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89-574: The age of the Great Indian Warpath is unknown. Many of the trails were first broken by animals traveling to the salt licks in the region, especially by the herds of buffalo in the Valley of Virginia. These animal trails were later used by Native Americans. Certainly the trails were used for commerce, trading and communication between tribes before the land was explored by Europeans. In Virginia during November 1728, William Byrd II commented while passing

178-490: A 14-week tour of England with Sir John Perceval , who was the nephew of Sir Robert Southwell. Byrd was 26 and Perceval was 18. By this time Byrd had a number of aristocratic friends and knew a lot about England. He introduced the teen to gentlemen, clergymen, borough officials, and merchants. Byrd was interested in the commerce, art collections, libraries and architecture of the places that they visited. During his time in England, he

267-481: A 25-foot (7.6 m) high platform mound overlooking a central plaza. By 1400, the village covered 4.8 acres (0.019 km ), surrounded by a clay-covered palisade. Several Cherokee Middle Towns, including Nikwasi , Watauga , Jore , and Cowee , were located along the upper Little Tennessee River's section in present-day North Carolina section. Mounds built about 1000 CE by ancestral Mississippian culture people have survived at these sites. As noted above,

356-563: A London agent in May 1718. Spotswood had Byrd deposed from the council. Byrd promised to seek a reconciliation with Spotswood and to return to Virginia, which he did in February 1720 and reconciled with Spotswood. In 1721, he was appointed a paid agent for the House of Burgesses and returned to England. In 1726, he returned to Virginia. On April 28 of that year, he resumed attendance at the council. In 1728, he

445-555: A branch of the Indian trail what would later be called the Great Wagon Road in what would eventually be Henry County, Virginia , that "The Indians, who have no way of traveling except on the Hoof, make nothing of going 25 miles a day, and carrying their little Necessities at their backs, and Sometimes a Stout Pack of Skins into the bargain." While archaeology shows that the Valley of Virginia

534-623: A commission with commissioners and surveyors to lay out the Northern Neck Proprietary . Byrd wrote the report that was sent with the survey in August 1737 to England, but after his death a report from another commission was chosen. He was the senior councillor by 1743. Byrd courted Lucy Parke, daughter of Jane Ludwell Parke and Daniel Parke (1664–1710), who was Governor of the Leeward Islands . Lucy lived near Colonial Williamsburg at

623-851: A fine country, that is watered by Several beautiful Rivers. The Ohio branch led up the Holston Valley to the north fork of the Holston River by what is now Saltville, Virginia , to the New River , and thence down the New and Kanawha rivers to Indian settlements in Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Most GIW branches cross West Virginia, although one more eastern route skips the state entirely, following U.S. Route 15 from Winchester to Frederick, Maryland . The Winchester Pike (now U.S. 11) passes through Berkeley County, West Virginia (including Martinsburg ) before crossing

712-475: A flourish." Their arguments often involved their slaves. Byrd notes in his diary entry for July 15, 1710 that Parke, "against my will caused little Jenny to be burned with a hot iron, for which I quarreled with her". Based on his diary, Byrd was singularly focused on treating his wife as a subordinate and did not foment closeness with their children. He often left his family for long periods of time. Their children were: Evelyn Byrd, for whom Evelynton Plantation

801-627: Is impounded in several places by sequential dams, some created as part of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) system. They form a string of reservoirs in western North Carolina and East Tennessee down to the river's confluence with the Tennessee. Near the state line between North Carolina and Tennessee, the Little Tennessee River is impounded by the 480-foot (150 m) Fontana Dam , completed in 1944, forming Fontana Lake along

890-587: Is now featured regularly in textbooks of American Colonial literature. Through The Secret History , the societal stereotypes and attitudes of the time are revealed. According to Pierre Marambaud, Byrd "had first prepared a narrative, The Secret History of the Line , which under fictitious names described the persons of the surveying expedition and the incidents that had befallen them." Many of his works were in manuscript form and published after his death. His major works include: William Byrd II died on August 26, 1744, and

979-568: Is now open for our brethren of the Six Nations and their allies, and they may now pass as safely and freely as the people of the Twelve United Colonies themselves. And we are further determined, by the assistance of God, to keep open and free for the Six Nations and their allies, as long as the earth remains. The Iroquois Confederacy's central trail had its western terminus at the site of present-day Buffalo on Buffalo Creek . It crossed to

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1068-597: Is the only one of note which traversed our county northward and southward. Generally, they passed eastward and westward, from the river, to and across the mountains. The trails northward from Virginia and Pennsylvania converged at the junction of the Susquehanna River and the Chemung River ; these led to where the Seneca Trail started/ended in western New York near present-day Niagara Falls , used for centuries by

1157-543: The Bluestone River to the New and Greenbrier rivers to the vicinity of White Sulphur Springs . It then follows Anthony Creek down to the Greenbrier River near the present Pocahontas – Greenbrier County line, then ascending toward Hillsboro and Droop Mountain . It crossed through present Pocahontas County by way of Marlinton , Indian Draft Run, and Edray . Passing into present Randolph County , it descended

1246-547: The British colonial gentry and an emerging American identity. Byrd led surveying expeditions of the border of Virginia and North Carolina . He is considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia . Byrd expanded his plantation holdings and commanded county militias during his life. His enterprises included promoting Swiss settlement in mountainous southwest Virginia and iron mining ventures in Germanna and Fredericksburg . A member of

1335-813: The Chattahoochee National Forest in northeast Georgia 's Rabun County . After flowing north through the mountains past Dillard into southwestern North Carolina , it is joined by the Cullasaja River at Franklin . The river turns northwest, flowing through the Nantahala National Forest along the north side of the Nantahala Mountains . It crosses into eastern Tennessee and joins the Tennessee River at Lenoir City , 25 miles (40 km) southwest of Knoxville . The lower river

1424-698: The Great Wagon Road or the Carolina Road . William Byrd II mentioned it during his survey of the dividing line between North Carolina and Virginia in November 1728. "The Trading Path above mentioned receives its name from being the Route the Traders take with their caravans, when they go to traffick with the Catawbas and other Southern Indians... The Course from Roanoke to the Catawbas is laid down nearest Southwest, and lies through

1513-855: The Main Line of the Pennsylvania Railroad and U.S. Route 30 , which meets Route 15 at Gettysburg and Route 11 at Chambersburg. James Veech described the Catawba Trail in The Monongahela of Old : The most prominent, and perhaps the most ancient of these old pathways across our county, was the old Catawba or Cherokee Trail, leading from the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, &c., through Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, on to Western New York and Canada. We will trace it within our limits as well as we can. After crossing and uniting with numerous other trails,

1602-567: The Onondaga Valley at the foot of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, met the Mohawk River at the "great carrying place" (the site of present-day Rome ), then followed the river to site of Schenectady and had its eastern terminus at the site of Albany (in the vicinity of Castle Island , where the Dutch built Fort Nassau ). Modern-day New York State Route 5 largely follows this path. Afterwards,

1691-617: The Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland through Chambersburg , Shippensburg and Carlisle, Pennsylvania ). Both these war and hunting routes joined to cross the Susquehanna River near Camp Hill (now a suburb of Harrisburg ) and jointly followed its tributaries further northward until again splitting near what became the Shamokin Dam and later Shikellamy State Park (then a major Indian village near Sunbury ). One branch followed

1780-627: The Roanoke River , down Catawba Creek to Fincastle or Amsterdam. The Richmond fork of the Chesapeake branch led off from Salem, and continued southwest of Lynchburg , and thence northeast to the future site of Richmond . Another branch turned south from Big Lick , near present-day Roanoke, and turned south toward the Catawba country in South Carolina. Later this trading path would be called part of

1869-595: The Royal Society , Byrd was an early advocate of variolation to counter smallpox . He may be best known for his writings in his diary and the narratives of his surveying, some of which have been published in American literature textbooks. Byrd recorded his exploits, which are notable for its openness on issues such as sex and Byrd's brutal treatment of his slaves . William Byrd, the eldest child of Mary Horsmanden Filmer Byrd and her second husband, William Byrd I ,

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1958-525: The Shenandoah Valley through Buchanan , Lexington , Staunton , Harrisonburg , Winchester . From Winchester, most GIW routes briefly enter West Virginia , then continue northward into Maryland and Pennsylvania . Various forks led up (or down) rivers from Chesapeake Bay through the coastal plain and Piedmont . One Chesapeake branch cut off at present Ellett, Virginia , went up the North Fork of

2047-795: The Susquehanna , and into Western New York , then the empire of the Iroquois. A branch left the main trail at Robinson's mill, on Mill or Opossum run, which crossed the Yough at the Broad ford, bearing down across Jacobs creek , Sewickley and Turtle creeks, to the forks of the Ohio, at Pittsburgh , by the highland route. This branch, and the northern part within our county [Fayette], of the main route, will be found to possess much interest in connection with Braddock's line of march to his disastrous destiny. This Cherokee or Catawba Indian trail, including its Warrior branch,

2136-675: The Tygart Valley River from its headwaters and passed through the vicinity of present-day Elkins , after which it proceeded north by ascending Leading Creek . It left Randolph County after crossing Pheasant Mountain , and descended the Left Fork of Clover Run into present-day Tucker County . Crossing the Shavers Fork of the Cheat River , it exited Tucker county and West Virginia by way of Horseshoe Run northeast of St. George , crossing

2225-821: The West Branch Susquehanna River westward along one bank via the Great Shamokin Path to the Allegheny River or northward along the other bank via the Great Island Path to Lock Haven, Pennsylvania and another major village at the confluence of five major trails. Another branch continued north and eastward along the main branch of the Susquehanna into the Wyoming Valley . The Sheshequin Path connected

2314-607: The Yough river , crossing it just below the run's mouth, where Braddock's army crossed, at Stewart's Crossings. The trail thence kept through the Narrows, by Rist's, near the Baptist meeting-house, beyond Pennsville, passing by the old Saltwell on Green Lick run, to the mouth of Bushy run, at Tinsman's or Welshouse's mill. Thence it bore across Westmoreland county , up the Allegheny , to the heads of

2403-944: The Youghiogheny and Allegheny rivers with Brownsville, Pennsylvania on the Ohio River . As the 19th century began, this east–west route became known as the Cumberland or National Road , later ( U.S. Route 40 ). Another major Indian route crossed the Potomac nearer what became Washington, D.C., and the falls of the Potomac River, crossing in the Sugarland/Seneca valley area of what became Montgomery County, Maryland (where historic Edward's Ferry operated and White's Ferry still operates), then continued to Rockville, Maryland . As European settlement progressed, this route also moved somewhat to

2492-606: The aluminum plant at Alcoa, Tennessee . To ensure efficiency in operation, Alcoa coordinates the operation of its hydro system with TVA, making sure that reservoir and river water levels are safe for recreational use (primarily boating and fishing) and that proper flows of water continue down the river. The final impoundment is Tellico Dam , which is just above its mouth into the Tennessee River at Lenoir City, Tennessee . It creates Tellico Reservoir . The dam does not have its own hydroelectric generators, but serves to increase

2581-584: The 1970s show evidence of interaction with the Hopewell people of what is now Ohio. Mississippian period (c. 1000-1500 A.D.) sites in the Little Tennessee Valley include the Toqua site (at the river's confluence with Toqua Creek), Tomotley (adjacent to Toqua), Citico (at the river's Citico Creek confluence), and Bussell Island (at the mouth of the river). Toqua's Mississippian inhabitants constructed

2670-612: The Chesapeake Bay. The Great Indian Warpath continued its south–north route through Pennsylvania toward New York along three major paths, pushed westward by development. The easternmost route followed the Appalachian foothills in what became U.S. Route 15 (from the Potomac River at Point of Rocks through Frederick, Maryland and Gettysburg to the Susquehanna River at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania ). Another route followed Pennsylvania's Cumberland Valley via U.S. Routes 11 and 81 (from

2759-636: The Diamond Spring (now William James'); thence nearly on the route of the present Morgantown road, until it came to the Misses Hadden's; thence across Hellen's fields, passing near the Rev. William Brownfield's mansion, and about five rods west of the old Henry Beeson brick house; thence through Uniontown , over the old Bank house lot, crossing the creek where the bridge now is, back of the Sheriff's house; thence along

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2848-676: The English and French. The fort has been reconstructed as an historic site. Two early American sites are located along the Little Tennessee—; the Tellico Blockhouse , an outpost at the river's Nine Mile Creek confluence, and Morganton , a river port and ferry town near modern Greenback , which thrived in the early 19th century. The Hazel Creek section of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, located on

2937-615: The GIW crossed the Hudson River into New England , taking the Mohawk Trail (largely followed by modern-day New York State Route 2 , Massachusetts Route 2 , and Massachusetts Route 2A ). From there, the Great Trail network eventually went into Newfoundland , where it reached its northern terminus. William Byrd II William Byrd II (March 28, 1674 – August 26, 1744)

3026-404: The GIW passed through the Nickajack area, so-called by the Cherokee (from Ani-Kusati ) because it had once inhabited by the Koasati . After following the south bank of the Tennessee River, the path proceeded through Running Water Valley to Lookout/Will's Valley, where it met the Cumberland Trail. From present-day Gadsden, Alabama , this trail passed through the latter valley at a point along

3115-424: The GIW to Baltimore , where a connector path closely followed the present-day route of Maryland Route 10 , the Arundel Expressway. It continued south of Maryland Route 2 towards Annapolis near the once-planned extension of MD 10. War parties could then invade the Delmarva Peninsula , and the lands of the Algonkian speaking Lenape of the Delaware River Valley and/or the Piscataway and Powhatan Confederacy of

3204-528: The Little Tennessee on this side of the mountains, most notably at Icehouse Bottom, Rose Island, Calloway Island (near the river's confluence with Toqua Creek), Thirty Acre Island (near the river's confluence with Nine Mile Creek), and Bacon Bend (between Toqua and Citico Beach). Salvage archeological excavations in the 1970s before completion of the Tellico Dam uncovered large groups of Woodland-period burials on both Rose and Calloway islands in present-day Tennessee. Pottery fragments uncovered at Icehouse Bottom in

3293-412: The London agent for the Virginia Governor's Council in 1698. His father held the combined offices of auditor- and receiver-general, which Nicholson had attempted to separate. In this position, Byrd was able to thwart Nicholson's efforts. In 1702, he attempted to have Nicholson removed from office, but the petition was rejected by the Crown and Byrd lost his position on the council. In 1701, he went on

3382-423: The Middle Mississippian town which archaeologists call the Dallas site. After crossing that valley, the branch from Chickamauga passed east to Parker's Gap through Whiteoak Mountain and turned northeast, eventually rejoining the main route. In the Overhill Cherokee country, the path ran from the north to the town of Chota on the Little Tennessee. Here, another important trail, the Warriors' Path, continued south to

3471-447: The Mount Braddock mansion, it passed a few rods to the east of the old Conrad Strickler house, where it is still visible. Keeping on through land formerly of John Hamilton (now Freeman), it crossed the old Connellsville road immediately on the summit of the Limestone hill, a few rods west of the old Strickler distillery; thence through the old Lawrence Harrison land (James Blackiston's) to Robinson's falls on Mill Run, and thence down it to

3560-488: The Ohio River valley through Emmitsburg, Maryland and could ultimately connect to Nemacolin's trail further north, even along what became U.S. Route 30 in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania . Another GIW branch continued east along the Potomac River toward Washington, D.C. , and Alexandria, Virginia (then settlements of the Piscataway tribe ) following what became the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal . Yet another hunting, fighting and trading route from Frederick continued eastward from

3649-495: The Parke's Queen's Creek plantation in York County, Virginia with her mother and her sister Frances. Her father, who lived with his mistress, forbade the women from entertaining male callers and did not provide the money for them to have clothes of their station. This made it difficult for Frances and Lucy to have suitors. Byrd, though, knew Parke and his aristocratic connections, and was favorably impressed with Parke's daughters, particularly Lucy. Byrd married Lucy on May 4, 1706, at

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3738-437: The Potomac River near Hagerstown, Maryland . Another more western Seneca Trail branch crossed West Virginia along routes that became U.S. Route 19 , I-79 and U.S. Route 219 . Entering a few miles west of Bluefield , what became Route 19 winds through the mountains until Beckley , then continues to Sutton and Morgantown before entering Pennsylvania and continuing to the Great Lakes at Erie via I-79. Route 219 follows

3827-459: The Potomac River near Oakland, Maryland . From crossing the Potomac River at Hagerstown, Maryland , the Seneca Trail ( U.S. Route 11 ) continued northward toward the Cumberland Valley and modern Chambersburg, Pennsylvania . Since the terrain in Virginia and West Virginia was the most difficult to cross east to west (or vice versa), along the Appalachian mountain range, due to numerous north–south ridges, most hunters (and later settlers) crossed

3916-480: The Queen's Creek plantation. Frances was married on the same day to John Custis (1678–after 14 November 1749). At the time of their marriage, Lucy Parke was 18 years old, and her mother was concerned that Daniel Parke's many romantic affairs and reputation for stinginess were hurting his daughter's marriage prospects. When Byrd wrote a letter to the Parkes asking to court Lucy, they immediately accepted. Byrd wooed her with passionate letters proclaiming his love. He

4005-426: The Seneca of the Iroquois and previous peoples around the Great Lakes. In 1775 the twelve united colonies entered into an agreement concerning the use of Native American paths and the roads: Brothers: It is necessary, in order for the preservation of friendship between us and brothers of the Six Nations (Iroquois) and their allies, that a free and mutual intercourse be kept between us; therefore we, Brothers: The road

4094-511: The Upper Creek Path and crossing the Tennessee River near Guntersville . It then followed roughly the same route as the Tennessee upriver until reaching the vicinity of the modern Bridgeport . There it crossed the Tennessee once again at the Great Creek Crossing just below the foot of Long Island on the Tennessee, intersecting another path, the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail, which ran from the area of St. Augustine, Florida to that of Nashville, Tennessee . Several miles upriver from Long Island,

4183-399: The Upper Creek Path, on its way to the Cumberland Gap , the Ohio Valley , and the Great Lakes region. Having met, both trails crossed the foot of Lookout Mountain ; their route was later followed by the improved Old Wauhatchie Pike . Once over the mountain, the path crossed lower Chattanooga Valley to what archaeologists refer to as the Citico site. For several hundred years this was

4272-437: The area of present-day Cleveland, Tennessee , the path has been followed by Lee Highway until reaching the Little Tennessee River . From Old Chickamauga Town, a third branch of the path passed across Hickory Valley, where it intersected a path from the Cisca and St. Augustine Trail in North Georgia to the Tennessee River. This intersected the main route of the path before fording the stream at Harrison, Tennessee , to reach

4361-446: The branches and continued to follow the Appalachians into New York. The westernmost GIW routes actually crossed the Alleghanies. That which became ( Interstate 79 ) crossed into the Great Lakes watershed at Erie, Pennsylvania . This or the Great Shamokin Path may have become the most used after the French and Indian War as settlement, the Kittanning Expedition of 1756 and the Wyoming Valley massacre of 1778 as well as disease pushed

4450-401: The capitol where I sent for the wench to clean my room and when I came I kissed her and felt her, for which God forgive me ... About 10 o'clock I went to my lodgings. I had good health but wicked thoughts, God forgive me. In addition to the passages recounting his many infidelities, the diary also contains a record of the lives of slaves held by Byrd and his subsequent punishment. Byrd often beat

4539-494: The condition that she remain unmarried and living in Westover. The first diary runs from 1709 to 1712 and was first published in the 1940s. It was originally written in a shorthand code and deals mostly with the day-to-day aspects of Byrd's life, many of the entries containing the same formulaic phrases. A typical entry read like this: [October] 6. I rose at 6 o'clock and said my prayers and ate milk for breakfast. Then I proceeded to Williamsburg , where I found all well. I went to

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4628-414: The dam itself. Some water is also diverted from the nearby Santeetlah Dam on the Cheoah River to power another hydroelectric generator at the Santeetlah Powerhouse . This water is brought to the Little Tennessee River through 7 miles (11 km) of tunnels through the Great Smoky Mountains . Chilhowee, Calderwood, and Cheoah Dams and the Santeetlah Powerhouse were originally built by Alcoa to power

4717-487: The flow through those at nearby Fort Loudoun Dam on the Tennessee by means of a canal that diverts much of the flow of the Little Tennessee. The proposed project to build the dam and reservoir was the subject of environmental controversy during the 1970s because of the discovery of the snail darter , an endangered species . It was the first major legal challenge to the Endangered Species Act . The Little Tennessee River and its immediate watershed comprise one of

4806-479: The image of a more submissive wife, accepting Byrd's authority over the household. She was certainly well-mannered, and epitomised the upper-class lady that he desired, without any record of passionate " flourishes " to quell arguments or threatening the servants. Despite Byrd's renewed sexual advances on other women, Taylor kept the household in good order. More recently, Allison Luthern has suggested that 'a closer examination of sources reveals that Maria [Taylor] Byrd

4895-425: The late 17th century. There is some evidence that Spanish explorers Hernando De Soto and Juan Pardo passed through the Little Tennessee Valley in 1540 and 1567, respectively. In 1756 the English built Fort Loudoun , located at the river's confluence with the Tellico River, for defenses during the French and Indian War . This was the name for the North American front of the Seven Years' War in Europe between

4984-430: The least fright, and was persuaded she would live… Gracious God what pains did she take to make a voyage hither to seek a grave." Byrd married Maria Taylor (1698-1771), daughter of a Kensington gentleman, on May 9, 1724. She was 25 years of age and Byrd was 50. Taylor, an heiress of a wealthy family from Kensington , was a different character than Parke. Her rare appearance in Byrd's diary has left some historians with

5073-486: The mountains between the Ohio River watershed and Chesapeake Bay watershed either in Tennessee to the south of that region, or via what was once called Nemacolin's Trail through the Cumberland Narrows of Maryland and western Pennsylvania. Named after the Delaware chief Nemacolin , who assisted surveyor Thomas Cresap on behalf of the Ohio Company of Virginia , it was further improved by Washington and General Braddock . This route connected Cumberland, Maryland by way of

5162-459: The northern side of the public grave-yard on the hill, through the eastern edge of John Gallagher's land, about six rods south of John F. Foster's (formerly Samuel Clarke's) house, it crossed Shute's Run where the fording now is, between the two meadows, keeping the high land through Col. Evans' plantation, and passed between William and John Jones' to the site of Pearse's Fort; thence by the Murphy school-house, and bearing about thirty rods westward of

5251-537: The old gun factory, and thence toward the mouth of Redstone , intersecting the old Redstone trail from the top of Laurel Hill , afterward Burd's road, near Jackson's, or Grace Church, on the National Road . The main Catawba trail pursued the even tenor of its way, regardless of minor points, which, like a modern grand railroad, it served by branches and turn-outs. After receiving the Warrior Branch junction, it kept on through land late of Charles Griffin, by Long's Mill, Ashcraft's Fort, Phillip Rogers' (now Alfred Stewart's),

5340-490: The pre-eminent town in the early period of the Mississippian culture in East Tennessee (until around 1200). Past Citico, the path ran east (later followed by the late Shallowford Road) to Missionary Ridge , where it divided. The main branch headed northeast toward the Shallow Ford (which can still be seen) across the Chickamauga River (South Chickamauga Creek ) and the other branch went directly east (a route now followed by Bird's Mill/Brainerd Road) to cross at another ford at

5429-418: The principal one entered Fayette territory, at the State line, at the mouth of Grassy run. A tributary trail, called the Warrior Branch, coming from Tennessee, through Kentucky and Southern Ohio, came up Fish creek and down Dunkard , crossing Cheat river at McFarland's. It run out a junction with the chief trail, intersecting it in William Gans' sugar camp, but it kept on by Crow's mill, James Robinson's, and

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5518-410: The receiver generalship for £500 to a Virginian. Spotswood sought approval for the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1713—which regulated the quality and sale of tobacco exports—and the Indian Trade Act of 1714—which established a monopoly over commerce with Native Americans. Both were passed by the Virginia General Assembly, but it received a royal veto, which Byrd considered a personal win. Byrd was appointed

5607-484: The remaining Algonquian-speaking peoples westward. The northernmost major east–west branch in Pennsylvania connecting to the GIW became the track of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad; a part has recently been converted back to pedestrian use as the Susquehanna Warrior Trail in Luzerne County . The easiest and most traveled east–west route of the pre- and colonial era became the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike (first used in 1795), which even later became

5696-469: The richest archaeological areas in the southeastern United States, containing substantial indigenous habitation sites dating to as early as 7,500 B.C. Cyrus Thomas , who conducted a survey in the 1880s of earthwork mounds in the area for the Smithsonian Institution , wrote that the Little Tennessee River was "undoubtedly the most interesting archaeological section in the entire Appalachian district." Substantial Archaic period (8000-1000 B.C.) sites along

5785-465: The river include the Icehouse Bottom and the Rose Island sites, both located near the confluence of the Tellico River with the Little Tennessee in present-day Tennessee. These sites were probably semi-permanent base camps, the inhabitants of which may have sought the chert deposits on the bluffs above the river which they used to create tools. Evidence of Woodland period (1000 B.C. - 1000 A.D.) habitation has been uncovered at numerous sites along

5874-407: The river was the spine of most of the major Overhill Cherokee towns, the most prominent of which included Chota , Tanasi , Toqua, Tomotley, Mialoquo (near Rose Island), Chilhowee (at the river's Abrams Creek confluence), Tallassee (near modern Calderwood), Citico, and Tuskegee (adjacent to Fort Loudoun ). Euro-American traders were visiting the Overhill towns along the Little Tennessee by

5963-434: The site of the later Brainerd Mission and Bird's Mill. The east bank of that site is where Dragging Canoe and his Chickamauga Cherokee faction established their base after leaving the Overhill Cherokee towns on the Little Tennessee River . From there, it proceeded north along the modern-day Chickamauga Road until reaching the main route again. Its path was later followed by the improved Chattanooga-Cleveland Pike. From

6052-406: The slaves he held and sometimes devised other punishments even more cruel and unusual: September 3, 1709: I ate roast chicken for dinner. In the afternoon I beat Jenny for throwing water on the couch. December 1, 1709: Eugene was whipped again for pissing in bed and Jenny for concealing it. December 3, 1709: Eugene pissed abed again for which I made him drink a pint of piss. While William Byrd

6141-419: The southern boundary of Great Smoky Mountains National Park . It is also impounded by Cheoah Dam in North Carolina, and by Calderwood and Chilhowee dams in Tennessee. The reservoirs provide flood control and hydroelectric power . Calderwood and Cheoah dams divert water through short tunnels slightly downstream of the dams to hydroelectric generators. Chilhowee has power generators built directly into

6230-429: The southwestern boundary of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park . Numerous dams were erected on the river in the 20th century for flood control and hydropower generation. The river flows through five major impoundments: Fontana Dam , Cheoah Dam , Calderwood Dam , Chilhowee Dam , and Tellico Dam , and one smaller impoundment, Porters Bend Dam. The Little Tennessee River rises in the Blue Ridge Mountains , in

6319-514: The summer of 1696. Due to his education and his father's influence, he was elected to the House of Burgesses in the fall of that year, but he withdrew in October to return to London, where he practiced law. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn October 1697 and soon after defended Governor Sir Edmund Andros in a hearing at Lambeth Palace that unseated Andros for impeding the establishment of the College of William & Mary and replaced him with Francis Nicholson as Governor of Virginia. He became

6408-631: The time of the French and Indian War (1756–63). When King George III issued a proclamation in 1763 forbidding further settlement beyond the mountains and demanding the return of settlers who had already crossed the Alleghenies , a line was designated roughly following the Seneca Trail. In the south, the GIW began at the Gulf of Mexico in the Mobile area and proceeded north by northeast, bisecting another trail known as

6497-498: The time. All but two of his early literary works remained in manuscript form after his death at Westover in 1744, only appearing in print in the early 19th century and later receiving "dismissive commentary" by literary critics. It was not until the last quarter of the 20th century that his writings were assessed with any critical enthusiasm. The History of the Dividing Line is Byrd's most influential piece of literary work and

6586-680: The town of Great Tellico (present-day Tellico Plains ), following Ball Play Creek and the Tellico River . At Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path intersected the Trading Path (later called the "Unicoi Turnpike"), which ran east over the mountains. From Great Tellico, the Warrior's Path followed Conasauga Creek to its confluence with the Hiwassee River , where the town of Great Hiwassee stood. In Virginia, U.S. Route 11 (parallel to Interstate 81 )

6675-517: The west, so the major crossing became at Point of Rocks, Maryland or Brunswick, Maryland , then continued to Frederick, Maryland . This route did not cross the Alleghenies, instead following their foothills, especially along Monocacy River , roughly along the old alignment of U.S. Route 15 (the Catoctin Highway, now Maryland Route 28 and Maryland Route 85 ). One branch continued west toward

6764-402: Was a social man who focused on developing wordsmanship and polite manners. His father died in 1705 and Byrd returned to Virginia. He was the primary heir to his father's fortune, making him one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He became the receiver general; the post was separated from the auditorship following his father's death. On September 12, 1709, nearly four year after he applied, he

6853-613: Was an American planter, lawyer, surveyor and writer. Born in the English colony of Virginia , Byrd was educated in London , where he practiced law. Upon his father's death, Byrd returned to Virginia in 1705. He served as a member of the Virginia Governor's Council from 1709 to 1744. Byrd was also the House of Burgesses 's colonial agent in London during the 1720's. His life reflected aspects of both

6942-590: Was an avid planter, politician, and statesman, he was also a man of letters. He collected books written in English, French, Italian, Dutch, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin on a wide range of subjects. Considered one of the greatest colonial libraries, he had 3,500 volumes, including biography, history, architecture, science, divinity and law. He also had books about gardening, art, medicine, drama, and etiquette. A prolific writer, Byrd wrote essays, histories, and speeches. He also wrote caricatures, poetry, and diaries. He corresponded with noted naturalists, statesmen, and writers of

7031-675: Was appointed to a seat on the Virginia Governor's Council , a position he held until his death. Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood reorganized the collection of quitrents in order to enlarge the royal revenue. Byrd felt that he was responsible for the operations of the receiver's office and had objected to Spotwood's actions and saw it as a personal affront. Byrd sailed for England in March or April 1715 at least in part to have Spotswood removed from office. Soon after, his wife joined him in England and died of smallpox . Within two months, he began to look for women to court. While in England, he sold

7120-450: Was appointed to survey the Virginia and North Carolina border by the next Lieutenant Governor Sir William Gooch . The Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730 was passed and Byrd's land was chosen for construction of a warehouse, of direct benefit to him. He is responsible for the establishment of the cities of Petersburg and, on his own land, Richmond, Virginia in 1733. Gooch appointed Byrd to

7209-577: Was born on March 28, 1674, in Henrico County, Virginia . His father was a planter , public official, and a Native American trader. When he was two, his mother took him with her to visit relatives in Purleigh , England. He was in England and living with his mother's relatives in 1681, when he was enrolled in Felsted School , where he studied Hebrew, Italian, and French. It was his father's goal that Byrd

7298-567: Was built along the GIW route. From the Cumberland Gap and Appalachian mountains at the Tennessee border, the fork called the Chesapeake Branch led northeast, passing 3 miles (5 km) west of what is now Bristol , then through the sites of present-day Abingdon , Glade Spring , Marion , Rural Retreat , Fort Chiswell (another possible westward gap route), Draper , Ingle's or Pepper's ferry , Salem , Roanoke and Amsterdam , then up

7387-661: Was buried at Westover Plantation in Charles City County. Little Tennessee River The Little Tennessee River (known locally as the Little T ) is a 135-mile (217 km) tributary of the Tennessee River that flows through the Blue Ridge Mountains from Georgia , into North Carolina , and then into Tennessee , in the southeastern United States. It drains portions of three national forests— Chattahoochee , Nantahala , and Cherokee — and provides

7476-407: Was educated to become a gentleman and had first-hand experiences with aristocrat. He was an apprentice in London and Rotterdam for two years for tobacco trading companies, where he learned about commerce. During that time, he acquired the social graces of a gentleman. He then studied law at Middle Temple from 1692 to 1695, when he was admitted to the bar to practice law. The following year he

7565-424: Was elected as a Fellow in the Royal Society with the support of Sir Robert Southwell , his father's friend. By this time, Byrd spent much of his childhood in England, but born in Virginia, where he was expected to return, he was not accepted as an Englishman. This made it difficult for him to marry into an aristocratic family or become a politician in England. After a 15-year absence, he returned to Virginia in

7654-469: Was inhabited before the arrival of the Europeans, by the 18th century most of the region was abandoned. Only smaller villages and settlements of different tribes occupied the valley, which was used as a hunting ground, a travel route, and a warpath between the two great clusters of Eastern Indians in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the north, the line of the Seneca Trail formed the boundary of "the frontier" by

7743-406: Was named, and Wilhelmina Byrd, who married Thomas Chamberlayne. Despite the couple's differences, aspects of their relationship appear tender and romantic. Following Byrd to London, she died of smallpox in 1716. Byrd suffered greatly, blaming himself for her death. He wrote of the "insupportable pain in her head… the smallpox… we thought it best to tell her the danger. She received the news without

7832-498: Was not as easily governed by these powerful men as William Byrd II... indicates.' Their children were: Anne Carter, Maria Taylor Carter, Colonel William Byrd III , and Jane Page. Taylor appears to have tactically bided her time as Byrd aged, controlling the education of their children together and preparing to take control of Westover in her widowhood. She outlived Byrd by 37 years, supported by an annual pension in Byrd's will for £200 on

7921-540: Was promised a £1,000 dowry when he married Lucy, but rather than delivering it upon their marriage, he was bequeathed the amount at Parke's death. Byrd assumed debts of the Parke estate, which was a financial burden throughout the rest of his life. In exchange for accepting the debts, he took over lands that had been left to his wife's sister. Byrd and Lucy Parke Byrd quarreled frequently. Byrd sometimes noted that after these arguments, they made up and he "rogered her" or "gave her

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