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85-588: The Tellico River and its main tributaries are renowned for their brook , brown , and rainbow trout fishing. Upstream from Tellico Lake, above Tellico Plains, Tennessee , the Tellico is a premier trout stream. It meanders through a mountain gorge before reaching the broad plains downstream of Tellico Plains. The Tellico River rises in the Unicoi Mountains (a subrange of the Blue Ridge Mountains ) near

170-409: A dark green to brown color, with a distinctive marbled pattern (called vermiculation ) of lighter shades across the flanks and back and extending at least to the dorsal fin , and often to the tail. A distinctive sprinkling of red dots, surrounded by blue halos, occurs along the flanks. The belly and lower fins are reddish in color, the latter with white leading edges. Often, the belly, particularly of

255-583: A day to carefully maneuver their way down the cascades, only to find the Holston frozen over immediately downstream. The ice slowed the expedition's progress, but rains on the night of December 14 thawed the ice. The party passed through the mouth of the Holston (where modern Knoxville developed ) into what is now known as the Tennessee River on December 15. The deeper waters of the Tennessee River allowed

340-617: A great many established wild, self-sustaining populations of brook trout in non-native waters. The brook trout inhabits large and small lakes , rivers , streams , creeks, and spring ponds in cold temperate climates with mild precipitation . Clear spring water with adequate cover and moderate flow rates is indicative of strong habitability for Brook trout. They exhibit high levels of adaptability when exposed to habitat changes from environmental effects, and have been observed to exhibit more resilience to habitat change than other Salvelinus species. The typical pH range of brook trout waters

425-500: A march south. On November 19, 1761, as Fort Robinson was nearing completion, a 400-man Cherokee force led by Chief Kanagatucko (or "Old Hop") arrived at the British camp and asked for peace, which was immediately granted by Col. Stephen. Kanagatucko asked for an officer to accompany him to the Overhill towns as proof that hostilities had ended. Stephen was reluctant to allow it, but granted

510-473: A more silvery color, losing much of the distinctive markings seen in freshwater. However, within two weeks of returning to freshwater, they assume typical brook trout color and markings. Salters have faced threats such as habitat destruction , water pollution , and water way damming that have led to their declining population numbers across the Northeastern United States . The brook trout has

595-424: A short-lived form of brook trout that inhabit smaller bodies of water and exhibit less predacious behavior than coasters. They may spend up to three months at sea feeding on crustaceans, fish, and marine worms in the spring. During this time they won't stray more than a few miles from the river mouth, but then return to freshwater tributaries to spawn in the late summer or autumn. While in saltwater, salters gain

680-417: A significant factor in the disappearance of brook trout from their native habitats. In the U.S., acid rain caused by air pollution has resulted in pH levels too low to sustain brook trout in all but the highest headwaters of some Appalachian streams and creeks. Brook trout populations across large parts of eastern Canada have been similarly challenged; a subspecies known as the aurora trout was extirpated from

765-575: A species not native to North America, has replaced the brook trout in much of the brook trout's native water. If already stressed by overharvesting or by temperature, brook trout populations are very susceptible to damage by the introduction of exogenous species. Many lacustrine populations of brook trout have been extirpated by the introduction of other species, particularly percids , but sometimes other spiny-rayed fishes . In addition to chemical pollution and algae growth caused by runoff containing chemicals and fertilizers, air pollution has also been

850-894: A threat to native brook trout populations. Arguments against artificial propagation of brook trout claim that it can cause a degradation of the overall genetic pool due to the possibility of inbreeding among individuals. This lack of genetic variation could lead to certain populations of brook trout to become extirpated from their deficiency in adaptability . As early as the late 19th century, native brook trout in North America became extirpated from many watercourses as land development, forest clear-cutting , and industrialization took hold. Streams and creeks that were polluted, dammed, or silted up often became too warm to hold native brook trout, and were colonized by transplanted smallmouth bass and perch or other introduced salmonids such as brown and rainbow trout . The brown trout ,

935-530: Is 5.0 to 7.5, with pH extremes of 3.5 to 9.8 possible. Water temperatures typically range from 34 to 72 °F (1 to 22 °C). Warm summer temperatures and low flow rates are stressful on brook trout populations—especially larger fish. Brook trout have a diverse diet that includes larval , pupal , adult forms of aquatic insects (typically caddisflies , stoneflies , mayflies , and aquatic dipterans ), adult forms of terrestrial insects (typically ants , beetles , grasshoppers , and crickets ) that fall into

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1020-535: Is a subspecies native to two lakes in the Temagami District of Ontario , Canada. The silver trout ( S. agassizii or S. f. agassizii ) is an extinct trout species or subspecies last seen in Dublin Pond , New Hampshire , in 1930. It is considered by fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke as a highly specialized form of brook trout. The brook trout produces hybrids both with its congeners

1105-800: Is an intrageneric hybrid between the brook trout and the Arctic char. The US Forest Service has recognized two ecological forms of brook trout, salters and coasters . The forms express the same general features but vary in size, behavior, and location. A potamodromous population of brook trout native to lacustrine regions, which migrate into tributary rivers to spawn , are called "coasters". Coasters tend to be larger than most other populations of brook trout, often reaching 6 to 7 lb (2.7 to 3.2 kg) in size. They also commonly live for longer periods of time and exhibit more predacious behavior than their counterparts. Many coaster populations have been severely reduced by overfishing and habitat loss by

1190-661: Is behaviorally problematic and very little natural reproduction occurs. Splake grow more quickly than brook trout, become piscivorous sooner, and are more tolerant of competitors than brook trout. The tiger trout is an intergeneric hybrid between the brook trout and the brown trout. Tiger trout rarely occur naturally but are sometimes artificially propagated . Such crosses are almost always reproductively sterile . They are popular with many fish-stocking programs because they can grow quickly, and may help keep coarse fish (wild non "sport" fish) populations in check due to their highly piscivorous (fish-eating) nature. The sparctic char

1275-508: Is characterized by its distinctive olive-green body with yellow and blue-rimmed red spots, white and black edged orange fins , and dorsal vermiculation . The diet of the brook trout is restrictive to the season and location of the fish, but will typically consist of terrestrial and aquatic insects , fry , crustaceans , zooplankton , and worms . Throughout history, non-native brook trout have been transplanted beyond its native borders, where it has spread across North America and much of

1360-479: Is filtered and reused). The fish are typically fed a pelleted food consisting of 40–50% protein and 15% fat made from fish oil , animal protein, plant protein and vitamins and minerals. Finally, once the fish have reached a viable size, around 2 inches in length, they are released into the wild. This means of brook trout aquaculture has sparked controversy due to potential decrease in the fishes fitness, adaptability, and environmental resilience, effectively posing

1445-571: Is now Tennessee. While Grant proceeded to destroy the Cherokee Middle towns in North Carolina, William Byrd dispatched Colonel Adam Stephen into the Holston River valley to attack the Overhill towns. Timberlake accompanied Stephen to Long Island of the Holston (in modern-day Sullivan County, Tennessee ), where they began building a base known as "Fort Robinson", and made preparations for

1530-514: Is the journal he kept while living with the Cherokee. The volume was published in 1765, likely following Timberlake's death in September of that year. The journal is of importance both as an ethnological study, as it contains detailed descriptions of various facets of Cherokee society, and as a historical account, as it gives insight into Cherokee political decision-making and the tribe's early reactions to

1615-707: The Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and northwest South Carolina , Canada from the Hudson Bay basin east, the Great Lakes – Saint Lawrence system, the Canadian maritime provinces , and the upper Mississippi River drainage as far west as eastern Iowa . Their southern historic native range has been drastically reduced, with fish being restricted to higher-elevation, remote streams due to habitat loss and introductions of brown and rainbow trout. As early as 1850,

1700-676: The Cherokee County / Graham County line, in North Carolina's Nantahala National Forest . The North Carolina side includes the Upper Tellico Off-highway vehicle area. After the river crosses into Tennessee and enters the Cherokee National Forest , it is joined by its major tributaries, the Bald and North rivers. After exiting the mountains, the river enters Tellico Plains , a relatively flat and isolated area carved out by

1785-452: The Lamar River watershed, a mandatory kill regulation for any brook trout caught is in effect. In Europe, introduced brook trout, once established, have had negative impacts on growth rates of native brown trout ( S. trutta ). Henry Timberlake Henry Timberlake (1730 or 1735 – September 30, 1765) was a colonial Anglo-American officer , journalist , and cartographer . He

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1870-585: The Mississippi River . European Americans settled in much of the area, initially cultivating it for agriculture. In the early 20th century, the Tellico River basin was logged by the Babcock Lumber Company . The present-day road along the Tellico River from Tellico Plains was built on the old Babcock logging railroad bed. After cutting most of the standing Tellico River basin forests, Babock sold

1955-464: The Overhill Cherokee laid siege to Fort Loudoun , a remote British outpost on the lower Little Tennessee River east of its tributary Telloquo River (in what is now Tennessee ). They were trying to expel the British from this area. The garrison held out until August of that year, but was forced to surrender due to lack of provisions. A relief column under Archibald Montgomerie failed to reach

2040-558: The Proclamation Line of 1763 , which restricted colonists to settlements east of the Appalachians, because they suffered continuing encroachment by white settlers on Cherokee land. The governor denied their request, but Timberlake agreed to help them. He accompanied three Cherokee to London in the fall of 1764. Not long after their arrival, the benefactor of the trip fell ill and died. George Montagu-Dunk (Lord Halifax) refused to grant

2125-516: The US Forest Service . One ecological form is short-lived potamodromous populations in Lake Superior known as coaster trout or coasters . The second ecological form is the long-living predaceous anadromous populations which are found in northern lakes and coastal rivers from Long Island to Hudson Bay , which are referred to as salters . In parts of its range, it is also known as

2210-617: The aurora trout , are listed as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada . The scientific name of the brook trout is Salvelinus fontinalis . Initially, the brook trout was scientifically described as Salmo fontinalis by the naturalist Samuel Latham Mitchill in 1814. The species was later moved to the char genus Salvelinus , which in North America also includes

2295-407: The eastern brook trout , speckled trout , brook char (or charr ), squaretail , brookie , or mud trout , among others. Adult coaster brook trout are capable of reaching sizes over 2   feet in length and weigh up to 6.8   kg (15   lb), whereas adult salters average between 6 and 15   inches in length and weigh between 0.5 and 2.3   kg (1 and 5   lb). The brook trout

2380-494: The lake trout (S.  namaycush ) and the Arctic char ( S. alpinus ), and intergeneric hybrids with the brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). The splake is an intrageneric hybrid between the brook trout and lake trout ( S. namaycush ). Although uncommon in nature, they are artificially propagated in substantial numbers for stocking into brook trout or lake trout habitats. Although they are fertile , back-crossing in nature

2465-452: The lake trout , bull trout , Dolly Varden , and the Arctic char . The specific epithet " fontinalis " comes from the Latin for "of a spring or fountain", in reference to the clear, cold streams and ponds in its native habitat. There is little recognized systematic substructure in the brook trout, but the two subspecies have been proposed. The aurora trout ( S. f. timagamiensis )

2550-553: The list of the top 100 globally invasive species . Since the 19th century, isolated native eastern brook trout populations have faced extirpation due to stream pollution , habitat destruction , invasive species , and waterway damming . Although facing these pressures, the brook trout is not listed as an endangered species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature , but native population decline has been observed. Some local subspecies of brook trout, such as

2635-657: The 19th century. The Tellico River was a central part of the traditional homelands of the Cherokee people , who occupied territory in what are now organized as South Carolina, northwestern North Carolina, southeastern Tennessee, and northeastern Georgia. The Overhill Cherokee occupied towns on the west side of the Appalachian Mountains, along the lower Little Tennessee River and upper Tennessee River . The numerous Cherokee towns in this area were recorded by British colonist Henry Timberlake during his 1761-1762 Expedition to

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2720-604: The British commander in North America, directed a larger invasion force against the Cherokee Middle Towns, sending James Grant with forces. These were located along the upper Little Tennessee River valley in North Carolina . William Byrd was assigned to threaten the Overhill towns, which were located on the other side of the Appalachian mountains, along the lower Little Tennessee and upper Tennessee rivers, in what

2805-571: The Cherokee Country", from his 1761-1762 Timberlake Expedition to the Overhill Cherokee . Fort Loudoun , a reconstructed 18th-century British fort that is now the focus of a state park, was built on an island at the Tellico River's confluence with the Little Tennessee River. In 1760 the Cherokee laid siege to the fort and defeated the garrison, in an effort to expel the British from their territory, but were later forced out themselves in

2890-572: The Cherokee an audience, as the trip was unauthorized. However, on 12 February 1765 they 'attended at the Plantation office and communicated the messages entrusted to them by their nation’. They also ‘exhibited a complaint of encroachment upon their lands. The Committee gave them “assurances of ample redress” ’ and the Colony Agent for Virginia, Edward Montagu, was charged with costing their return to South Carolina and 'the provision of gifts'. Timberlake

2975-569: The Cherokee councilhouse (the central public structure in a typical Cherokee village and usually built on top of a prehistoric platform mound) has aided archaeologists in locating such structures at modern excavation sites. Timberlake's map, entitled A Draught of the Cherokee Country , was published to accompany the journal. On it he located all the Cherokee villages on the lower Little Tennessee River and provided important demographic information about village sizes, populations, and leaders. Modern studies have generally confirmed that Timberlake's map

3060-509: The French Broad River the following day. A week later, they reached Fort Robinson. The Stephen garrison had abandoned it but left supplies of a large amount of flour. The expedition left Long Island of the Holston on March 22, continuing northward to an army camp where Timberlake had earlier left some belongings. He was deeply disappointed to find that his trunk had been looted, and most of his goods had been stolen. The party went through

3145-538: The Overhill region. He created a highly detailed map, "Draught of the Cherokee Country" (see on this page), and a memoir recording many details of the chiefs and the populations of the towns. After continuing conflicts during the American Revolutionary War , the United States moved to enforce Indian Removal of most of the Cherokee and other Southeast tribes by the late 1830s to Indian Territory , west of

3230-418: The Overhill towns were situated. Timberlake's party left Long Island on November 28, 1761. The Holston River's unusually low water levels almost immediately stalled the journey, as the party was forced to drag their canoe over exposed shoals and sandbars. The party ran out of provisions after several days, but McCormack managed to shoot a bear, supplying them with several days' worth of meat. Around December 7,

3315-589: The Timberlake expedition to proceed much more quickly. A hunting party led by Cherokee chief Slave Catcher met the Timberlake expedition near the mouth of the Little Tennessee River. They supplied the weary expedition with provisions of "dried venison, homminy , and boiled corn". The following day, Slave Catcher guided the expedition by canoe up the Little Tennessee, although the Timberlake party struggled to keep up. Timberlake recalled, "my hands were so galled, that

3400-442: The accepted formula for calculating weight by measurements, and it currently stands as the record brook trout for Manitoba . Since the 1800s, brook trout populations have been grown by artificial propagation and aquaculture . Artificial propagation in fish is the process by which eggs are inseminated , hatched, and grown in a controlled environment that minimizes unfavorable environmental pressures. The fish are then released into

3485-627: The age of 4. The brook trout is a popular game fish with anglers , particularly fly fishermen . Until it was displaced by introduced brown trout (1883) and rainbow trout (1875), the brook trout attracted the most attention of anglers from colonial times through the first 100 years of U.S. history. Sporting writers such as Genio Scott Fishing in American Waters (1869), Thaddeus Norris American Anglers Book (1864), Robert Barnwell Roosevelt Game Fish of North America (1864) and Charles Hallock The Fishing Tourist (1873) produced guides to

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3570-666: The best-known brook trout waters in America. As brook trout populations declined in the mid-19th century near urban areas, anglers flocked to the Adirondacks in upstate New York and the Rangeley lakes region in Maine to pursue brook trout. In July 1916 on the Nipigon River in northern Ontario, an Ontario physician, John W. Cook, caught a 14.5 lb (6.6 kg) brook trout, which stands as

3655-483: The blood trickled from them, and when we set out the next morning I was scarce able to handle a pole." The Timberlake party arrived in the Overhill town of Tomotley on December 20, where they were greeted by the town's head man, Chief Ostenaco . After spending several days in Tomotley as guests of Ostenaco, Timberlake and McCormack proceeded to the Overhill mother town of Chota , where a number of chiefs had gathered in

3740-511: The bridge below Jared's Knee, but usually in late winter/early spring or during periods of very high water; Baby Falls was first ran by a raft in the early 1990s). While there is continuous access to the river from the road, these runs are popular: According to the United States Geological Survey, variant names of the Tellico River include Delaquay River, Talequo River, Terrique River, and Tellequo River. The latter spelling

3825-735: The brook trout's range started to extend west from its native range through introductions . The brook trout was eventually introduced into suitable habitats throughout the western U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries at the behest of the American Acclimatization Society and by private, state, and federal fisheries authorities. Acclimatization movements in Europe, South America, and Oceania resulted in brook trout introductions throughout Europe, in Argentina , and New Zealand . Although not all introductions were successful,

3910-691: The chief. In May 1762, Timberlake, Sumter, and three distinguished Cherokee leaders, including Ostenaco, departed for London . Arriving in early June, the Cherokee chiefs were an immediate attraction, drawing crowds all over the city. The poet Oliver Goldsmith waited for three hours to meet the Cherokee, and offered a gift to Ostenaco. They sat for Sir Joshua Reynolds to paint their portraits, and they met personally with King George III . The Cherokee completed their return voyage to North America with Sergeant Sumter on about August 25, 1762. Timberlake remained in England dealing with some financial difficulties. He

3995-501: The construction of hydroelectric power dams on Lake Superior tributaries. In Ontario , Michigan , and Minnesota efforts are underway to restore and recover coaster populations. When Europeans first settled in Eastern North America , semi- anadromous or sea-run brook trout, commonly called "salters", ranged from southern New Jersey , north throughout the Canadian maritime provinces , and west to Hudson Bay . Salters are

4080-419: The deposition of up to 5,000 eggs in gravel beds by the female brook trout, the eggs enter an incubation period from the winter months to early spring. During this incubation period , the eggs source oxygen from the stream that passes through the gravel beds and into their gel-like shells . The eggs will then successively hatch into miniature fry that rely upon their yolk sac for nutrients to compensate for

4165-407: The eggs as the female expresses them. Most spawning involve peripheral males, which directly influences the number of eggs that survive into adulthood. In general, the larger the number of peripheral males present, the more likely the eggs will be cannibalized. The eggs are slightly denser than water. The female then buries the eggs in a small gravel mound where they hatch in 4 to 6 weeks. Following

4250-399: The eggs have begun to hatch, the fry are transported into rearing tanks where they will grow and develop before their release into the wild. Their rearing tanks typically consist of large circular tanks with a constant water flow going through them to allow a current to circulate through the tank and keep it clean (some more elaborate systems operate on a re-circulation system where the water

4335-487: The encroaching European colonists. Along with Cherokee methods of warfare, Timberlake described their agricultural and hunting customs, religious beliefs, birth and death rites, and marital habits. He described Cherokee government as a "mixed aristocracy and democracy," with chiefs chosen on the basis of merit. He also described Cherokee methods for building canoes and dwellings, and the general size and form of Cherokee summer and winter houses. Timberlake's description of

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4420-629: The fort after burning the Cherokee Lower Towns along the Savannah River in South Carolina and being stopped at the Battle of Echoee . In spite of the garrison's leaving Fort Loudoun under a flag of truce , the Cherokee killed 22 of its members on their march back across the mountains, in retaliation for the colonists' earlier killing of 22 Cherokee in South Carolina. In 1761, Jeffery Amherst ,

4505-491: The future city of Pittsburgh), but illness kept him from proceeding further. In 1759, he took part in several minor operations in the present-day Pittsburgh area, mostly overseeing the construction of defensive works. In 1760, British relations with the Cherokee , which had been moderately friendly for several decades, grew sour after South Carolina authorities killed 22 Cherokee chiefs captured in battle and held prisoner (as hostages) at Fort Prince George . In early 1760,

4590-464: The lack of nutrients provided by the parental trout during the early stages of development. In the ensuing stage of their life cycle, the fry will seek cover from predatory species in rock crevices and inlets. During this period of hiding, the trout will begin to mature into fingerlings by summer and start expressing parr marks to aid in camouflage. At this point, most brook trout will be between 2 and 3 inches in length. Finally, in succeeding months,

4675-482: The land to the United States Forest Service . The Tellico River's rocky descent provides class III-IV whitewater recreation. The runs are especially popular during the spring because of higher water levels. The narrow extreme rapids on the Tellico River are well suited for kayaks, canoes, C1s and duckies, but not for larger rafts (although rafts can and do run the section from just above Baby Falls to

4760-494: The males, becomes very red or orange when the fish are spawning. Typical lengths of the brook trout vary from 25 to 65 cm (9.8 to 25.6 in), and weights from 0.3 to 3 kg (0.66 to 6.61 lb). The maximum recorded length is 86 cm (34 in) and maximum weight 6.6 kg (15 lb). Brook trout can reach at least seven years of age, with reports of 15-year-old specimens observed in California habitats to which

4845-506: The meaning of the word was lost. Brook trout † S. f. agassizii (Garman, 1885) S. f. timagamiensis Henn & Rinckenbach, 1925 The brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ) is a species of freshwater fish in the char genus Salvelinus of the salmon family Salmonidae native to Eastern North America in the United States and Canada . Two ecological forms of brook trout have been recognized by

4930-627: The mountains and finally reached Williamsburg, Virginia in the Tidewater area along the James River in early April. While in Williamsburg, Timberlake and Ostenaco attended a dinner party at the College of William & Mary ; that evening Ostenaco said he would like to meet the king of England. Although he feared the trip would break him financially, Timberlake agreed to arrange such a trip and meeting for

5015-460: The north. Although the rumors were found to be based on a misunderstanding, Timberlake grew anxious and begged Ostenaco to guide him back to Virginia. Ostenaco reluctantly agreed, and the party set out on March 10, 1762. Just before departure, Timberlake witnessed the ceremonial return of a war party led by Chief Willinawaw. The party sang "the war-song" and planted a scalp-filled pole next to the councilhouse door. The Timberlake party decided to make

5100-624: The northern Rocky Mountains, non-native brook trout are considered a significant contributor to the decline or extirpation of native cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarki ) in headwater streams. Invasive brook trout populations may provoke territorial competition with the native cutthroat trout that can impede the recovery efforts of cutthroat trout by environmental agencies. Non-native brook trout populations have been subject to eradication programs in efforts to preserve native species. In Yellowstone National Park , anglers may take an unlimited number of non-native brook trout in some watersheds. In

5185-421: The party explored a stalactite-filled cave situated approximately 50 feet above the river. Timberlake described an incident in which Sumter swam nearly a half-mile in near-freezing river waters to retrieve their canoe, which had somehow drifted away while they were exploring the cave. On December 13, the expedition reached a series of treacherous cascades that Timberlake called "Great Falls". The party had to take

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5270-519: The request when Timberlake volunteered. Timberlake was accompanied by Sergeant Thomas Sumter , an interpreter named John McCormack, and an unnamed servant. The group purchased a canoe and ten days' worth of provisions with money Sumter had borrowed. The plan was to follow the Holston River to its confluence with the French Broad River , and proceed to the lower Little Tennessee River , where

5355-463: The return trip overland, having purchased horses from the Cherokee. Ostenaco, accompanied by several hundred Cherokee warriors, guided the Timberlake group northward via the Great Indian Warpath , which follows the western base of the Appalachian Mountains. On March 11, the party arrived at the abandoned village of Elajoy along Little River (near present-day Maryville, Tennessee ), and crossed

5440-548: The river and several tributaries, namely Morgan Creek and Smoky Run. A 4-mile (6.4 km) stretch of the river above Tellico Plains runs parallel to the Cherohala Skyway . Beyond Tellico Plains, the river winds its way northward through rural Monroe County, Tennessee , before entering the slack waters of Tellico Lake . This lower section of the river absorbs several major streams, including Ballplay Creek and Notchy Creek. These names are from Henry Timberlake 's "Draught of

5525-731: The southern Appalachian region. For instance, during the Tellico Archaeological Project prior to construction of the Tellico Dam , which included a series of salvage excavations conducted in the lower Little Tennessee River basin in the 1970s, archaeologists used Timberlake's map, known as Draught of the Cherokee Country , to help locate major Overhill village sites. Henry Timberlake was born in Hanover County , Virginia to Francis and Sarah (née Austin) Timberlake. The Dictionary of American Biography says that Timberlake

5610-492: The species has been introduced. Growth rates are dependent on season, age, water and ambient air temperatures, and flow rates . In general, flow rates affect the rate of change in the relationship between temperature and growth rate. For example, in spring, growth increased with temperature at a faster rate with high flow rates than with low flow rates. Brook trout are native to a wide area of Eastern North America , but are increasingly confined to higher elevations southward in

5695-448: The temperature of the adult trout's propagation tank to mimic the seasonal changes associated with brook trout spawning season . The acclimated trout are then collected, and the eggs are gently massaged out of the female trout into a collection vessel, and then inseminated with the milt of a male brook. Next, the inseminated eggs are strained of the milt and transferred to a jar for several weeks to develop into viable embryos . Once

5780-402: The town's chief, Yachtino, held a peace procession similar to that at Citico. His assignment largely completed, Timberlake returned to Tomotley with Ostenaco on January 2, 1762. He spent the next few weeks studying Cherokee habits and making notes for his map of the Overhill country. At the end of January, rumors began trickling in from Cherokee scouts of renewed hostilities with rival tribes to

5865-538: The town's large councilhouse. Ostenaco gave a speech and ceremoniously buried a hatchet in the ground, symbolizing a state of peace between the English and the Cherokee. Afterward, Timberlake participated in a peace ceremony in which he smoked several ceremonial pipes of tobacco with the gathered chiefs. He said he found this practice "very disagreeable," but he took part without openly complaining. Timberlake and Ostenaco continued southward to Citico , where Timberlake

5950-401: The trout will fully mature into a trout that is approximately between 10 and 34 inches long and capable of spawning in the fall months. These fully developed adult brook trout will express a vibrant olive-green back, cherry red underbelly, black accented fins, and wavy dorsal patterns. A typical adult brook trout will live to the age of 3 to 4 years old, with occasional brooks living to over

6035-401: The water, crustaceans , frogs and other amphibians , molluscs , smaller fish, invertebrates, and even small aquatic mammals such as voles and sometimes other young brook trout. The female constructs a depression in a location in the stream bed , sometimes referred to as a "redd", where groundwater percolates upward through the gravel. One or more males approach the female, fertilizing

6120-550: The western part of the colony. Shortly thereafter, he applied for a commission in the Virginia regiment—then commanded by George Washington —but was denied due to a lack of vacancies. In 1758, Timberlake successfully applied for a commission in Colonel William Byrd 's recently formed 2nd Virginia Regiment. Commissioned as an ensign , the entry rank, Timberlake accompanied the regiment on its march to Fort Duquesne (site of

6205-722: The wild by the effects of acid rain. Organizations such as Trout Unlimited and Trout Unlimited Canada are partnering with other organizations such as the Southern Appalachian Brook Trout Foundation, the Eastern Brook Trout Joint Venture, and state, provincial, and federal agencies to undertake projects that restore native brook trout habitat and populations. Although brook trout populations are under stress in their native range, they are considered an invasive species where they have been introduced outside their historic native range. In

6290-457: The wild when they have reached the appropriate age and size. This process was introduced as a way to counteract the effects of overfishing and aquatic habitat loss and to reinforce brook trout populations across the Northeastern United States . Hatchery rearing was also introduced to raise brook trout in large numbers for food production and sale for human consumption. The process of artificial propagation in brook trout begins by decreasing

6375-456: The world record. Today, many anglers practice catch-and-release tactics to preserve remaining populations. Organizations such as Trout Unlimited have been at the forefront of efforts to institute air and water quality standards sufficient to protect the brook trout. Revenues derived from the sale of fishing licenses have been used to restore many sections of creeks and streams to brook trout habitat. The current world angling record brook trout

6460-429: The world. These brook trout have been introduced since the 1800s by means of artificial propagation and aquaculture in hope of promoting fishery resources. Through this transplantation, brook trout have been observed to affect native populations by outcompeting, preying upon, and hybridizing with many native aquatic species. This invasive nature via human-mediated introductory has led to their classification in

6545-830: Was accused of attempting to profit off the public attention given to the Cherokee. The government sent the Cherokee back to North America in March 1765. Shortly after their departure, Timberlake was arrested for failing to pay the debt for the last bill for lodging of himself and the Cherokee. He likely wrote his Memoirs while incarcerated. Timberlake had fathered a son named Richard Timberlake, by one of Ostenaco 's daughters, Sakinney. In his old age, former chief Ostenaco lived in retirement with his grandson, Richard Timberlake. While still in London in early 1763, Timberlake married an English woman, Eleanor Binel. They married on 27 January 1763 at St. George's Church, Mayfair. Timberlake's primary legacy

6630-575: Was among a number of officers to be reduced to half pay following the end of the Seven Years' War . Timberlake left the militia and returned home to Virginia to petition the General Assembly to compensate him for his expenses for the journey, but was denied. In the summer of 1764, five Cherokee visited Timberlake, seeking an audience with the governor of Virginia and requesting passage to London . The Cherokee wished to appeal to King George to enforce

6715-435: Was appointed by Jeffery Amherst , who had been promoted to Crown Governor of Virginia, as a lieutenant in the "42nd or Royal Highland Regiment of foot". Timberlake's increased pay from this commission enabled the officer to pay for his return voyage to Virginia in March 1763. After reaching Virginia, Timberlake set out for New York to meet with Amherst to receive his commission. Not long afterwards, he received notice that he

6800-688: Was born in 1730; Timberlake's age as recorded on his marriage license implies that he was born in 1735. According to his memoir, Timberlake was a grandson of Henry Timberlake , a member of the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London and the Virginia Company . The senior Henry Timberlake had traveled to Virginia from England, trading and acquiring property there and in Bermuda. But his family did not leave England, and he returned there, where he died in August 1626 and

6885-754: Was born in the Colony of Virginia and died in England. He is best known for his work as an emissary from the British colonies to the Overhill Cherokee during the 1761–1762 Timberlake Expedition . Timberlake's account of his journeys to the Cherokee , published posthumously as his memoirs in 1765, became a primary source for later studies of the people's eighteenth-century culture. His detailed descriptions of Cherokee towns, townhouses (also known as councilhouses), weapons, and tools have been invaluable to later historians and anthropologists . The details have helped them identify Cherokee structures and cultural objects uncovered at modern archaeological excavation sites throughout

6970-481: Was buried. Timberlake's father, Francis, settled in Virginia. After his father Francis died, Timberlake inherited a small fortune, but he still had to support himself, and sought a military career in the colony. In 1756, at the outset of the French and Indian War , Timberlake joined a Virginia militia company known as the "Patriot Blues". It had embarked on a campaign to expel French and allied Native American raiders from

7055-661: Was caught by Dr. W. J. Cook on the Nipigon River, Ontario, in July 1915. The 31 in (79 cm) trout weighed only 14.5 lb (6.6 kg) because, at the time of weighing, it was badly decomposed after 21 days in the bush without refrigeration. A 29 in (74 cm) brook trout, caught in October 2006 in Manitoba, is not eligible for record status since it was released alive. This trout weighed about 15.98 lb (7.25 kg) based on

7140-479: Was greeted by a ceremonial dance involving some 400 Cherokee. Timberlake recalled that the dancers were "painted all over in a hideous manner" and that they "danced in a very uncommon figure". The town's chief, Cheulah, presented Timberlake with a string of beads and held another pipe-smoking ceremony. The non-stop pipe smoking made Timberlake so sick that he "could not stir for several hours". The following day, Timberlake and Ostenaco traveled to Chilhowee , where

7225-437: Was used by Henry Timberlake on his map, "Draught of the Cherokee Country", based on his 1761-1762 Timberlake Expedition to the Overhill Cherokee . The word "Tellico" was the name of several Cherokee towns, the largest of which was Great Tellico , located on the Tellico River near what developed as present-day Tellico Plains, Tennessee . In Cherokee the word is more properly written Talikwa . According to James Mooney ,

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