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47-730: The Giant Sequoia National Monument is located in the national forest. Other notable features include glacier -carved landscapes and impressive granite monoliths . The Needles are a series of granite spires atop a narrow ridge above the Kern River. Forest headquarters are located in Porterville , California. There are local ranger district offices in Dunlap , Kernville , Lake Isabella , and Springville . The Sequoia National Forest covers 1,193,315 acres (1,864.555 sq mi; 4,829.17 km), and ranges in elevation from 1,000 feet (300 m) in

94-774: A boardwalk at the Trail of 100 Giants, the Frog Meadow Guard Station, the Powder Horn and Speas Dirty Camp historic cabins, the Mule Peak Lookout and its radio repeater, and other outbuildings, storage sheds, and wooden bridges. The Mule Peak Lookout, established in 1935, was one of the last remaining fire lookouts in the Sequoia National Forest. The Windy Fire impacted eleven giant sequoia groves, comprising more than 1,735 acres (702 ha). On November 19, 2021,

141-716: A high severity. Smoke from the Windy and KNP Complex fires inundated large portions of California during late September and early October, largely affecting the San Joaquin Valley but occasionally impacting Southern California. Thick smoke in San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Madera, Fresno, Tulare, Kings, and Kern counties caused local high schools to cancel football games, and those with respiratory ailments were advised to remain indoors. Areas affected included Fresno , Bakersfield , Kernville , and Lake Isabella . On September 27,

188-452: A lightning strike in the southern Sierra Nevada on September 9, the fire burned 97,528 acres (39,468 ha) over the course of a month, threatening communities like Ponderosa and Johnsondale . Multiple atmospheric rivers in October and November eventually subdued the fire, which was declared fully contained in mid-November. Total firefighting costs came to $ 78.4 million. The Windy Fire was

235-694: A new Giant Sequoia National Monument Management Plan. As of August 2010 only one location in the monument, the Generals Highway , is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , but the monument does have several hundred sites that are potentially eligible for the register. Windy Fire The 2021 Windy Fire was a large wildfire in the Sequoia National Forest in Central California 's Tulare County . Ignited by

282-631: A procession of dry thunderstorms rolled across California. More than 1,100 cloud-to-ground lightning strikes were recorded in the state by the following morning, and associated rainfall was not enough to quench some of the small fires left in their wake. Eleven fires started in the Sequoia National Forest and the Giant Sequoia National Monument ). The Windy Fire began that night on the Tule River Indian Reservation . The National Interagency Coordination Center reported on

329-611: A proper Monument Plan can be developed in accordance with the Presidential Proclamation,… and in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)…" In January 2008, the Sequoia National Forest published a notice of intent in the Federal Register that they intended to prepare an environmental impact statement and were beginning a year-long collaborative scoping process for development of

376-487: A significant toll that high-severity wildfires have taken on the species in the 21st century. The KNP Complex Fire , which burned contemporaneously, burned 88,307 acres (35,737 ha) and killed up to 2,400 more large giant sequoias in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks . The two fires are estimated to have killed as much as 3–5 percent of the total population of large giant sequoias. The Windy Fire primarily burned within

423-538: A total burned area of 43,745 acres (17,703 ha), stoked by the arrival of a dry air mass with attendant higher winds and lower humidity levels. The Forest Service closed more recreation sites in the Sequoia National Forest, primarily along the upper Kern River, on September 25. By September 29, the fire's advance to the south entered the burn scar from the 2016 Cedar Fire , limiting the fire activity there. On September 30, Forest Service smokejumpers , normally trained to climb trees to retrieve their parachutes, scaled

470-605: Is adjacent to Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks . There are six wilderness areas within Sequoia NF that are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System . Some of these extend into neighboring National Forests, as indicated. Two of them also extend into land that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management . On April 15, 2000, President Bill Clinton proclaimed 328,000-acre (1,330 km) of

517-546: Is administered by the U.S. Forest Service as part of the Sequoia National Forest and includes 38 of the 39 Giant Sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) groves that are located in the Sequoia National Forest, about half of the sequoia groves currently in existence, including one of the ten largest Giant Sequoias , the Boole Tree , which is 269 feet (82 m) high with a base circumference of 112 feet (34 m). The forest covers 824 square miles (2,130 km ). The monument

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564-682: Is administered by the Western Divide Ranger District, surrounding the eastern half of the Tule River Indian Reservation . The Needles are a series of granite spires atop a narrow ridge above the Kern River .( 36°07′17″N 118°30′16″W  /  36.1214°N 118.5044°W  / 36.1214; -118.5044 ) Sequoia National Forest was established on July 1, 1908, from a portion of Sierra Forest Reserve . On March 2, 1909, Theodore Roosevelt added land by Presidential Proclamation. On July 1, 1910 1,951,191 acres (7,896.19 km)

611-511: Is in two sections. The northern section surrounds General Grant Grove and other parts of Kings Canyon National Park and is administered by the Hume Lake Ranger District. The southern section, which includes Long Meadow Grove , is directly south of Sequoia National Park and is administered by the Western Divide Ranger District, surrounding the eastern half of the Tule River Indian Reservation . The Giant Sequoia National Monument

658-650: Is variously recorded as November 10 by the National Interagency Coordination Center, November 11 by the National Park Service, and November 15 by Cal Fire; whichever the case, by that time the fire had not grown in size for over a month. The total cost of fighting the Windy Fire came to $ 78.4 million. The total burned area included more than 75,000 acres (30,000 ha) in Sequoia National Forest, more than 19,000 acres (7,700 ha) on

705-558: The Burned Area Emergency Response (BAER) team assigned to the Windy and KNP Complex fires released their report, which discussed a variety of fire impacts, post-fire hazards, and potential actions for response. Within the report, an analysis conducted by Nature Conservancy and National Park Service scientists used a combination of fire severity data, satellite imagery, aerial reconnaissance, and limited ground assessments to estimate possible large giant sequoia mortality from

752-678: The Forest Service and the Bureau of Indian Affairs . The fire impacted the Peyrone Grove of giant sequoias by September 13. On September 15, the Forest Service announced a closure order for part of the Sequoia National Forest, effective September 16 until December 31. Overnight, the fire exhibited "significant" spread: in the morning update on the fire for September 16, officials gave the Windy Fire's burned area as 3,924 acres (1,588 ha) and its containment at zero percent. That same day,

799-561: The Bench Tree along the Trail of 100 Giants in order to extinguish flames in the canopy of an adjacent giant sequoia. On October 2, the evacuation orders for areas Sugarloaf Village, Panorama Heights, Poso Park, Idlewild, Pleasant View, Balance Rock, Posey and Vincent Ranch were reduced to evacuation warnings. Following the reduction, only 200 or so people remained under evacuation orders in all Tulare County. The decreased evacuations followed an increase in containment to 52 percent. But despite

846-506: The Giant Sequoia National Monument Management Plan, which provided for use by an international public as well as for the protection and restoration of 33 giant sequoia groves and their ecosystems. Subsequently, two lawsuits were brought challenging the plan. In October 2006, Federal District Court Judge Charles Breyer found in favor of the plaintiffs and remanded the plan to the U.S. Forest Service "…so that

893-532: The Giant Sequoia National Monument, a 328,315-acre (132,864 ha) protected portion of the Sequoia National Forest containing dozens of giant sequoia groves. The Windy Fire area saw many fewer fires in the period between 1970 and 2020 than occurred historically (prior to 1850). According to Christy Brigham, in charge of Resources Management and Science at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, more than fifty lightning fires were suppressed in

940-646: The KNP Complex Fire, the two wildfires are responsible for the death of 3–5 percent of the large sequoia population. The National Park Service's assessment highlighted an "alarming trend" given the previous large sequoia mortality from the Castle Fire in 2020—part of the SQF Complex fire —which killed an estimated 10–14 percent of large sequoias (or between 7,500 and 10,600 individual trees). The two mortality assessments suggest that in 2020 and 2021, 13–19 percent of

987-575: The San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountains for multiple days. In August 2023, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife confirmed that the Windy Fire burn area had become home to a pack of at least five gray wolves , marking the species' first presence in the Sequoia National Forest since they were extirpated approximately 150 years prior. Researchers attributed the return to increased deer and other prey populations, which had benefited from

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1034-501: The Sequoia National Forest as the Giant Sequoia National Monument by Presidential Proclamation 7295, published in the Federal Register, Tuesday, April 25, 2000, Vol. 65, No. 80. The monument is in two sections. The northern section surrounds General Grant Grove and other parts of Kings Canyon National Park and is administered by the Hume Lake Ranger District. The southern section is directly south of Sequoia National Park and

1081-541: The Tule River Indian Reservation, and more than 1,000 acres (400 ha) each of BLM land and private land. National Forest infrastructure slowly resumed operation over the following months: the fire closure area was reduced in size on November 23, the Western Divide Highway reopened to through traffic on November 30, and the Trail of 100 Giants in Giant Sequoia National Monument reopened to

1128-473: The Windy Fire as an example of a wildfire that experienced "significant overnight growth", representative of the climate change-driven increase of the vapor pressure deficit at night in the western United States since 1980. The vapor pressure deficit , a key meteorological variable that drives fire-conducive weather, reached record high levels in California during the Windy Fire. On the night of September 9,

1175-406: The Windy Fire. In total, the National Park Service report estimated that the Windy Fire killed between 931 and 1,257 large sequoias, defined as those over four feet (1.2 metres) in diameter. The estimate includes the sequoias killed outright as well as those expected to die in the three to five years following the fire. When combined with the estimated large sequoia mortality of 1,330–2,380 trees from

1222-628: The air quality in Kernville to the southeast of the Windy Fire was the worst in the country, with an air quality index (AQI) of 437, well into the 'hazardous' level of health concern. At least once, north winds pushed smoke more than a hundred miles south. Dozens of people in the Los Angeles area called 911 to report the smoke and the South Coast Air Quality Management District issued a special air quality advisory for parts of

1269-491: The century or so prior to the fire that she argued could have been managed for beneficial effects in the region's sequoia groves. As fuels built up from the accumulating effects of fire suppression, widespread conifer die-off also occurred between 2012 and 2016. Drought and bark beetle infestations joined forces to kill an "estimated 147 million trees" in California. California saw its second-driest water year ever in 2020–2021, exceeded in aridity only by that of 1923–1924. It

1316-474: The cooler perimeter, an area of high pressure remained over the fire area in early October, keeping the weather hot and dry, and supporting unusually vigorous fire activity at night. The Windy Fire's incident commander, Mark Morales, described conditions as "more like what you would observe in August: very dry with high temperatures and low humidity." Despite the conditions, the fire's last day with any growth recorded

1363-575: The course of fighting the Windy Fire; all were minor but one: a firefighter was taken to a Fresno hospital with second-degree burns on September 30. The fire caused zero fatalities. The National Interagency Coordination Center records that 128 structures were lost to the Windy Fire. Of those, 20 were residences, two were commercial buildings, and the remaining 106 were outbuildings. The destroyed residences included at least 14 homes in Sugarloaf Village. Destroyed Forest Service structures included

1410-460: The eight-largest fire of California's 2021 wildfire season . Though it destroyed 128 structures, the Windy Fire was also notable for its major impacts on the endangered giant sequoia population, which grows in less than a hundred natural groves on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. The National Park Service estimated that the Windy Fire killed 900–1,300 large giant sequoias, part of

1457-417: The fire stimulating increased grass growth. The table below shows how the fire grew in size and in containment during September and October in 2021. Acreage reflects, where possible, the figure reported in the daily morning update following overnight aerial infrared mapping of the fire. The graph runs from September 9, the day the fire began, until October 9, the last day where fire growth was reported (though

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1504-413: The fire's burned area. The area's soil burn severity was mapped, with approximately 43 percent of it at unburned to low severity, 47 percent of it at moderate severity, and 10 percent of the area burned at a high soil burn severity. The Windy Fire also burned more than 93,000 acres (38,000 ha) of fisher habitat in conifer and hardwood forests, more than 43,000 acres (17,000 ha) of which burned at

1551-911: The fire's eastern flank crossed the Western Divide Highway and its southern flank reached the Long Meadow Grove of giant sequoias. The Forest Service increased the size of the National Forest closure area on September 20, citing the fire's recent and anticipated growth. At around 8:00 p.m. on September 22, the Tulare County Sheriff’s Office announced additional evacuation orders for the communities of Camp Nelson , Pierpoint , Coy Flat, Mountain Aire, Cedar Slope , Alpine Village , Rogers Camp, and Sequoia Crest . The fire grew by ~12,000 acres (4,856 ha) between September 22 and 23 for

1598-405: The foothills of the Sierra Nevada to over 12,000 feet (3,700 m). Its giant sequoia ( Sequoiadendron giganteum ) groves are part of its 196,000 acres (790 km) of old growth forests. Other tree species include: The National Forest contains over 2,500 miles (4,000 km) of road and 850 miles (1,370 km) of trails, and hosts a number of camping and recreational facilities. The forest

1645-487: The forest. A number of groves were completely within the fire perimeter, including the Cunningham, Deer Creek , Long Meadow , Packsaddle , Peyrone, Redhill, South Peyrone, and Starvation Creek Groves. Over 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) of groves were within the fire perimeter. Satellite image analysis showed that 50% of that area was burned at moderate or high intensity: over 1,000 giant sequoia were estimated to be destroyed in

1692-516: The forest. Only four mature giant sequoia survived the fire in the Starvation Creek Grove. The Sequoia National Forest has 34 giant sequoia groves. The forest has been the scene of extensive illegal marijuana cultivation with the involvement of Mexican drug cartels. In July 1986, an F-117 stealth fighter, whose existence was a secret, crashed in Sequoia National Forest in July 1986, killing

1739-487: The giant sequoias in the area. The number of mature Sequoia Trees that died overall is estimated at over 7500–10,600 mature trees, or over 10-14% of the species' population. The most intense previous fire in this area is dated to 1297 based on tree ring data. The McIntrye Grove, a short distance to the south from Cedar Slope , was heavily damaged. Near Sequoia Crest , one-third of the Alder Creek Grove of Giant Sequoia

1786-409: The morning of September 11 that the Windy Fire had burned 115 acres (47 ha) in timber and brush, exhibiting "active fire behavior with uphill runs, backing and flanking". By 4:00 p.m. on September 12, the fire had burned onto the Sequoia National Forest, spreading to 450 acres (182 ha). California Incident Management Team 11 entered into unified command over the firefighting response with

1833-402: The pilot and starting a fire. The USAF established restricted airspace and armed guards prohibited entry, including firefighters, and a helicopter gunship circled the site. Giant Sequoia National Monument The Giant Sequoia National Monument is a 328,000-acre (512 sq mi) U.S. National Monument located in the southern Sierra Nevada in eastern central California . It

1880-509: The public on May 13, 2022. In July 2022, the USFS reported multiple small holdover fires caused by smoldering giant sequoia trees, two of them from the Windy Fire the year before. The Cougar Fire in Red Hill Grove was contained at one acre (0.40 ha). The Crawford Fire, less than a half mile away, was contained at one-quarter acre (0.10 ha). At least four personnel sustained injuries in

1927-481: The world's large sequoia population was lost in just three wildfires. Prior to 2020, the total number of large sequoias within the groves of the Sierra Nevada was estimated at 75,580; the total number may have fallen to ~60,000 after the Castle, Windy, and KNP Complex fires. Land managers attributed the excessive toll to fuel loads and fire behavior too severe for the trees to tolerate, driven by climate change, drought, and

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1974-401: The zealous suppression of wildfire in those areas for a hundred years or more. The following is a summary of all the groves that the Windy Fire impacted. High severity fire refers to that causing overstory mortality greater than 80 percent. Most of the giant sequoias in high severity fire areas were killed. A Forest Service burned area emergency response (BAER) assessment team evaluated

2021-438: Was October 9, one month after it had begun. By November 3, the fire was 92 percent contained. The remaining eight percent of uncontained perimeter, north of Cold Springs Creek and south of the Tule River Indian Reservation, lay in an area too difficult for ground personnel to access. It was left to burn itself out, under the supervision of aircraft, until the arrival of winter storms. The Windy Fire's precise date of containment

2068-483: Was created by President Bill Clinton in Proclamation 7295 on April 15, 2000, and published as 65 FR 24095 on April 25. In August 2023, gray wolves reappeared at Giant Sequoia National Monument for the first time in more than 100 years. Presidential Proclamation 7295 required that a management plan be completed within three years. In January 2004, the Sequoia National Forest published and began implementation of

2115-779: Was removed from the forest to create the Kern National Forest . This land was returned to Sequoia National Forest on July 1, 1915. The Castle Fire in 2020 burned 131,087 acres (53,049 ha) in the forest, with 13,600 acres (5,500 ha) of giant sequoia groves burned The fire swept through portions of the Dillonwood, Mountain Home , Alder Creek , Freeman Creek , McIntyre , and Wheel Meadow, Belknap , Burro Creek, Silver Creek, Middle Tule, Upper Tule, and Wishon Groves. The fire burned at high intensity in 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of sequoia groves: high-intensity fire kills more than 90% of

2162-477: Was severely damaged. The large Stagg Tree in Alder Creek Grove was not impacted. Other areas experienced "light fire" which is expected to be ecologically beneficial in the long run. The following individual large Giant Sequoias in the forest have been reported to be damaged or destroyed in the Castle Fire: The Windy Fire in 2021 burned over 97,528 acres (39,468 ha), including a large area in

2209-448: Was the driest ever water year on record for the southern Sierra Nevada in particular, with only 9.9 inches (25 cm) of rainfall compared to the region's average of 28.8 inches (73 cm). The summer of 2021 was also California's hottest ever recorded. The prolonged hot and dry conditions, courtesy of a high-pressure system that loitered over the state, contributed to a rash of significant wildfires. The Washington Post listed

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