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56-441: Serengeti District is one of the seven districts of Mara Region of Tanzania . Its administrative centre is the town of Mugumu . It is home to part of the world-famous Serengeti National Park a UNESCO World Heritage Site and contains one of the western gates to the park. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of Serengeti District was 340,349. There are no paved roads connecting Serengeti District with

112-418: A root system, then a green stem which contains two leaves and shoots up from the soil. After that, seed pods begin to form on its branches , with 10–15 seeds contained in each pod. The maturation can take up to 60 days. Once matured, it can reach up to 30 inches (76 cm) tall, with multiple branches with seed pods. Most of the seed pods become darker, while some remain green. As a legume plant, mung bean

168-723: A bimodal rainfall pattern, consisting of two rainy seasons and two dry seasons . The long rainfall period last between February until June. The short rainfall period last between September and June. The Mara Region can be divided into 3 climatic zones. The northern zone resides in the Tarime District as well as parts of the Serengeti District . On average, it receives annual rainfall of 1,250-2,000 mm/year. The central zone includes much of Musoma District and eastern parts of Serengeti. It receives an annual rainfall of 900–1300 mm/year. The Lowland zone covers much of Bunda and

224-535: A combined area of 993.4 km2, were established in 1993. Ikoma Wildlife Management Area (IWMA), which spans 242.3 km2, is present in addition to the Reserves. There are many different wildlife species there. The Mara ecosystem is renowned for its yearly migration of more than 1.5 million wildebeest and 250,000 zebra. The second-largest migration of terrestrial mammals in the world takes place in the Serengeti. The Mara Region

280-593: A dry preparation often served with congee . Hulled mung beans can also be used in a similar fashion as whole beans for the purpose of making sweet soups. In Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan, mung beans are partially mashed, fermented and made into fritters called mangode, which serves as a common tea time snack similar to Pakora . In Goa , sprouted mung beans are cooked in a coconut milk based, mild curry called moonga gaathi . Mung beans in some regional cuisines of India are stripped of their outer coats to make mung dal . In Odisha , West Bengal and Bangladesh

336-828: A good green manure . Mung beans are one of many species moved from the genus Phaseolus to Vigna in the 1970s. The previous names were Phaseolus aureus or P. radiatus. The mung bean varieties now are mainly targeted in resistance to pests and diseases, particularly the bean weevil and mung bean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). For now, the main varieties include Samrat, IPM2-3, SML 668 and Meha in India; Crystal, Jade-AU, Celera-AU，Satin II，Regur in Australia; Zhonglv No. 1, Zhonglv No. 2, Jilv No. 2, Jilv No. 7, Weilv No. 4, Jihong 9218, Jihong 8937, Bao 876-16, Bao 8824-17 in China. Also, with

392-471: A heavy toll on crop yield. Some insect pests directly damage the crop, while others act as vectors of diseases to transmit the virus. Stem fly (bean fly) is one of the major pests of mung bean. This pest infests the crop within a week after germination and under epidemic conditions, it can cause total crop loss. Whitefly , B. tabaci , is a serious pest in mung bean and damages the crop either directly by feeding on phloem sap and excreting honeydew on

448-675: A height of about 15–125 cm (5.9–49.2 in). Mung bean has a well-developed root system. The lateral roots are many and slender, with root nodules grown. Stems are much branched, sometimes twining at the tips. Young stems are purple or green, and mature stems are grayish-yellow or brown. They can be divided into erect cespitose , semi-trailing and trailing types. Wild types tend to be prostrate while cultivated types are more erect. Leaves are ovoid or broad-ovoid, cotyledons die after emergence, and ternate leaves are produced on two single leaves. The leaves are 6–12 cm long and 5–10 cm wide. Racemes with yellow flowers are borne in

504-415: A hot climate for germination and growth. Mung bean is a warm-season and frost-intolerant plant. Mung bean is suitable for being planted in temperate , sub-tropical and tropical regions. The most suitable temperature for mung bean's germination and growth is 15–18 °C (59–64 °F). Mung bean has high adaptability to various soil types, while the best pH of the soil is between 6.2 and 7.2. Mung bean

560-477: A light moisture regime in the soil during its growing period, while at the time of harvest, complete dry conditions are required. Since it is mostly grown under rainfed conditions, it is more susceptible to water deficiencies as compared to many other food legumes. Drought affects its growth and development by negatively affecting vegetative growth, flower initiation, abnormal pollen behavior and pod set. However, simultaneously, excess moisture or waterlogging, even for

616-566: A long history of being consumed by humans. The main consumed parts are the seeds and sprouts. The mature seeds provide an invaluable source of digestible protein for humans in places where meat is lacking or where people are mostly vegetarian . Mung bean has a large market in Asia (India, Southeast Asia and East Asia) and is also consumed in Southern Europe and in the Southern US. Mung bean protein

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672-450: A rough layer are used to distinguish different types of mung bean. Germination is typically within 4–5 days, but the actual rate varies according to the amount of moisture introduced during the germination stage. It is epigeal , with the stem and cotyledons emerging from the seedbed . After germination, the seed splits, and a soft, whitish root grows. Mung bean sprouts are harvested during this stage. If not harvested, it develops

728-514: A short period of time, especially at the early vegetative stage may be detrimental to the crop. Mung bean may also be affected by excess soil and atmospheric moisture during the rainy season which may lead to pre-harvest sprouting in mature pods. It deteriorates the quality of the seed/grain produced. Using climate analysis tools delivered on the web can firstly help farmers interrogate climate records to ask questions relating to rainfall, temperature, radiation, and derived variables to avoid some of

784-654: A thick batter. This is used as a basis for the Korean pancakes called bindae-tteok . They are also commonly used for Hobak-tteok . In the Philippines, ginisáng monggó/mónggo (sautéed mung bean stew), also known as monggó/mónggo guisado or balatong , is a savoury stew of whole mung beans with prawns or fish. It is traditionally served on Fridays of Lent , when the majority of Catholic Filipinos traditionally abstain from meat. Variants of ginisáng monggó/mónggo may also be made with chicken or pork. Mung beans are also used in

840-541: A yield potential of 1.8–2.5 tons/ha. However, the actual average productivity of mung bean hovers around 0.5–0.7 t/ha. Several factors constrain its yield, including biotic stresses (pests and diseases) and abiotic stresses. Stresses not only decrease productivity but also affect the physical quality of seeds, making them unusable or unfit for human consumption. All the stresses collectively can lead to significant yield losses of up to 10–100%. Insect pests attack mung bean at all crop stages from sowing to storage stage and take

896-757: Is a plant species in the legume family . The mung bean is mainly cultivated in East , Southeast and South Asia . It is used as an ingredient in both savoury and sweet dishes. The English names " mung " or " mungo " originated from the Hindi word mūṅg ( मूंग ), which is derived from the Sanskrit word mudga ( मुद्ग ). It is also known in Philippine English as " mongo bean ". Other less common English names include "golden gram" and "Jerusalem pea". In other languages, mung beans are also known as The green gram

952-525: Is a short-day plant and long days will delay its flowering and podding. The yield potential of mung bean is around 2.5 to 3.0   t/ha, however, usually due to the resistance to environmental stress and improper management, the average productivity for mung bean is only 0.5   t/ha. Due to the indeterminate flowering habit of mung bean, when facing proper environmental conditions, there can be both flowers and pods in one mung bean plant, which makes it difficult to harvest it. The perfect harvesting stage

1008-401: Is a significant viral disease of mung bean, which causes severe yield losses annually. MYMD is caused by three distinct begomoviruses, transmitted by whitefly . The economic losses due to MYMD account for up to 85% yield reduction in India. The major fungal diseases are Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) , dry root rot , powdery mildew and anthracnose . Dry root rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina )

1064-567: Is an annual vine with yellow flowers and fuzzy brown pods. Mung bean ( Vigna radiata ) is a plant species of Fabaceae and is also known as green gram. It is sometimes confused with black gram ( Vigna mungo ) for their similar morphology , though they are two different species . The green gram is an annual vine with yellow flowers and fuzzy brown pods. There are three subgroups of Vigna radiata , including one cultivated ( Vigna radiata subsp. radiata ) and two wild ones ( Vigna radiata subsp. sublobata and Vigna radiata subsp. glabra ). It has

1120-454: Is an emerging disease of mungbean, causing 10–44% yield losses in mung bean production in India and Pakistan. The pathogen affects the fibrovascular system of the roots and basal internodes of its host, impeding the transport of water and nutrients to the upper parts of the plant. Halo blight , bacterial leaf spot , and tan spot are significant bacterial diseases. Abiotic stresses negatively influence plant growth and productivity and are

1176-455: Is composed of about 20–50% protein of total dry weight, among which globulin (60%) and albumin (25%) are the primary storage proteins (see table). The mung bean is considered to be a substantive source of dietary proteins . The proteolytic cleavage of these proteins is even higher during sprouting. Mung bean carbohydrates are easily digestible, which causes less flatulence in humans compared to other forms of legumes. Both seeds and sprouts of

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1232-409: Is considered safe as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The consumption of mung bean varies depending on the geographic region. For instance, in India, mung bean is used in sweets, snacks and savoury items. In other parts of Asia, it is used in cakes, sprouts, noodles and soups. In Europe and America, it is mainly used as fresh bean sprouts. The consumption of mung beans as such in

1288-485: Is due to post-harvest cleaning and/or transportation. Overall, mung bean is considered to have market potential for its drought tolerance , and it is a food crop and not a feed crop, which can help buffer the economic risk from variability in commodity crop prices for farmers. The mung bean is recognized for its high nutritive value. A mung bean contains about 55–65% carbohydrate (equal to 630   g/kg dry weight) and are rich in protein , vitamins and minerals. It

1344-480: Is home to a diverse range of wildlife. It attracts close to 150,000 tourists every year. The sanctuary is home to more than a million wildebeest, 200,000 zebras, and 300,000 Thomson's gazelles. Additionally, Mara is also home to The Mwalimu Nyerere Museum, which houses historical facts on the country's independence. The museum is situated in Butiama Village, the final resting place of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere,

1400-469: Is in symbiotic association with Rhizobia which enables it to fix atmospheric nitrogen (58–109 kg per ha mung bean). It can provide large amounts of biomass (7.16 t biomass/ha) and nitrogen to the soil (ranging from 30 to 251 kg/ha). The nitrogen fixation ability not only enables it to meet its own nitrogen requirement, but also benefits the succeeding crops. It can be used as a cover crop before or after cereal crops in rotation, which makes

1456-624: Is occupied by the Serengeti National Park and is located at the border of the Arusha and Mara Region. It was established in 1951, and contains the vast and astonishing concentration of plain animals left anywhere in Africa. Mining , fishing , tourism , cattle raising, crop farming, and cross-border operations are the mainstays of the Mara Region's distinctive and alluring economy. About 80% of

1512-414: Is often paired with boiled white basmati rice in a dish called "dal chawal". If butter is added to this dal, it is called "dal makhani" and is eaten with chapati . In Sri Lanka , boiled Mung beans are usually eaten with grated coconut and lunu-miris, a spicy chili and onion sambol , most commonly as a breakfast food. Mung beans are also added to kiribath , which is then termed mung-kiribath. During

1568-472: Is the ancestral homeland to the following people groups: Zanaki , Luo , Kurya , Ngurimi , Ikoma , Ikizu , Kwaya , Jita , Suba , Kerewe , Sizaki and Simbiti . In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 1,924,230 people in the region, from 1,743,830 in 2012. For 2002–2012, the region's 2.5 percent average annual population growth rate was the thirteenth highest in

1624-407: Is the most severe stored pest of legume seeds worldwide, with damage up to 100% losses within 3–6 months, if not controlled. Bruchid infestation in mungbean results in weight loss, low germination, and nutritional changes in seeds, thereby reducing the nutritional and market value, rendering it unfit for human consumption, and agricultural and commercial uses. Mungbean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD)

1680-671: Is used as a common filling for Chinese mooncakes in East China and Taiwan . During the Dragon Boat Festival , the boiled and shelled beans are used as filling in zongzi prepared for consumption. The beans may also be cooked until soft, blended into a liquid, sweetened, and served as a beverage, popular in many parts of China. In South China and Vietnam , mung bean paste may be mixed with sugar, fat, and fruits or spices to make pastries, such as bánh đậu xanh . In Korea, skinned mung beans are soaked and ground with some water to make

1736-419: Is when 90% of the pods' colour in one yield has been black. Mung beans can use a harvester for harvesting. It is important to set up the header in case of over- threshing . The perfect moisture of grain for transportation is 13%. Before storage, the cleaning and grading process must be done. The ideal storage condition should keep the mung bean's moisture at exactly 12%. Most of the mung bean cultivars have

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1792-610: The Mara River, and its streams, fishing is done, with the activity rated as one of the region's top economic objectives. About 379,707 individuals are employed in fishing as a source of income, which accounts for 40% of the labor force in the area. The most common methods of processing sardines in the area include sun drying, frying, and, in rare instances, smoking. When compared to sardines from other regions, Mara Region sardines (dagaa), especially those from Kibuyi in Rorya District, are

1848-533: The Musoma Municipal Council, Rukuba, and Iriga; and in the Rorya District Council, Towa, Kinesi, and Bugwambwa Island. There are a plethora of over 200 species of fish, however economically tilapia and nile perch are important. The Mara Region is mostly covered with natural vegetation, but there are also large areas of cultivation that are underutilized. The most prevalent landscape seen in

1904-518: The US is in the order of 22–29   g/capita per year, while the consumption in some areas of Asia can be as high as 2 kg/capita per year. Mung bean is considered an alternative crop in many regions, which is generally preferable to sign a contract for the growing process before planting. In the US, the average price of mung bean is around $ 0.20 per pound. This is double the price of soybeans. The difference in production costs for mung bean and soybean

1960-455: The abiotic stresses. Deployment of varieties with genetic resistance is the most effective and durable method for integrated disease management, in the meantime focusing on yield, height, grain quality, market opportunities and seed availability. For pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), the development of mung bean cultivars with a short (10–15 days) period of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) is important to curtail losses incurred by PHS. Mung bean plants have

2016-593: The area in the beaches of Ryamakabe, Toa, Ngonche, Msasani, and Bugambwa. The majority of the processing of the Nile perch that is brought into the area. Roughly 72%, or 13,373.07 metric tonnes—takes place in Mwanza. The Mara Region is home to the Serengeti National Park , one of the world's most famous national parks. Listed as a World Heritage Site , the national park occupies a large area of grasslands and woodlands and

2072-562: The area. However, the region's critical crops include bananas, coffee , cassava, horticulture , and cotton . The estimated amount of fertile land in the region is 2,500,000 hectares, however only 500,000 hectares, or around 20% of the arable land, are typically used for crop production. The Mara Region is one of the eleven cotton-growing regions in the Western Cotton Growing Area (WCGA), and when compared to other regions, it produces an average of 220 kg of cotton per acre. Mara

2128-407: The axils and tips of the leaves, with 10–25 flowers per pedicel, self-pollinated. The fruits are elongated cylindrical or flat cylindrical pods, usually 30–50 per plant. The pods are 5–10 cm long and 0.4–0.6 cm wide and contain 12–14 septum-separated seeds, which can be either cylindrical or spherical in shape, and green, yellow, brown, or blue in color. Seed colors and presence or absence of

2184-548: The best and have the most weight per gallon or per bucket. A monthly average catch of 3,452.25 metric tonnes is thought to be marketed both inside and beyond the Mara Region. Nile perch is a valuable source of food and nourishment for families, as well as a raw material for fish processing factories. Bunda, Musoma, and Rorya districts saw a quantity of catch locally. Fisheries in Rukuba Makoko, Nyakarango, Nafuba, Namguma, Machwera, and Sozia. Musoma Fish Processors do processing in

2240-492: The country's founding father. Legally protected forests are thought to cover 9,541.2 hectares in the Mara Region. 2,927 of these are within the jurisdiction of the Central Government, 3,593.3 are under the control of district councils, and 2,980 are not. Village governments control 5 hectares, while the private sector is in charge of 40.4 hectares. The Bunda and Serengeti Districts' Ikorongo and Grumeti Game Reserves, with

2296-434: The country. It was also the twelfth most densely populated region with 80/km (210/sq mi). Mara Region is divided into one city council, two town councils and four district councils. For parliamentary elections, Tanzania is divided into constituencies. As of the 2022 elections the Mara Region had ten constituencies: Academics: Athletes: Mung bean The mung bean or green gram ( Vigna radiata )

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2352-402: The flowering stage where the larvae form webs combining flowers and leaves. Cowpea aphid sucks plant sap that causes loss of plant vigor and may lead to yellowing, stunting or distortion of plant parts. Further, aphids secrete honeydew (unused sap) which leads to the development of sooty mould on plant parts. Cowpea aphid also can act as a vector of the mung bean common mosaic virus. Bruchid

2408-531: The help of the World Vegetable Center , the traits of mung bean have been considerably improved. 'Summer Moong' is a short-duration mung bean pulse crop grown in northern India. Due to its short duration, it can fit well in-between of many cropping systems. It is mainly cultivated in East and Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent . It is considered to be the hardiest of all pulse crops and requires

2464-681: The lake shores. This zone receives 700–900 mm/year. Lake Victoria borders the Mara Region of Tanzania. The lake has a surface area 68,800 square km, and its coastline expands over 3,220 km. It is the Nile 's principle water reservoir. Lake Victoria has numerous archipelagos , or groups of islands. Islands found in Mara territory are numerous, in the Bunda District Council, there are Bulamba, Nafuba, Sozia, Sata, Namguma, Machwele, Ilela, Igali, Chalika, Nyakalango, Bugulani, Nachenyele, and Guyanza; in

2520-692: The mung bean produce lower calories compared to other cereals, which makes it a more attractive bean to obese and diabetic individuals. Whole cooked mung beans are generally prepared from dried beans by boiling until they are soft. Mung beans are light yellow in colour when their skins are removed. Mung bean paste can be made by hulling, cooking, and pulverizing the beans to a dry paste. Although whole mung beans are also occasionally used in Indian cuisine, beans without skins are more commonly used. In Karnataka , Maharashtra , Odisha , Gujarat , Kerala and Tamil Nadu , whole mung beans are commonly boiled to make

2576-505: The natural vegetation is the “ savannah type” most commonly found in areas that receive annual rainfall between 900 and 1200 mms/year. The Serengeti plains consist of savannah type vegetation with predominant forest vegetation, but mostly scattered woodlands and wooded grasslands. The northern zone, receiving high annual rainfall, is composed of the humid forest. The lowland zones with less annual rainfall consist of wooded grassland and bushland of dense thickets. 14,750 sq kilometers of land

2632-528: The north the Mara Region borders Uganda and Kenya. It is also bordered by the Arusha Region to its east, Simiyu Region to its south, as well as the Mwanza Region in the southwest and west. 15% of Lake Victoria's water body—10,854 square kilometers—is submerged in the Mara Region. The maximum temperature of the region is 29.32°C and minimum of 27.68°C, with an average of 28.50°C. The Mara Region experiences

2688-422: The pedicles and stigma of flowers. Under severe infestation, flowers drop and no pod formation takes place. Spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata , is a major insect pest in mung bean in the tropics and subtropics. The pest causes a yield loss of 2–84% in mung bean amounting to US $ 30 million. The larvae damage all the stages of the crop including flowers, stems, peduncles, and pods; however, heavy damage occurs at

2744-502: The plant that forms black sooty mould or indirectly by transmitting mung bean yellow mosaic disease (MYMD). Whitefly causes yield losses between 17% and 71% in mung bean. Thrips infest mung bean both in the seedling and flowering stages. During the seedling stage, thrips infest the seedling's growing point when it emerges from the ground, and under severe infestation, the seedlings fail to grow. Flowering thrips cause heavy damage and attack during flowering and pod formation, which feed on

2800-733: The primary causes of extensive agricultural losses worldwide. Reduction in crop yield due to environmental variations has increased steadily over the decades. Salinity affects crop growth and yield by way of osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and reduced nodulation which ultimately lead to reduced nitrogen-fixing ability. Excessive salt leads to leaf injury and then reduced photosynthesis. High-temperature stress negatively affects reproductive development in mung bean and affects all reproductive traits like flower initiation, pollen viability, fertilization, pod set, seed quality, etc. High temperatures over 42 °C during summer causes hardening of seeds due to incomplete sink development. Mung bean requires

2856-560: The principal producers. In Tarime District, tea is mostly farmed by small-holder farmers, who have land plots ranging from 0.2 acre to 2 acres and produce 600 kilos per acre each month. Air service to the Mara region is provided by Musoma Airport , the airstrips at Seronera and Fort Ikoma in the Serengeti National Park, and Magena Airstrip near Tarime. Fishing in the Mara region is primarily done on Lake Victoria, which has 49% of its total area within Tanzanian territory. Along Lake Victoria,

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2912-409: The region's workforce is employed in agriculture , which accounts for about 60% of the region's GDP. Cassava, rice, maize, sorghum, finger-millet , bulrush millet , sweet potatoes, potatoes, beans, Bambara nuts , ground nuts, green gram , chickpeas, banana, cotton, coffee, sunflower, sesame, onions, tomatoes, watermelon, oranges, avocados, pawpaw, pineapples, and lemons are some of the crops grown in

2968-476: The rest of the country. The unpaved trunk road T17 from Musoma to Arusha passes through the district from west to east. As of 2012, Serengeti District was administratively divided into 28 wards . Mara Region The Mara Region is located in the northern part of mainland Tanzania. It is located between latitudes 1° 0’ and 2° 31’ and between longitudes 33° 10’ and 35° 15’. It contains 30,150 sq kilometers total, 10,584 sq kilometers of such being water area. To

3024-620: The stripped and split bean is used to make a soup-like dal known as mug ḍal ( মুগ ডাল ). In the South Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh , and also in Maharashtra, steamed whole beans are seasoned with spices and fresh grated coconut. In South India, especially Andhra Pradesh, batter made from ground whole moong beans (including skin) is used to make a popular variety of dosa called pesarattu ( పెసరట్టు ) or pesara-dosa. In Pakistan , cooked mung dal

3080-640: The traditional New Year Celebration (celebrated in April) mung beans are used to make a traditional fried sweet, mung-kavum. In southern Chinese cuisine, whole mung beans are used to make a tángshuǐ , or dessert, called lǜdòu tángshuǐ , which is served either warm or chilled. They are also often cooked with rice to make congee. Unlike in South Asia , whole mung beans seldom appear in savory dishes. In Hong Kong , hulled mung beans and mung bean paste are made into ice cream or frozen ice pops . Mung bean paste

3136-479: Was the pioneer of the cotton contract farming model in Tanzania. Out of the potential area of 22,632 hectares suited for the crop, the region is predicted to cultivate 3,065 hectares of Arabica coffee . In the Mara region, coffee is grown in four districts. These districts are Tarime , Serengeti , Rorya , and Butiama . Small-scale farmers, with average plot sizes of 1 acre and 800 kilograms of production per acre, are

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