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48-554: Semi-detached housing consists of pairs of houses built side by side. Semi-detached may also refer to: Semi-detached Semi-detached houses are the most common property type in the United Kingdom (UK). They accounted for 32% of UK housing transactions and 32% of the English housing stock in 2008. Between 1945 and 1964, 41% of all properties built were semis. After 1980, the proportion of semis built fell to 15%. Housing for

96-424: A privy inside the house was unhealthy. Cold water came from a stand pipe in the yard, and lighting was by candle or by gas mantles . Heating and cooking was done by coal, and hot water was boiled in kettles on the living room range . Kitchens were rare – the wet activities were done outside or in the scullery . Later, water was piped to the house, and some living room fires had a back boiler for heating. During

144-423: A suburban compromise between the terraced houses close to the city centre, and the detached " villas " further out, where land was cheaper. There are occasional examples of such houses in town centres going back to medieval times. Most early examples are in areas such as Blackheath , Chalk Farm and St John's Wood , then considered suburbs but now part of Inner London . Richard Gillow of Lancaster (1734–1811)

192-520: A building comprising two flats/apartments, one above the other; this is also referred to as a "two-flat'. Semi-detached houses are typically referred to as 'twins' or 'double-blocks' in the Mid-Atlantic region (particularly in Pennsylvania ). In Australia , a semi-detached house is also known as a "duplex". Townhouses may be apparently similar to semi-detached houses, but a semi-detached house sits on

240-599: A club and institute, baths and washhouses, started in the following year. In 1858–59, he built the congregational church , now Saltaire United Reformed Church, later donating land on which the Wesleyan chapel was built by public subscription in 1866–68. Famously, he forbade 'beershops' in Saltaire, but the common supposition that he was teetotal himself is untrue. Salt was a private man and left no written statement of his purposes in creating Saltaire, but he told Lord Harewood at

288-594: A district feeder road. This tipped the balance away from short terraces towards pairs of semi-detached houses. The housing density was initially generous, but was reduced in 1923 after a change of government from the Liberal Party to the Conservative Party . After the Second World War, there was a chronic shortage of houses. In the short term this was relieved by the construction of prefabricated houses with

336-554: A local dame school and then Batley Grammar School . In 1813, the Salt family moved to a farm at Crofton near Wakefield and Daniel became a sheep farmer. Titus attended “the day school connected with Salem Chapel” in Wakefield and later, the grammar school. Titus made a long-standing friend at the day school - his teacher, Enoch Harrison. In 1853, Harrison was a guest at Salt's Mill's opening banquet on Salt's 50th birthday. Salt's first job

384-684: A party to increasing that already over-crowded borough [Bradford]" and bought land three miles from Bradford, in Shipley, next to the River Aire , the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway . In 1851, the construction of the factory began. Saltaire Mills, now known as Salt's Mill , opened with that grand banquet, on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853. The construction of the village of Saltaire, with its houses, almshouses, shops, schools, an infirmary,

432-469: A single property, owned in its entirety by the owner of the semi-detached house, whereas townhouses sit on a shared property. The type of real property title held is therefore different: a semi-detached home is generally held as a Torrens titled property, while a townhouse is a Strata titled unit. Semi-detached houses come only in pairs, whereas there may be more than two townhouses attached together. In Sydney , semi-detached houses were briefly popular at

480-561: A ten-year life. The successor was the pre-cast reinforced concrete semi-detached house. Although the frame was concrete the exterior panels were often traditional brick, so the final building was visually indistinguishable from a traditionally built house. The recommendations of the Parker Morris Committee became mandatory for all public housing from 1967 till 1980. Initially the private sector adopted them too, but gradually lowered their standards. Although semi-detached housing

528-675: A wall along the frontage. An example is The Paragon in Blackheath, where a blank colonnade runs between the houses. Most early examples were relatively large houses with access at the rear. During the 19th century, a father and son architectural partnership, John Shaw Sr. and John Shaw Jr. , drew up designs for semi-detached housing in London. Examples of their work can be seen in Chalk Farm , North London. John Nash , better known for his Regency terraces , built some semi-detached villas either side of

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576-528: A way to reduce cost. In 1834, Edinburgh architect George Smith wrote "this species of cottage can be built cheaper than two single ones, and, in general, these double cottages are found to be warmer and fully as comfortable as single ones". Life in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution changed drastically. At the same time as the huge increase in the population of the rural counties, there

624-660: Is built throughout the world, it is generally seen as particularly symbolic of the suburbanisation of the United Kingdom and Ireland , or post-war homes in Canada . In Toronto , the semi-detached house was a major building type during both the pre and post-war periods. In New England , some other parts of the United States, and occasionally in Canada, this style is colloquially called a " duplex " . Elsewhere, however, "duplex" refers to

672-468: The Garden City movement . The middle class became an important and expanding group in the 19th century. With industrialisation came material gain to the capitalist entrepreneur. New professions came into existence to serve their needs: insurers, engineers, designers. The growth in the population required more architects, lawyers, teachers, doctors, dentists and shopkeepers. Hierarchical tiers emerged within

720-507: The Regent's Canal . These were styled to appear as substantial single detached villas with the entrances to the side. Similarly, the landscape gardener John Claudius Loudon built a pair of semi-detached villas fashioned to appear as a single house in Porchester Terrace in 1825. In his 1838 book The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion he gives advice on how to disguise the join between

768-439: The inclosure acts labourers could not find spare land to build their own homes. Homebuilding was thus the responsibility of a landowner or speculative builder. In the late 18th century, estate villages followed local architectural styles. This later changed as landowners adopted model designs from pattern books . By the early 19th century, landowners were typically using a "picturesque" style, and building double cottages as

816-507: The permanent building society model was adopted. The Woolwich Equitable was founded in 1847, the Leeds Permanent in 1848 and Bradford Equitable in 1851. Artisans could invest and then borrow a sum for a mortgage on their own property. In the wool towns of Yorkshire, three factory-owning families built villages for their workers. In each, there was a hierarchy of houses: long terraces for the workers, larger houses in shorter terraces for

864-458: The Austrian economist Emil Sax 's 1869 book Die Wohnungszustände der arbeitenden Classen und ihre Reform . Sax reported that "the employers' main motive for building dwellings for their workers" was to increase their productivity by shortening their walking commute, and construed the projects as "housing reform". In The Housing Question , Friedrich Engels objected to this view and explained that

912-575: The Bradford spinners to use Donskoi in worsted manufacture, with no success. So father and son decided to utilise it themselves and set up as spinner and manufacturer. The experiment was a success. Between 1833 and 1835, the Salt business changed significantly. Daniel retired; Titus's brother Edward joined; Titus struck out on his own; and the family partnership was dissolved. During this same period, Titus embarked on experiments with alpaca wool from Peru. The first documentary record of Salt encountering

960-452: The Council to require all of the town's factory owners to install them, but he was unsuccessful. As his reputation rose, he took on many public positions. Before Bradford's incorporation as a borough , he was elected as Constable on two consecutive years. At incorporation in 1847, he was elected as a senior alderman . He became the second Mayor of Bradford, in office from 1848 to 1849, and

1008-668: The Dwellings of the Industrious Classes built Alexander Cottages at Beckenham in Kent, on land provided by the Duke of Westminster . The development initially comprised 16 pairs of semis. By 1868, they had built 164 semis. In Birmingham , Wolverhampton and the Potteries there was a tradition dating from the 1790s of artisans saving through mutual funds and friendly societies . In the 1840s,

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1056-589: The First World War the Tudor Walters Report was published, setting standards for the accommodations needed for returning soldiers, dubbed " homes fit for heroes ". The Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 (Addison Act) incorporated those recommendations including one that allowed for housing based on the Radburn design . In this design, small clusters of up to 15 houses would circle small cul-de-sacs of

1104-567: The Repeal of the Corn Laws, which he supported from first to last. In fact, he had ever supported all measures for the extension of freedom, whether civil, commercial, or religious. He would, if returned to parliament, support Lord John Russell's Reform Bill, as a practical measure . He was an advocate of peace; of non-interference in European politics. He believed the ballot was necessary for the protection of

1152-582: The beginning of the 20th century and many examples may be found in inner suburbs such as Drummoyne . However, this style quickly gave way to the 'modern' style of detached housing which allowed better motor vehicle access, amongst other benefits. The semi-detached house was seen as a good fit for downtown Toronto 's narrow lots early in the city's history. In the late 19th century semis were built in areas such as The Annex and Cabbagetown in assorted styles: Gothic Revival, Queen Anne, Second Empire, bay-and-gable . Semi-detached homes continued to be built in

1200-424: The colonies constituted a " cottage system" in which the employers doubled as landlords, and could thereby impose monopoly prices and prevent strikes with the threat of eviction . On these grounds, he commented, "for factory production in the rural districts expenditure on workers' dwellings was a necessary part of the total investment of capital, and a very profitable one, both directly and indirectly". Titus

1248-523: The consignment. According to Balgarnie, the tale is substantially true. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'. It was this that transformed Salt from successful young businessman to the largest employer in Bradford. Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place. However, he "did not like to be

1296-437: The farm labourer's family in 1815 typically had one downstairs room with an extension for a scullery (for washing) and pantry (for storing food), and two bedrooms upstairs. The house would be of brick, stone if it occurred locally, or cob (soil and fibre) on a wooden frame. These houses were unsanitary, but the biggest problem was that there were simply too few of them. Population was increasing rapidly (see table), and after

1344-415: The houses by using false windows. The Public Health Act 1875 described the structure and required minimum size of terraced houses and the street pattern that towns had to adopt. This made it difficult to place a semi in a large garden. The law stated that the building lines should be 11m apart, and that there should be rear access to allow the removal of nightsoil . In 1875, it was thought that having

1392-477: The middle class, each watching each other's status. According to A New system of Practical Domestic Economy (1820–1840), being middle class required an income of £150 p.a. or more. In 1851, 3 million out of a total population of 18 million in the UK would have been considered to be middle class. Semi-detached houses for the middle class began to be planned systematically in late 18th-century Georgian architecture , as

1440-452: The opening of Salt's Mill that he had built the place "to do good and to give his sons employment". In David James's assessment: "Salt's motives in building Saltaire remain obscure. They seem to have been a mixture of sound economics, Christian duty, and a desire to have effective control over his workforce. There were economic reasons for moving out of Bradford, and the village did provide him with an amenable, handpicked workforce. Yet Salt

1488-663: The overlookers (overseers), semi-detached houses for the junior managers, and detached houses for the elite. The first such village was built by Colonel Edward Ackroyd , at Copley, West Yorkshire , between 1849 and 1853, the second by Sir Titus Salt at Saltaire (1851–1861), and the third was the West Hill Park Estate in Halifax built by John Crossley . Model villages in Lancashire followed, with developments like Houldsworth Village . Semi-detached housing in colliery villages

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1536-473: The party's candidate, Salt spoke of the political positions he had taken in his life: Mr. Salt then came forward and said he had always been of the opinion that the intelligent working classes were entitled to the exercise of the franchise. He need not tell them that he had advocated all the great questions relating to the liberties of the people - amongst others, the Catholic Emancipation Bill, and

1584-460: The post-war period, often alongside detached types such as the bungalow . They remain popular with developers as they are cheaper to build than detached houses. According to the 2006 census, Toronto had more than 139,000 semis, more than any other Canadian city by a wide margin. Red-brick semis are a common sight throughout downtown and older suburbs. Sir Titus Salt Sir Titus Salt, 1st Baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876)

1632-410: The relationship between employer and worker. Its small size, healthy site, and comparative isolation provided an escape rather than an answer to the problems of urban industrial society". Saltaire was named alongside Hyde , Egerton (then Turton ), Tottington ( Bury ), Bollington , Holbeck ( Leeds ), Belper and Copley as an example of workers' colonies built by British rural factory owners in

1680-532: The science of life than they can in a back-to-back slum. At Bournville in 1879 the Cadbury development started with a detached house for the manager and six pairs of semis with large gardens for key workers. By 1895 the village was made up of semis and short terraces, showing that a low density layout could be a practical possibility even for the working classes. The examples of Bournville and Port Sunlight were seized on by Ebenezer Howard , and they became key models for

1728-414: The total value was "approx.£139,000". However, they warn that their list "should not be regarded as complete". Most of Salts' gifts benefitted the Bradford area but Hull and Scarborough feature along with places many hundred miles from West Yorkshire. In 1867, Salt provided the funds to pay for the first Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) lifeboat to be stationed at Stromness , Orkney . The boat

1776-467: The wool is in his Day Book. On 27 June 1835, Salt recorded one bag of “Peruvian wool”. The story of Salt's discovery of the fibre is well known, not least because it was published by Charles Dickens in a slightly fictionalised form in the magazine Household Words . Salt came upon bales of alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought

1824-564: The working classes who possessed votes . After he agreed to exhibit at the 1867 Paris Exhibition, Salt was awarded the French Légion d'honneur for his exemplary philanthropic approach to business in founding Saltaire. On 30 October 1869, he was created a Baronet , of Saltaire and Crow Nest in the County of York. "One of the most celebrated traits of Sir Titus Salt was his philanthropy", say Barlo and Shaw. They list his gifts and estimate that

1872-428: Was an even greater shift in population from the impoverished land to the large towns and to cities ( urbanisation ). Society was restructuring, with the working classes dividing into artisans and labourers. In the cities, labourers were housed in overcrowded tenement blocks , rookeries and lodging houses , and philanthropic societies aimed to improve conditions. The rural Labourers' Friend Society expanded in 1844 and

1920-609: Was a politically active and conscientious citizen, arguing for change and financially supporting it. In the 1830s, both Daniel and Titus were founders of the Bradford Reform Society. In 1838, he made a gift to the Bradford Mechanics Hall Building Fund, signalling his support for the education of working people and, in 1842, in response to pollution, he installed Rodda Smoke Burners in the chimneys of his mills. As mayor of Bradford, he tried to persuade

1968-492: Was an English manufacturer, politician and philanthropist in Bradford , West Riding of Yorkshire , England , who is best known for having built Salt's Mill , a large textile mill , together with the attached village of Saltaire , West Yorkshire . Titus Salt was born in 1803 to Daniel Salt, a drysalter , and Grace Smithies, daughter of Isaac Smithies, of Old Manor House, Morley where the Salt family were to live. Titus attended

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2016-560: Was as a wool-stapler in Wakefield but the family moved to Bradford in 1820, bringing that post to a close. Whilst father Daniel set up as a dealer in wool, Titus spent 2 years learning about textile manufacture at William Rouse and Sons before joining his father's company. The company traded in Russian Donskoi wool amongst others. Donskoi was widely used in the woollens trade but not in the manufacture of worsted cloth. Titus encouraged

2064-484: Was deeply religious and sincerely believed that, by creating an environment where people could lead healthy, virtuous, godly lives, he was doing God's work. Perhaps, also, diffident and inarticulate as he was, the village may have been a way of demonstrating the extent of his wealth and power. Lastly, he may also have seen it as a means of establishing an industrial dynasty to match the landed estates of his Bradford contemporaries. However, Saltaire provided no real solution to

2112-607: Was designing 'semis' or pairs of houses in that town as early as 1757, in Moor Lane. The earliest identifiable surviving pair is that built in 1759 on Cable Street (now facing the bus station and partly demolished) for Captain Henry Fell and Samuel Simpson. The specification for this building still survives in the Gillow archives. In these early years a common style was a row of houses in which several pairs of semi-detached houses are linked by

2160-410: Was duly named Saltaire , and served from 1867 to 1891. On 21 August 1830, Salt married Caroline, daughter of George Whitlam, of Great Grimsby . They had eleven children, six sons and five daughters. The children all have a street named after them in Saltaire. In 1876 Salt died at his home, Crow Nest, Lightcliffe , near Halifax . "Estimates vary, but the number of people lining the route [of

2208-622: Was one of the first borough magistrates. In 1857, Salt was President of the Bradford Chamber of Commerce . Later, he was Deputy Lieutenant for the West Riding of Yorkshire and appointed to the Riding's Commission of the Peace. From 1859 until he retired through ill health on 1 February 1861, Salt served as Liberal Member of Parliament for Bradford . At the 1859 hustings which would choose him as

2256-502: Was rare; status here was determined by the length of the terrace. The development of Port Sunlight and Bournville was important. The Port Sunlight model village was begun in 1887. William Lever used architects William Owen and his son Segar Owen and stated in 1888 that: It is my and my brother's hope, some day, to build houses in which our work-people will be able to live and be comfortable – semi-detached houses with gardens back and front, in which they will be able to know more about

2304-639: Was reconstituted as the Society for Improving the Condition of the Labouring Classes . In their 1850 publication The Dwellings of the Labouring Classes , written by Henry Roberts , the society laid out plans for model 'semi-detached' cottages for workers in towns and the city. However, the first properties they built were tenements and lodging houses. In 1866 the Metropolitan Association for Improving

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