The Social War , also known as the War of the Allies , was fought from 357 BC to 355 BC between Athens with the Second Athenian League and the allied city-states of Chios , Rhodes , Cos and Byzantion .
33-622: (Redirected from Second Social War ) Social War may refer to: Social War (357–355 BC) , or the War of the Allies, fought between the Second Athenian Empire and the allies of Chios, Rhodes, and Cos as well as Byzantium Social War (220–217 BC) , fought among the southern Greek states Social War (91–87 BC) , or the Italian or Marsic War, fought between
66-506: A monumental inscription on the stylobate in Basilica B, now partially in ruins. The site of Philippi was so strategically sound that the Byzantines attempted to recapture it around 850. Several seals of civil servants and other Byzantine officials, dated to the first half of the 9th century, prove the presence of Byzantine armies in the city. Around 969, Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas rebuilt
99-730: A brief occupation by the Franks after the Fourth Crusade and the capture of Constantinople in 1204, the city was captured by the Serbs . Still, it remained a notable fortification on the route of the ancient Via Egnatia ; in 1354, the pretender to the Byzantine throne, Matthew Cantacuzenus , was captured there by the Serbs. The city was abandoned at an unknown date. When the French traveller Pierre Belon visited
132-565: A mint there. The city became fully integrated into the kingdom during the last years of the reign (221 to 179 BC) of Philip V of Macedon or the reign of Perseus of Macedon . When the Romans destroyed the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon in the Third Macedonian War (168 BC), they divided the kingdom into four separate states ( merides ). Amphipolis (rather than Philippi) became the capital of
165-572: A visit in 1856, was published in 1860 by Georges Perrot . This was followed by the more extensive investigations of the French Mission Archéologique de Macédoine in 1861, led by the archaeologist Léon Heuzey and the architect Honoré Daumet . Excavations by the École française d'Athènes began in the summer of 1914, were renewed in 1920 after an interruption caused by the First World War , and continued until 1937. During this time
198-796: A visit to the city by the apostle Paul during his second missionary journey (likely in AD 49 or 50). On the basis of the Acts of the Apostles and the letter to the Philippians , early Christians concluded that Paul had founded their community. Accompanied by Silas , by Timothy and possibly by Luke (the author of the Acts of the Apostles), Paul is believed to have preached for the first time on European soil in Philippi, leading to
231-464: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Social War (357%E2%80%93355 BC) Provoked by Athens' increasingly dominating stance over the Second Athenian League , Chios, Rhodes, Cos and Byzantion overthrew their democratic governments and broke away from the league. The Athenian generals Chares and Chabrias were given command of
264-499: Is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in Kavala , Greece. The archaeological site was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016 because of its exceptional Roman architecture, its urban layout as a smaller reflection of Rome itself, and its importance in early Christianity. Thasian colonists established a settlement at Crenides in Thrace in 360/359 BC near the head of
297-521: The Aegean Sea at the foot of Mt. Orbelos , now called Mt. Lekani, about 13 km (8.1 mi) north-west of Kavala , on the northern border of the marsh that, in antiquity, covered the entire plain separating it from the Pangaion Hills to the south. In 356 BC, King Philip II of Macedon conquered the city and renamed it to Philippi. The Macedonian conquerors of the town aimed to take control of
330-515: The Battle of Embata Timotheus and Iphicrates refused to engage due to a blowing gale but Chares did engage and lost many of his ships. Timotheus and Iphicrates were accused by Chares and put on trial, however only Timotheus was condemned to pay a fine, and escaped. King Philip II of Macedon , father of Alexander the Great , used the war as an opportunity to further the interests of his Macedonian kingdom in
363-507: The Plague of Justinian in 547, the city was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake around 619, from which it never recovered. There was a small amount of activity there in the 7th century, but the city was now hardly more than a village. The Byzantine Empire possibly maintained a garrison there, but in 838 the Bulgarians under kavhan Isbul took the city and celebrated their victory with
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#1732858882976396-559: The Aegean region. In 357 BC, Philip captured Amphipolis , a depot for the gold and silver mines from Mount Pangaion and the approach to it, as well as for timber, securing Macedon's economic and political future. He secretly offered Amphipolis to the Athenians in exchange for the valuable port Pydna ; when they complied, both Pydna and Potidaea were conquered over the winter and occupied; Philip, however, did not surrender Amphipolis. He also took
429-694: The Athenian fleet. During midsummer of 357 BC Chabrias 's fleet was defeated and he was killed in the attack on the island of Chios . In 356 BC, the revolting allies ravaged the Athenian-loyal islands of Lemnos and Imbros but were only able to lay siege to Samos because it was defended by cleruchs . Chares was given complete command of the Athenian fleet and withdrew to the Hellespont for operations against Byzantion. The generals Timotheus , Iphicrates and his son Menestheus were sent to help him. At
462-700: The Greek theatre, the forum, Basilicas A and B, the baths, and the walls were excavated. After the Second World War , Greek archaeologists returned to the site. From 1958 to 1978, the Archaeological Society of Athens , followed by the Greek Archaeological Service and the University of Thessalonica, uncovered the bishop's quarter and the octagonal church, large private residences, a new basilica near
495-581: The Roman Republic and several Italian cities The Social War , an 1872 novel Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Social War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_War&oldid=1173974061 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
528-506: The area in the 1540s there remained nothing but ruins, used by the Turks as a quarry. The name of the city survived – at first in a Turkish village on the nearby plain, Philibedjik (Filibecik, "Little Filibe" in Turkish), which has since disappeared, and then in a Greek village in the mountains. Although the site was briefly noted by earlier travellers, first modern archaeological description, based on
561-590: The churches of Constantinople. In the same age, the Empire rebuilt the fortifications of the city to better defend against growing instability in the Balkans . In 473 Ostrogothic troops of Theodoric Strabo besieged the city; they failed to take it but burned down the surrounding villages. Already weakened by the Slavic invasions at the end of the 6th century – which ruined the agrarian economy of Macedonia – and probably also by
594-595: The city of Crenides from the Odrysae and renamed it Philippi . Chares was in need of money for his war effort but frowned upon asking it from home; thus, partly compelled by his mercenaries, he entered the service of Artabazus , rebel satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia . The Athenians originally approved this collaboration but then ordered it to be dropped after the Persian king Artaxerxes III Ochus complained, since they feared he would otherwise start supporting their opponents in
627-480: The city. The city reappears in the sources during the Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Caesar's heirs Mark Antony and Octavian confronted the forces of the assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus at the Battle of Philippi on the plain to the west of the city during October in 42 BC. Antony and Octavian won this final battle against
660-453: The community in Philippi around AD 160 and by funerary inscriptions. The first church described in the city is a small building that was probably originally a small prayer-house. This Basilica of Paul , identified by a mosaic inscription on the pavement, is dated around 343 from a mention by the bishop Porphyrios, who attended the Council of Serdica that year. Despite Philippi having one of
693-464: The conversion and baptism of the purple merchant, Lydia of Thyatira . According to the New Testament, Paul visited the city on two other occasions, in 56 and 57. The Epistle to the Philippians dates from around 61–62 and is generally assumed to show the immediate effects of Paul's instruction. The development of Christianity in Philippi is indicated by a letter from Polycarp of Smyrna addressed to
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#1732858882976726-552: The eastern Macedonian state. Almost nothing is known about the city in this period, but archeological remains include walls, the Greek theatre , the foundations of a house under the Roman forum and a little temple dedicated to a hero cult . This monument covers the tomb of a certain Exekestos, is possibly situated on the agora and is dedicated to the κτίστης ( ktístēs ), the foundation hero of
759-510: The fortifications on the acropolis and in part of the city. These gradually helped to weaken Bulgar power and to strengthen the Byzantine presence in the area. In 1077 Bishop Basil Kartzimopoulos rebuilt part of the defenses inside the city. The city began to prosper once more, as witnessed by the Arab geographer Al Idrisi , who mentions it as a centre of business and wine production around 1150. After
792-568: The most beautiful buildings in Thessalonica , or with those of Constantinople . The relationship of the plan and of the architectural decoration of Basilica B with Hagia Sophia and with Saint Irene in Constantinople accorded a privileged place to this church in the history of early Christian art . The complex cathedral which took the place of the Basilica of Paul at the end of the 5th century, constructed around an octagonal church, also rivaled
825-519: The neighbouring gold mines and to establish a garrison at a strategic passage: the site controlled the route between Amphipolis and Neapolis , part of the great royal route which runs east-west across Macedonia which the Roman Republic reconstructed in the 2nd century BC as part of the Via Egnatia . Philip II endowed the city with important fortifications, which partially blocked the passage between
858-487: The oldest congregations in Europe, attestation of a bishopric dates only from the 4th century. The prosperity of the city in the 5th and 6th centuries was attributed to Paul and to his ministry. As in other cities, many new ecclesiastical buildings were constructed at this time. Seven different churches were built in Philippi between the mid-4th century and the end of the 6th, some of which competed in size and decoration with
891-583: The partisans of the Republic. They released some of their veteran soldiers, probably from Legion XXVIII, to colonize the city, which was refounded as Colonia Victrix Philippensium . From 30 BC Octavian established his control of the Roman state, becoming Roman emperor from 27 BC. He reorganized the colony and established more settlers there, veterans (possibly from the Praetorian Guard ) and other Italians. The city
924-469: The relatively small size of the urban area: the forum, laid out in two terraces on both sides of the main road, was constructed in several phases between the reigns of the Emperors Claudius (41–54 AD) and Antoninus Pius (138–161), and the theatre was enlarged and expanded to hold Roman games. An abundance of Latin inscriptions also testifies to the prosperity of the city. The New Testament records
957-479: The swamp and Mt. Orbelos, and sent colonists to occupy it. Philip also had the marsh partially drained, as the writer Theophrastus ( c. 371 – c. 287 BC) attests. Philippi preserved its autonomy within the kingdom of Macedon and had its own political institutions (the Assembly of the demos ). The discovery of new gold mines near the city, at Asyla, contributed to the wealth of the kingdom and Philip established
990-436: The war. Furthermore, as a result of increasing Athenian operations near the Persian empire, in 356 BC Persia asked Athens to leave Asia Minor and threatened war. In 355 BC, Athens, not in any shape for another war, complied and withdrew by recognizing the independence of the confederate allies. Philippi Philippi ( / f ɪ ˈ l ɪ p aɪ , ˈ f ɪ l ə ˌ p aɪ / ; Ancient Greek : Φίλιπποι , Phílippoi )
1023-466: Was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos . Its original name was Crenides ( Ancient Greek : Κρηνῖδες , Krēnĩdes "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colonists in 360/359 BC. The city was renamed by Philip II of Macedon in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. The present village of Filippoi is located near the ruins of the ancient city and
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1056-480: Was modified only partially by the construction of a forum, a little to the east of the site of Greek agora . It was a "miniature Rome", under the municipal law of Rome, and governed by two military officers, the duumviri , who were appointed directly from Rome, similar to Roman colonies. The colony recognized its dependence on the mines that brought it its privileged position on the Via Egnatia . Many monuments evidence its wealth – particularly imposing considering
1089-462: Was renamed Colonia Iulia Philippensis , and then Colonia Augusta Iulia Philippensis after January, 27 BC, when Octavian received the title Augustus from the Roman Senate . Following this second renaming, and perhaps after the first, the territory of Philippi was centuriated (divided into squares of land) and distributed to the colonists. The city kept its Macedonian walls, and its general plan
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