Tarime District is one of the seven districts of the Mara Region of Tanzania , East Africa. It was previously known as the "North Mara District". Its district capital is Tarime town. It is bordered from the north to east by the Kenyan districts of Migori , Trans Mara and Kuria East and West Districts , and to the east by the Maasai Mara game reserve . To the south, it is bordered across the Mara River by the Serengeti and Butiama districts, and to the west by Rorya District .
21-540: North Mara Gold Mine is located within the Tarime District. It is operated by Acacia Mining . According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Tarime District was 492,798. According to the 2022 Tanzania National Census, the population of Tarime District was 404,848. Paved trunk road T4 from Mwanza to the Kenyan border passes through the district. The main border crossing from Tanzania to Kenya in
42-582: A 2016 study counted at least 20 local deaths and nearly 1000 cattle. Gold mining in Tanzania in modern times dates back to the German colonial period , beginning with gold discoveries near Lake Victoria in 1894. The first gold mine in what was then Tanganyika , the Sekenke Mine , began operation in 1909, and gold mining in Tanzania experienced a boom between 1930 and World War II . By 1967, gold production in
63-460: A green amendment, is type of amendment usually proposed to a constitution or a bill of rights . These amendments guarantee citizens the right to a healthy environment. Related rights included in these proposals often include a right to a stable climate, clean air and water, environmental justice , preservation of natural, scenic, esthetic and historic values of the environment . Historically, major United Nations' human rights instruments, like
84-399: A healthy environment uses a human rights approach to protect environmental quality; this approach addresses the impact of environmental harm upon individual humans, as opposed to the more traditional approach of environmental regulation which focuses on impacts to other states or the environment itself. Yet another approach to environmental protection is rights of nature which tries to extend
105-711: A process plant, waste rock dumps, a tailings containment pond, and other associated facilities. As of 2014 there was an expected mine life of 9 years remaining. The mine was owned by Afrika Mashariki Gold Mines , which became Placer Dome Tanzania , a subsidiary of Placer Dome . Barrick Gold took over Placer Dome in January 2006. In 2008 a group of 200 people broke into the North Mara mine site and destroyed approximately US$ 15 million worth of Barrick property, including setting some of it on fire . The vandalism resulted in temporarily closing an open pit, and an increase in security on
126-639: A right to a healthy environment. Other human rights frameworks, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child refer to environmental issues as they relate to the framework's focus, in this case children's rights . UN Special Rapporteurs on Human Rights and the Environment John H. Knox (2012–2018) and David R. Boyd (2018–) have made recommendations on how to formalize these rights in international law. This
147-532: Is quite small, with only 20 environmental inspectors for the entire country. In June 2010 the Tanzanian government declared the Tigithe River free of pollution, following changes made to Barrick's environmental program. The government stated the water is potable and suitable for human consumption. Barrick had replaced 40,000 square metres (430,000 sq ft) of liner within their effluent pond, which they claim
168-660: The Global Pact for the Environment , if adopted, would be the first UN human rights instrument to include the right to a healthy environment. Over 150 states in the UN have independently recognized the right in some form via legislation, litigation, constitutional law, treaty law or other legal authority. The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights , American Convention on Human Rights , Escazu Agreement , Arab Charter on Human Rights , and ASEAN Declaration on Human Rights each include
189-483: The Lake Victoria zone is located at Sirari , which is also a ward of Tarime District. In 2002 Tarime District contained 41 wards, but since the separation off of Rorya District in 2007, Tarime District has been reduced to fewer wards. As of 2012, Tarime District was administratively divided into 30 wards . North Mara Gold Mine North Mara Gold Mine is a combined open pit and underground gold mine in
210-638: The Tarime District of the Mara Region of Tanzania . It is one of three gold mines of Acacia Mining plc, a company listed on the London Stock Exchange, that operates in Tanzania, the other two being Bulyanhulu and the Buzwagi Gold Mine . The mine has been controversial in the local community, with an attack on the mine in 2008. Though parts of the government and the operating company deny it,
231-534: The United Nations General Assembly on July 28, 2022 in A/RES/76/300. The right is often the basis for human rights defense by environmental defenders, such as land defenders , water protectors and indigenous rights activists . The right is interconnected with other health-focused human rights, such as the right to water and sanitation , right to food and right to health . The right to
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#1732854937238252-476: The United Nations General Assembly to consider the matter". In 2022 during its 76th session, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution put forward by a core group including Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland, and the Maldives once again recognizing the human right to a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. Although General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding, this resolution
273-478: The United Nations Human Rights Council adopted a resolution (put forward by the core group comprising Costa Rica, Morocco, Slovenia, Switzerland and the Maldives, with Costa Rica being penholder), recognizing " The human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment ", marking the first time that the body declared a human right. The resolution is not legally binding, but it "invites
294-718: The Universal Declaration on Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights do not recognize the right to a healthy environment. The 1972 Stockholm Declaration recognizes the right, but is not a legally binding document. The 1992 Rio Declaration does not use the language of human rights, although it does state that individuals shall have access to information regarding environmental matters, participation in decision-making, and access to justice. The currently proposed UN resolution,
315-419: The country had dropped to insignificance but was revived in the mid-1970s, when the gold price rose once more. In the late 1990s, foreign mining companies started investing in the exploration and development of gold deposits in Tanzania, leading to the opening of a number of new mines. The North Mara mine, which opened in 2002, consists of one active open pit (Nyabirama) and one active underground mine (Gokona),
336-629: The government to have a study completed to determine if the North Mara Gold Mine was polluting the Tigithe River (the drinking water supply for more than 250,000 people ), thereby killing people and livestock, as had been reported. The government accepted the "principle" of doing the study, and stated that there had been minimal environmental monitoring done in the area because the National Environment Management Council
357-555: The property. Motivation for the attack on the property was not determined, the local police suggested they were attempting to get gold from the pit. In 2009 a Tanzanian Member of Parliament, Harrison Mwakyembe , demanded the Mara Gold Mine be closed, due to the deaths of eighteen villagers from Nyamongo which had been attributed to drinking water polluted by the mine. In February 2010 the National Assembly of Tanzania ordered
378-501: The rights enjoyed by humans and corporations to nature as well. The right creates an obligation of the state to regulate and enforce environmental laws , control pollution , and otherwise provide justice and protections for communities harmed by environmental problems. The right to a healthy environment has been an important right for creating environmental legal precedents for climate change litigation and other environmental issues. An environmental rights amendment , also called
399-492: Was destroyed by vandalism. A 2016 study concluded that the mine regularly and repeatedly violated human rights protections for the Right to a healthy environment in Tanzania. In 2011 and 2013 several villagers who entered the mine area looking for gold were killed by police officers assigned to support the mine's security guards. The court case brought against the mining company by Humans Rights Organizations on behalf of families
420-492: Was endorsed by a number of committees at the UN level, as well as local legal communities such as the New York City Bar , in 2020. The right to a healthy environment is at the core of the international approach to human rights and climate change . The effects of climate change on human rights are presented by OHCHR in a fact sheet with the most frequently asked questions on the subject. In 2021 during its 48th session,
441-642: Was settled out of court in February 2015. Right to a healthy environment The right to a healthy environment or the right to a sustainable and healthy environment is a human right advocated by human rights organizations and environmental organizations to protect the ecological systems that provide human health. The right was acknowledged by the United Nations Human Rights Council during its 48th session in October 2021 in HRC/RES/48/13 and subsequently by
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