In association football , a substitute is a player who is brought on to the pitch during a match in exchange for an existing player. Substitutions are generally made to replace a player who has become tired or injured, or who is performing poorly, or for tactical reasons (such as bringing a striker on in place of a defender ). A player who has been substituted during a match takes no further part in the game, in games played under the standard International Football Association Board Laws of the Game.
64-679: Seydou Keïta ( French pronunciation: [sɛdu kɛjta] ; anglicised to Keita ; born 16 January 1980) is a Malian former professional footballer . A versatile midfielder, he operated as both a central or defensive midfielder . Keita most notably played for Lens (five seasons) and Barcelona (four), winning 14 titles with the latter club after signing in 2008. He started his youth career in Mali and his professional career with Marseille . His career would take him to clubs in France , Spain , China , Italy and Qatar . Keita represented Mali since
128-617: A foul . For example, in the 2002 FIFA World Cup , Claudio Caniggia was shown the red card for cursing at the referee from the bench. Under the Laws of the Game, the referee has no specific power to force a player to be substituted, even if the team manager or captain has ordered their player to be substituted. As Law 3 (3) Substitution Procedure simply states that: "if a player who is to be replaced refuses to leave, play continues." However, in some situations players may still be liable to punishment with
192-503: A 1–0 home win against Troyes AC , adding three games in the season 's UEFA Champions League . In the summer of 2000, he left the Stade Vélodrome . Keita signed for Lorient in Ligue 2 , being instrumental (37 games, one goal) as the team promoted to the top level in 2001 . He appeared slightly less due to injury in the following season , which ended in immediate relegation, but brought
256-460: A 2–0 home win also over Real Madrid, and added three in nine matches in the Champions League , including one against Arsenal in a 3–1 group stage home victory which was the opposition's first loss of the campaign. On 26 May 2008, Keita agreed to a four-year deal with Barcelona who paid his €14 million buy-out clause (making Lens eligible to receive €1.3 million from Sevilla). He became
320-405: A 6–1 home win against Real Zaragoza , and contributed with 29 games – 23 starts – as Barcelona renewed its domestic supremacy . In the 2010–11 campaign he made more appearances than any other outfield player and, on 31 August, aged 31, signed a contract extension that would link him to the club until 2014. On 7 July 2012, Keita announced he would be leaving Barcelona after four seasons, invoking
384-460: A Lancelot player injured and Crosshill "allow[ed] them to put a fresh man in his place". The earliest known use of a substitute in a competitive match came on 7 November 1885, when the Lockwood Brothers club used a substitute in an FA Cup first round replay against Notts Rangers , after midfielder F. Brears suffered a broken leg. The first use of a substitute in international football
448-421: A caution (yellow card) if they are perceived to be wasting time or behaving in an unsporting manner by refusing to leave the field of play. A player who has been sent off (red card) cannot be replaced; the team will have to continue with one fewer player. In the case of a goalkeeper who is sent off, the coach will usually (but is not required to) substitute an outfield player so that the backup goalkeeper can enter
512-439: A clause in his contract allowing him to leave the club even though he still had two years left. The following day, he signed a two-and-a-half-year deal with Chinese Super League side Dalian Aerbin , being reportedly paid €14 million per year. On 30 January 2014, Keita returned to Spain after signing with Valencia , with the 34-year-old agreeing to a six-month contract with the option for an additional year. He made his debut for
576-490: A four-year contract with Sevilla for a €4 million transfer fee, plus a 10–15% capital gain for the club if it sold the player above €4 million. He appeared in both legs of that year 's Supercopa de España , a 6–3 aggregate win against Real Madrid . Keita was an automatic first-choice for the Andalusians during 2007–08 , helping the team to the fifth position in the league. On 3 November 2007 he scored from long-distance in
640-452: A head injury. The trial is also taking place in the Eredivisie , Eerste Divisie and KNVB Cup . IFAB announced two protocols for concussion substitutes, with competition organisers able to choose which to use. The use of concussion substitutes will operate in conjunction with other protocols used, including the three-minute break for an on-field concussion assessment. Both protocols use
704-471: A maximum of five substitutions (with an additional allowed in extra time, where applicable) to be made in official matches for the remainder of the year in order to lessen the impact of fixture congestion caused by the COVID-19 pandemic . However, there will only be three opportunities to make substitutions (with an additional allowed in extra time, where applicable). Substitutions are governed under Law 3 of
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#1732856192418768-642: A non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or the United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in
832-574: A possible five in 1988. With the later increases in substitutions allowed, the number of potential substitute players increased to seven. The number of substitutes increased to two plus one (injured goalkeeper) in 1994, to three in 1995, and to a fourth substitute in certain competitions (starting from UEFA Euro 2016 ) in extra time. In 2020, following a proposal from FIFA , the International Football Association Board allowed for competition organisers to temporarily allow for
896-555: A substitute replacing them in the interim. In December 2019, IFAB agreed to appoint an expert group, composed of sports medical specialists and football experts, to identify options for the assessment and management of suspected concussions during matches. Following feedback from the Concussion Expert Group, IFAB announced in February 2020 that it would draw up concussion substitute protocols to be used in trials. In October 2020,
960-496: A substitute. This prevents a player from sustaining multiple head injuries in a match, prevents teams from suffering a numerical or tactical disadvantage, reduces the pressure on medical personnel to make a quick assessment and can be applied on all levels of the game. Competition organisers must be approved by FIFA and IFAB to participate in the trial period, which will last from January 2021 to March 2022. In January 2021, FIFA announced that it would trial concussion substitutes in
1024-526: The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations in South Africa, scoring in the 1–1 quarterfinal draw against the hosts as Mali eventually won the shootout . Keita's uncle, Salif Keïta , was also a footballer. He played, amongst others, for Saint-Étienne , Marseille, Valencia and Sporting CP , and was once voted African Footballer of the Year . Keita married Zubaida Johnson, of Cape Verdean descent. On 12 May 2008, he became
1088-560: The British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of the king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century
1152-629: The Che on 16 February, replacing Paco Alcácer for the last 20 minutes of a 0–0 away draw against former club Sevilla. On 13 March, midway through the first half of an away fixture against PFC Ludogorets Razgrad for the UEFA Europa League , he was sent off for a challenge on Roman Bezjak that resulted in a penalty kick , but his team eventually won it 3–0 and 4–0 on aggregate. Keita scored Valencia's fastest-ever goal on 27 March 2014, netting after nine seconds at Almería . He also had to leave before
1216-866: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across
1280-601: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During
1344-501: The FIFA Executive Committee five years earlier. However, the prevailing view was that the rule would hurt football's "universality", as it would be difficult to replicate on a grassroots level, and could be exploited to waste time and/or gain an additional substitution. In 2014, UEFA introduced a rule to allow referees to stop matches for up to three minutes to assess head injuries, with players only allowed to return after
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#17328561924181408-675: The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from
1472-515: The Laws of the Game in the (3) Substitution Procedure section. A player can only be substituted during a stoppage in play and with the permission of the referee . The player to be substituted (outgoing player) must have left the field of play before the substitute (incoming player) may enter the field of play; at that point the substitute becomes an active player and the person substituted ceases to be an active player. The incoming player may only enter
1536-543: The Scots language was the dominant national language among the Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from
1600-456: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that
1664-727: The conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from
1728-638: The 1850s, for example from Eton College where the term emergencies is used. Numerous references to players acting as a "substitute" occur in matches in the mid-1860s where it is not indicated whether these were replacements of absent players or of players injured during the match. While substitution during games was first added to the Laws of the Game in 1958, there are recorded instances of substitution being permitted on earlier occasions. A friendly in Glasgow between Lancelot and Crosshill in November 1875 saw
1792-553: The 2015 off-season. Keita retired at the age of 37, after one season in the Qatar Stars League with El Jaish . Keita helped Mali 's under-20s finish third at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria, scoring the only goal in the last match against Uruguay , and being named the tournament's best player. He made his senior debut for Mali on 9 April 2000, in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Libya . He wore
1856-649: The Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland ,
1920-419: The Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring
1984-541: The age of 18, appearing in seven Africa Cup of Nations tournaments and winning 102 caps . In addition to his Malian nationality , he also has French nationality . Born in Bamako , Mali, Keita finished his football formation in France with Olympique de Marseille , joining the club at the age of 17. He played mainly for the reserve squad during his three-year spell. Keita made his Ligue 1 debut for L'OM on 19 September 1999 in
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2048-523: The anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting the power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of
2112-423: The bench". When the substitute enters the field of play it is said they have come on or have been brought on , while the player they are substituting for is coming off , or being brought off or substituted . This pool of reserve players has also steadily increased in most competitions where they now allow 5, 7 or 9 reserves while in international competitive tournaments it is common that every player selected in
2176-514: The conquest of the Coupe de France , the club's first-ever; he played the full 90 minutes in the final against SC Bastia . In 2002, Keita joined fellow league side Lens , eventually becoming captain and scoring a career-best 13 goals in the 2006–07 season – his fifth and last – helping Les Sang et Or to fifth position in the league and the last-16 in the UEFA Cup . On 11 July 2007, Keita signed
2240-519: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into
2304-434: The decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation
2368-544: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement
2432-470: The end of the first half with an injury, as the hosts came from behind for a 2–2 draw. On 5 June 2014, Keita signed a one-year contract with Serie A club Roma . He made his competitive debut in the opening day of the season , against ACF Fiorentina (2–0 win), and scored his first goal on 9 November to help defeat Torino F.C. 3–0 also at the Stadio Olimpico . Keita agreed to a new one-year deal in
2496-402: The expert group announced that an "additional permanent substitution" protocol would be used to protect the health of players using an "if in doubt, take them out" philosophy, and that trials would start in 2021. The protocol and trial was formally approved by IFAB on 16 December 2020. Under the protocol, players suspected of a concussion will be permanently removed from the match and replaced by
2560-536: The father of a son, Mohammed, who was born in Seville , also father of Hanane, Ishana and Zulaykah all born in Barcelona, Catalonia. Lorient Lens Sevilla Barcelona Mali Individual Anglicisation Anglicisation or Anglicization is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which
2624-399: The field at the halfway line. Failure to comply with these provisions may be punished by a caution ( yellow card ). A player who has been substituted takes no further part in a match. Unused substitutes still on the bench, as well as players who have been already substituted, remain under the authority of the referee. These are liable for misconduct , though cannot be said to have committed
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2688-499: The first Malian player to ever represent the Catalans , and his new release clause was set at €90 million. Keita made his official debut for Barcelona in a Champions League qualifier against Poland's Wisła Kraków on 13 August 2008, a 4–0 home win. He made his league debut against CD Numancia on the 31st, coming on as a substitute for Andrés Iniesta midway through the second half of a 0–1 away loss. Keita scored his first goal for
2752-1099: The following general principles and procedures: The following principles are specific to each protocol: The term "super-sub" refers to a player who is not a regular in the starting line-up but who is noted for often coming on a substitute and making a significant impact on the game. Players regarded as "super-subs" include David Fairclough and Divock Origi for Liverpool , John Hewitt for Aberdeen , Tosaint Ricketts for Vancouver Whitecaps FC , Adam Le Fondre for Reading , Ole Gunnar Solskjær , Javier Hernández and Scott McTominay for Manchester United , Mikael Forssell for Chelsea , Edin Džeko for Manchester City , Brendon Santalab for Western Sydney Wanderers , Henrique for Brisbane Roar , Stevie Kirk for Motherwell , Archie Thompson , Joshua Kennedy and Tim Cahill for Australia , Fernando Llorente for Tottenham Hotspur , Roger Milla for Cameroon , Oliver Bierhoff for Germany , Ilsinho for Philadelphia Union , and Abby Wambach and Carli Lloyd for
2816-506: The following month at the 2020 FIFA Club World Cup . Later that month, it was announced that the Premier League , FA Women's Super League , FA Women's Championship and FA Cup would begin the trial in February 2021. On 9 February 2021, West Ham United made the first concussion substitution in English football during an FA Cup match against Manchester United , when Issa Diop was replaced by Ryan Fredericks at half-time following
2880-480: The game. For example, in the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final , Arsenal midfielder Robert Pires was replaced by second-choice goalkeeper Manuel Almunia to replace Jens Lehmann , who was sent off less than 20 minutes into the match. If all substitutions have been used, or if no goalkeeper is available, an outfield player must take up the role of the goalkeeper. A famous example of this is when Chelsea goalkeepers Petr Čech and Carlo Cudicini were both injured in
2944-403: The identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during
3008-506: The introduction of five substitutions in matches, "substitution opportunities" were established to avoid time-wasting and disruption to the game. Each team is given only three windows (opportunities) during a match to make their five substitutions. For competitions allowing an additional substitution in extra time, each team will have one additional substitution opportunity (any unused substitution opportunities from regular time will carry over to extra time). Substitutions made at half-time, before
3072-632: The native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about
3136-499: The no.12 shirt as he represented the country in six Africa Cup of Nations tournaments: in the 2010 edition in Angola he scored twice, both goals coming in the 4–4 group stage draw against the hosts , who were leading 4–0 with 11 minutes to go; Les Aigles , however, could not make it past the group stage. From 2007 to 2008, he scored an impressive 8 goals in 20 international matches from his midfield position. Keita also participated in
3200-441: The number of reserve players allowed to be nominated. It is now common for games to allow a maximum of 5 substitutions; some competitions allow for an additional substitution when playing extra time. A maximum of 3 "substitution opportunities" are provided to a side during normal time, and an extra opportunity during extra time. Substitutions can be made during half-time breaks during normal and extra time, and full time breaks (before
3264-580: The qualifying phase for the 1954 World Cup , Horst Eckel of Germany is recorded as having been replaced by Richard Gottinger in their match with the Saarland on 11 October 1953. The use of substitutes in World Cup matches was not allowed until the 1970 tournament . The number of substitutes usable in a competitive match has increased from zero, meaning that teams were reduced if players' injuries could not allow them to play on, to one in 1958; to two out of
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#17328561924183328-476: The rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and
3392-574: The same game, which led to defender John Terry spending the remainder of the match in goal wearing third-choice goalkeeper Hilário 's shirt. According to the Laws of the Game, "the number of substitutes, up to a maximum of five, which may be used in any match played in an official competition will be determined by FIFA, the confederation or the national football association." Also: For lower non-leagues, amateur leagues and social leagues sanctioned by private football organisers in many countries, unlimited substitutions are allowed in each game. Following
3456-431: The start of extra time), but do not count as substitution opportunities. There is also a provision of an additional substitution beyond whatever limits the match is being played under to be used specifically for a player who has sustained a concussion . Teams choose a substitute player from a pre-selected set of reserve players, these players typically sit in the technical area with the coaches , and are said to be "on
3520-447: The start of extra time, and at half-time in extra time do not count towards a team's substitution opportunities. When both teams make a substitution simultaneously, it counts as a used substitution opportunity for both teams. Multiple substitutions (and requests) made by a team during the same stoppage in play count as one used substitution opportunity. In October 2019, the International Football Association Board (IFAB) began discussing
3584-400: The team doctor could confirm the player's fitness to carry on. The three-minute rule was similarly adopted at the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The change came following high-profile head injuries at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , and calls by FIFPro for FIFA to review its concussion protocol. Initially, IFAB had considered a ten-minute assessment period for players suspected of a concussion, with
3648-502: The team on 16 November 2008, in a 2–0 win at Recreativo de Huelva . The following week he added another, in a 1–1 home draw to Getafe ; he finished his first season at the Camp Nou with 46 official appearances as Barça won the treble , and played 20 minutes in the Champions League final , taking the place of Thierry Henry in the 2–0 triumph against Manchester United . On 25 October 2009, Keita scored his first career hat-trick , in
3712-424: The term substitute in football was to describe the replacement of players who failed to turn up for matches. For example, in 1863, a match reports states: "The Charterhouse eleven played a match in cloisters against some old Carthusians but in consequence of the non-appearance of some of those who were expected it was necessary to provide three substitutes. " The substitution of absent players happened as early as
3776-595: The time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from Europe to the United States and United Kingdom during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice. Substitute (association football) Substitutions were officially added to the Laws of the Game in 1958. Prior to this most games were played with no changes permitted at all, with occasional exceptions in cases of extreme injury or players not arriving to matches on time. The number of substitutes has risen over time as well as
3840-406: The tournament squad (usually 23 players total) is an eligible substitute if they aren't suspended from the game. A player who is noted for frequently making appearances, or scoring important goals, as a substitute is often informally known as a "super sub". The origin of football substitutes goes back to at least the early 1860s as part of English public school football games . The original use of
3904-412: The use of additional substitutions for players who are suspected to have sustained a concussion during a match. Earlier in the year, the chairman of FIFA 's medical committee, Michel D'Hooghe , said the body was open to discussing concussion substitutions. UEFA had also called for FIFA and IFAB to allow for temporary substitutes for suspected head injuries. The idea had been previously discussed by
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#17328561924183968-706: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include
4032-468: Was on 15 April 1889, in the match between Wales and Scotland at Wrexham . Wales's original goalkeeper, Jim Trainer , failed to arrive; local amateur player Alf Pugh started the match and played for some 20 minutes until the arrival of Sam Gillam , who took over from him. In 1940, in a match between Mandatory Palestine and Lebanon , Mandatory Palestine centre-half Zvi Fuchs was replaced at half-time by Lonia Dvorin following an injury. Also during
4096-484: Was supported by the British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to
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