's admission policy was also changed: in order to open the university to workers and peasants, new students were now nominated "by the masses" and then approved by the political leadership and the university. Until 1976, a total of 3267 students who were admitted under this scheme graduated after completing a 2- or 3-year curriculum. Premier Zhou Enlai learned of Shandong University's reorganization in 1973. Although he

33000-423: The university's hospital remained open with a largely Western staff. During the war, the Japanese military used the entire campus for housing about 1,200 patients along with 600 officers. During the Korean War (1950–1953), the Chinese government came to regard Christian schools as tools of " American imperialism " and hence embarked on closing them down. Cheeloo University was dissolved in 1952. Its Medical School

33200-441: The use of a non-pinyin romanization system, such as one that uses final consonants to indicate tones. Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] ( 欸 ; 誒 ) and syllabic nasals m ( 呒 , 呣 ), n ( 嗯 , 唔 ), ng ( 嗯 , 𠮾 ) are used as interjections or in neologisms ; for example, pinyin defines

33400-435: The vowel), a nucleus vowel, and coda (final vowel or consonant). Diacritics are used to indicate the four tones found in Standard Chinese, though these are often omitted in various contexts, such as when spelling Chinese names in non-Chinese texts. Hanyu Pinyin was developed in the 1950s by a group of Chinese linguists including Wang Li , Lu Zhiwei , Li Jinxi , Luo Changpei and Zhou Youguang , who has been called

33600-467: The wall still remain today and are accessible as open air museums. Bian Que , according to the legend the earliest Chinese physician and active around 400–300 BCE, is said to have been a native of present-day Changqing County. Zou Yan (305–240 BCE), a native of Zhangqiu City , developed the concepts of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements . Joseph Needham , a British sinologist , describes Zou as "The real founder of all Chinese scientific thought." During

33800-456: The west of the Weihai campus lies the Shandong University Academic Center, a beach-front hotel and conference center. Construction of the Qingdao Campus started in March 2011 and the first development phase was inaugurated in September 2016. The campus is located north of Xingshi Zhuang Village ( Chinese : 星 石 庄 村 ; pinyin : Xīngshízhuāng Cūn ) in Aoshanwei Town ( Chinese : 鳌 山 卫 镇 ; pinyin : Áoshānwèi Zhèn ) that

34000-432: The western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center ( 贵 和 商 厦 ), the Sofitel Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall ( 万 达 集团 ). Parc 66 ( 济南 恒 隆 广场 ) to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of Water Lily Street ), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and

34200-432: The western end of City of Springs Road). Major shopping malls along the road are the Guihe Shopping Center ( 贵 和 商 厦 ), the Sofitel Silver Plaza, the Shimao international shopping center, and the Wanda Shopping Mall ( 万 达 集团 ). Parc 66 ( 济南 恒 隆 广场 ) to the south of City of Springs Road (opposite of Water Lily Street ), opened in August 2011, is Jinan's largest shopping mall with seven levels of retail space and

34400-451: The world based on their publications for the time period 2018–2021. In 2021, it ranked 75th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . Shandong University ranked 34th among the leading universities globally in the Nature Index 2023 Annual Tables by Nature Research , that measure the high-quality research published in 82 high-quality science journals. The Academic Ranking of World Universities , also known as

34600-422: The world. In the general university ranking performed by the Chinese University Alumni Association (CUAA), Shandong University ranked number 14 among Top 100 Chinese universities in 2010. It reached the 11th highest score in the "teaching" category of this ranking. Shandong University's engineering programs have also been ranked number 15 nationwide by the Research Center of Management and Science in China (2008). For

34800-426: The year of a great Yellow River flood. Shandong University was added to the list of National Key University on October 10, 1960. Starting from early June 1966, schools in Jinan were closed down by strikes as teachers were "struggled against" in the Cultural Revolution . Shandong University was also completely paralyzed by the events. A complete restructuring was imposed on Shandong's university system: according to

35000-399: The younger residents of Jinan tend to retain a strong local accent and mix local vocabulary into the standardized Mandarin vocabulary. Due to the influx of migrant workers during the past decade of China's economic boom, many of the current population that are of working age are not natives of Jinan but have learned to understand the Jinan dialect. Jinan has its own cuisine, the Jinan style of

35200-406: Was abolished in early 1974. The first reversals of Cultural Revolution policies started in early 1971: On May 23 of that year, the Shandong Provincial Museum was reopened after having been closed for about 5 years (since May 1966). In the next year, the Jinan Committee for the Cultural Revolution officially reverted the name changes of four city districts enacted in 1966. During the 6 years between

35400-455: Was already terminally ill with bladder cancer at the time, he intervened and ordered a return to previous structure of the university. As a consequence, all organizational changes imposed by the Revolutionary Committee of Shandong Province were undone in early 1974. Shandong University Weihai Campus was established in 1984. In 1985, Shandong Medical College was renamed Shandong Medical University. From 1986 to 1996, Shandong University underwent

35600-455: Was at the center of a rebellion by Yizhou governor Li Tan against Mongol rule in 1262 CE. The rebellion was crushed in a decisive battle that was fought not far from Jinan in late March or early April 1262 CE. After losing 4000 of his troops in the battle, Li Tan retreated to Jinan to make his last stand. After defections of his defenders had made his position untenable, Li Tan tried to commit suicide by drowning himself in Daming Lake . However, he

35800-422: Was authored in January 1956 by Ye Laishi , Lu Zhiwei and Zhou Youguang. A revised Pinyin scheme was proposed by Wang Li, Lu Zhiwei and Li Jinxi, and became the main focus of discussion among the group of Chinese linguists in June 1956, forming the basis of Pinyin standard later after incorporating a wide range of feedback and further revisions. The first edition of Hanyu Pinyin was approved and officially adopted at

36000-423: Was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century; at the center is the statue "Spring" which has become a symbol of Jinan. The square borders on the ancient city moat. It has a music fountain, a 46,000 square meter underground shopping center and a memorial hall with statues of famous people from Shandong. City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square

36200-405: Was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near

36400-405: Was created. The government's intention was to create a modern business district and yet preserve the traditional Chinese culture. Therefore, newly built shopping malls with traditional Chinese architectural styles and modern western skyscrapers can be found side by side along City of Springs Road. Notable retail businesses are Quancheng Bookstore – the largest bookstore of the city – and Walmart (near

36600-410: Was established in 1909. The design for the campus was made by Perkins , Fellows and Hamilton, an architectural firm from Chicago renowned for its school buildings in the " Prairie School " style. The American architects attempted to include Chinese architectural features into the design of the buildings on the new Cheeloo University campus in Jinan. They did, however, mistakenly assume that the roof shape

36800-439: Was formally established in 1882, i.e., at a time when the school had been operated as a primary and high school for 18 years already. By 1889, enrollment in the college had grown to 100 students. The six-year curriculum included algebra, geometry and conic sections, trigonometry and measurement, surveying and navigation, analytical geometry and mathematical physics, calculus, as well as astronomy. Religion also featured prominently in

37000-418: Was founded as a new private university in August 1924; its first president was Gao Enhong , the governor of the Jiaozhou territory. The former German-Chinese university was not mentioned during the opening ceremony and it was decided not to hire foreign teachers for the time being. Qingdao University was housed in the former Bismarck barracks that had been constructed for the German troops in 1903, i.e., during

37200-481: Was founded on October 25, 1909, about 11 years after the German lease on the territory went into effect. In establishing the university, the German authorities took a much more accommodating approach towards the Chinese government than they had taken in the de facto annexation of the territory. The negotiations over the establishment of the school were led by sinologist Otto Franke . Although the German governor Oskar von Truppel vigorously objected to Chinese influence over

37400-422: Was fused with Shandong Provincial Medical College and the East China Norman Bethune Medical College to form Shandong Medical College (renamed into "Shandong Medical University" in 1985). The initiative for the founding of Shandong University (as Imperial Shandong University, Chinese : 山 东 大 学 堂 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Dàxué Táng ) in 1901 as a national, modern university came from Yuan Shikai , then

37600-414: Was home to 5,452,335 inhabitants, most of them with Han ethnicity. Most shopping malls in Jinan are in the downtown area centered around City of Springs Square and Quancheng Road ( 泉 城 路 ; 'spring city road'). City of Springs Square was built by the municipal government beside the city moat in the early 21st century City of Springs Road was rebuilt at the same time that City of Springs Square

37800-417: Was later renamed Shantung Christian University ( Chinese : 山 东 基 督 教 大 学 ; pinyin : Shāndōng Jīdūjiào Dàxué ). "Cheeloo University", the school's informal name that had been officially approved by the school council in 1915, was derived from "Qilu" , a nickname of Shandong Province coined after the ancient states of Qi (1046 BC–221 BC) and Lu (10th century BC–256 BC) that once existed in

38000-429: Was merged into Shandong University in July 2000. The campus has a total area of about 420,000 square meters and remains exclusively dedicated to engineering. It is home to the schools of Materials Science and Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Computer Science and Technology, Control Science and Engineering, Energy and Power Engineering, Physical Education, as well as Civil Engineering. The roads on

38200-450: Was mourned by about 600,000 people at an official service in Jinan's August 1 Square. Jinan was the host of the 11th All China Games during October 2009. These games are the selection games for the Chinese Olympic champions. For this occasion, security was heightened and a full volunteer force was out on the streets directing visitor traffic. The city conducted major renovations in its transportation and recreation services in anticipation of

38400-474: Was not a linguist by trade. Hanyu Pinyin incorporated different aspects from existing systems, including Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), Latinxua Sin Wenz (1931), and the diacritics from bopomofo (1918). "I'm not the father of pinyin", Zhou said years later; "I'm the son of pinyin. It's [the result of] a long tradition from the later years of the Qing dynasty down to today. But we restudied the problem and revisited it and made it more perfect." An initial draft

38600-412: Was one of the first of its kind approved by the State Council. The zone is located to the east of the city and covers a total planning area of 83 km (32 sq mi) that is divided into a central area covering 33 km (13 sq mi), an export processing district of 10 km (3.9 sq mi), and an eastern extension area of 40 km (15 sq mi). Since its foundation,

38800-466: Was opened on November 13, 1901, in a ceremony attended by Governor Yuan Shikai. 299 student were enrolled in the first term, of which 120 passed the first examination and 100 were finally admitted. The first faculty had 50 members that also included teachers from overseas, it was later increased to 110. The curriculum contained Chinese classics, Chinese history, social sciences, natural sciences, and foreign language with more than 20 subjects being taught. At

39000-422: Was ordered to move to Qingdao, and in 1951 it merged with Shandong University in Qingdao. In 1951, East China University ( Chinese : 华 东 大 学 ; pinyin : Huádōng Dàxué ) was merged into Shandong University. In the same year, the university published the "Journal of Shandong University" . Cheeloo University was dissolved in 1952 and its Medical School became part of Shandong Medical College. Prior to

39200-406: Was rescued by the Mongols in order to execute him by trampling him to death with their horses. Despite such violent conflicts, culture in Jinan continued to thrive during the Jin (1115–1234) and Yuan (1271–1368) dynasties: One of the most renowned artists of the Yuan dynasty, Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) was appointed to the post of governor of Jinan in 1293 and spent three years in the city. Among

39400-410: Was the first modern institution of higher learning in China. Shandong University derives its official founding date from the Imperial Shandong University established in Jinan in November 1901 as the second modern national university in the country. Shandong University has eight campuses, all but two of which are located in the provincial capital city of Jinan . The newest of these campuses is located to

39600-441: Was the major settlement in the area. The name "Lixia" refers to the location of Jinan at the foot of Mount Li, which lies to the south of the city. Today, Lixia is the name of one of the city's districts. The Battle of An , which was fought in the area during the Spring and Autumn period (in 589 BCE) between the states of Qi and Jin , is named for the ancient city of An (Chinese: 鞍 ; pinyin: Ān ) which stood within

39800-422: Was the only distinguishing feature of Chinese architecture. As a result, the buildings feature Chinese-style roofs on buildings that lack the matching support elements such as wooden Dougong brackets that characterize Chinese architecture. Historical buildings on the Baotuquan Campus include the Bergen Science Hall ( Chinese : 柏 尔 根 楼 ; pinyin : Bǎi'ěrgēn Lóu , formerly for Chemistry and Biology),

40000-401: Was then serving as president of Tengchow College in Penglai to help with setting up the new Imperial Shandong University and serve as its president. The appointment of the Presbyterian missionary W. A. P. Martin as inaugural president of the Imperial Capital University three years earlier had set a precedent for this arrangement. Hayes arrived in Jinan in July 1901 and started the preparations for

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