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33-501: The Ottoman Turks called the hills Pınar Dağ ("Spring Mount"). The Slavic name is Kushnitsa (Кушница) or Kushinitsa (Кушиница). The hills are direct across a fertile plain from the ancient city of Philippi , they are located in the ancient country of Sintice , between the Strymon and the Xiropotamos rivers and are covered in the oriental plane and chestnut trees. Towns found in

66-506: A monumental inscription on the stylobate in Basilica B, now partially in ruins. The site of Philippi was so strategically sound that the Byzantines attempted to recapture it around 850. Several seals of civil servants and other Byzantine officials, dated to the first half of the 9th century, prove the presence of Byzantine armies in the city. Around 969, Emperor Nicephorus II Phocas rebuilt

99-730: A brief occupation by the Franks after the Fourth Crusade and the capture of Constantinople in 1204, the city was captured by the Serbs . Still, it remained a notable fortification on the route of the ancient Via Egnatia ; in 1354, the pretender to the Byzantine throne, Matthew Cantacuzenus , was captured there by the Serbs. The city was abandoned at an unknown date. When the French traveller Pierre Belon visited

132-506: A smaller reflection of Rome itself, and its importance in early Christianity. Thasian colonists established a settlement at Crenides in Thrace in 360/359 BC near the head of the Aegean Sea at the foot of Mt. Orbelos , now called Mt. Lekani, about 13 km (8.1 mi) north-west of Kavala , on the northern border of the marsh that, in antiquity, covered the entire plain separating it from

165-598: A total citizen population of 30,000–60,000. It would have been difficult, however, for non-wealthy people outside the urban center of Athens to attend until reimbursements for attendance were introduced in the 390s. It originally met once every month, but later met three or four times per month. The agenda for the ekklesia was established by the Boule , the popular council. Votes were taken by a show of hands, counting of stones and voting using broken pottery. A police force of 300 Scythian slaves carried red ochre-stained ropes to induce

198-572: A visit in 1856, was published in 1860 by Georges Perrot . This was followed by the more extensive investigations of the French Mission Archéologique de Macédoine in 1861, led by the archaeologist Léon Heuzey and the architect Honoré Daumet . Excavations by the École française d'Athènes began in the summer of 1914, were renewed in 1920 after an interruption caused by the First World War , and continued until 1937. During this time

231-568: Is indicated by a letter from Polycarp of Smyrna addressed to the community in Philippi around AD 160 and by funerary inscriptions. The first church described in the city is a small building that was probably originally a small prayer-house. This Basilica of Paul , identified by a mosaic inscription on the pavement, is dated around 343 from a mention by the bishop Porphyrios, who attended the Council of Serdica that year. Despite Philippi having one of

264-447: Is named after this mountain range and the seat of the municipality is Eleftheroupoli . Philippi Philippi ( / f ɪ ˈ l ɪ p aɪ , ˈ f ɪ l ə ˌ p aɪ / ; Ancient Greek : Φίλιπποι , Phílippoi ) was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos . Its original name was Crenides ( Ancient Greek : Κρηνῖδες , Krēnĩdes "Fountains") after its establishment by Thasian colonists in 360/359 BC. The city

297-465: The Pangaion Hills to the south. In 356 BC, King Philip II of Macedon conquered the city and renamed it to Philippi. The Macedonian conquerors of the town aimed to take control of the neighbouring gold mines and to establish a garrison at a strategic passage: the site controlled the route between Amphipolis and Neapolis , part of the great royal route which runs east-west across Macedonia which

330-507: The Plague of Justinian in 547, the city was almost totally destroyed by an earthquake around 619, from which it never recovered. There was a small amount of activity there in the 7th century, but the city was now hardly more than a village. The Byzantine Empire possibly maintained a garrison there, but in 838 the Bulgarians under kavhan Isbul took the city and celebrated their victory with

363-509: The Roman Republic reconstructed in the 2nd century BC as part of the Via Egnatia . Philip II endowed the city with important fortifications, which partially blocked the passage between the swamp and Mt. Orbelos, and sent colonists to occupy it. Philip also had the marsh partially drained, as the writer Theophrastus ( c. 371 – c. 287 BC) attests. Philippi preserved its autonomy within

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396-583: The Roman forum and a little temple dedicated to a hero cult . This monument covers the tomb of a certain Exekestos, is possibly situated on the agora and is dedicated to the κτίστης ( ktístēs ), the foundation hero of the city. The city reappears in the sources during the Liberators' civil war (43–42 BC) that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. Caesar's heirs Mark Antony and Octavian confronted

429-615: The Apostles), Paul is believed to have preached for the first time on European soil in Philippi, leading to the conversion and baptism of the purple merchant, Lydia of Thyatira . According to the New Testament, Paul visited the city on two other occasions, in 56 and 57. The Epistle to the Philippians dates from around 61–62 and is generally assumed to show the immediate effects of Paul's instruction. The development of Christianity in Philippi

462-559: The Athenians send out a colony in 465 to an area known as the Nine Roads ( Ennéa Hodoí ). The colonists were massacred by nearby Thracians and the colony was abandoned, though the Athenians would return to the area with their colony at Amphipolis . Pangaion is very often referred to by ancient Greek and Latin sources. It was famous for silver and gold mines, as well as for shipyard wood and the oracle of Dionysus . The municipality of Pangaio

495-700: The Greek theatre, the forum, Basilicas A and B, the baths, and the walls were excavated. After the Second World War , Greek archaeologists returned to the site. From 1958 to 1978, the Archaeological Society of Athens , followed by the Greek Archaeological Service and the University of Thessalonica, uncovered the bishop's quarter and the octagonal church, large private residences, a new basilica near

528-534: The Museum, and two others in the necropolis east of the city. Ecclesia (ancient Athens) The ecclesia or ekklesia ( Greek : ἐκκλησία ) was the assembly of the citizens in city-states of ancient Greece . The ekklesia of ancient Athens is particularly well-known. It was the popular assembly, open to all male citizens as soon as they qualified for citizenship. In 594 BC, Solon allowed all Athenian citizens to participate, regardless of class. The assembly

561-470: The Pangaion hills include Nikisiani and Palaiochori which are agricultural in nature and grow mainly grain and tobacco . The town of Palaiochori boasts the ruins of an ancient castle on a peak overlooking the town. Gold and silver were mined in the ancient times. The Athenian tyrant Pisistratus was exiled in the middle of the mountain. It was the rich gold and silver available in the region that made

594-585: The Roman state, becoming Roman emperor from 27 BC. He reorganized the colony and established more settlers there, veterans (possibly from the Praetorian Guard ) and other Italians. The city was renamed Colonia Iulia Philippensis , and then Colonia Augusta Iulia Philippensis after January, 27 BC, when Octavian received the title Augustus from the Roman Senate . Following this second renaming, and perhaps after

627-609: The Romans destroyed the Antigonid dynasty of Macedon in the Third Macedonian War (168 BC), they divided the kingdom into four separate states ( merides ). Amphipolis (rather than Philippi) became the capital of the eastern Macedonian state. Almost nothing is known about the city in this period, but archeological remains include walls, the Greek theatre , the foundations of a house under

660-506: The area in the 1540s there remained nothing but ruins, used by the Turks as a quarry. The name of the city survived – at first in a Turkish village on the nearby plain, Philibedjik (Filibecik, "Little Filibe" in Turkish), which has since disappeared, and then in a Greek village in the mountains. Although the site was briefly noted by earlier travellers, first modern archaeological description, based on

693-590: The churches of Constantinople. In the same age, the Empire rebuilt the fortifications of the city to better defend against growing instability in the Balkans . In 473 Ostrogothic troops of Theodoric Strabo besieged the city; they failed to take it but burned down the surrounding villages. Already weakened by the Slavic invasions at the end of the 6th century – which ruined the agrarian economy of Macedonia – and probably also by

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726-519: The citizens who loitered in the agora of Athens to attend the meetings of the assembly. Anyone with red-stained clothes who was not in the meeting was liable to a penalty. A quorum of 6,000 members was required sometimes to do business. The ecclesia elected the Boule annually by lot. Some of their power under Solon was delegated to the Court by Pericles in his reforms. In ancient Greece, an ekklesiasterion

759-512: The first, the territory of Philippi was centuriated (divided into squares of land) and distributed to the colonists. The city kept its Macedonian walls, and its general plan was modified only partially by the construction of a forum, a little to the east of the site of Greek agora . It was a "miniature Rome", under the municipal law of Rome, and governed by two military officers, the duumviri , who were appointed directly from Rome, similar to Roman colonies. The colony recognized its dependence on

792-551: The forces of the assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus at the Battle of Philippi on the plain to the west of the city during October in 42 BC. Antony and Octavian won this final battle against the partisans of the Republic. They released some of their veteran soldiers, probably from Legion XXVIII, to colonize the city, which was refounded as Colonia Victrix Philippensium . From 30 BC Octavian established his control of

825-510: The fortifications on the acropolis and in part of the city. These gradually helped to weaken Bulgar power and to strengthen the Byzantine presence in the area. In 1077 Bishop Basil Kartzimopoulos rebuilt part of the defenses inside the city. The city began to prosper once more, as witnessed by the Arab geographer Al Idrisi , who mentions it as a centre of business and wine production around 1150. After

858-454: The kingdom of Macedon and had its own political institutions (the Assembly of the demos ). The discovery of new gold mines near the city, at Asyla, contributed to the wealth of the kingdom and Philip established a mint there. The city became fully integrated into the kingdom during the last years of the reign (221 to 179 BC) of Philip V of Macedon or the reign of Perseus of Macedon . When

891-556: The mines that brought it its privileged position on the Via Egnatia . Many monuments evidence its wealth – particularly imposing considering the relatively small size of the urban area: the forum, laid out in two terraces on both sides of the main road, was constructed in several phases between the reigns of the Emperors Claudius (41–54 AD) and Antoninus Pius (138–161), and the theatre was enlarged and expanded to hold Roman games. An abundance of Latin inscriptions also testifies to

924-568: The most beautiful buildings in Thessalonica , or with those of Constantinople . The relationship of the plan and of the architectural decoration of Basilica B with Hagia Sophia and with Saint Irene in Constantinople accorded a privileged place to this church in the history of early Christian art . The complex cathedral which took the place of the Basilica of Paul at the end of the 5th century, constructed around an octagonal church, also rivaled

957-487: The oldest congregations in Europe, attestation of a bishopric dates only from the 4th century. The prosperity of the city in the 5th and 6th centuries was attributed to Paul and to his ministry. As in other cities, many new ecclesiastical buildings were constructed at this time. Seven different churches were built in Philippi between the mid-4th century and the end of the 6th, some of which competed in size and decoration with

990-588: The prosperity of the city. The New Testament records a visit to the city by the apostle Paul during his second missionary journey (likely in AD 49 or 50). On the basis of the Acts of the Apostles and the letter to the Philippians , early Christians concluded that Paul had founded their community. Accompanied by Silas , by Timothy and possibly by Luke (the author of the Acts of

1023-624: Was a building specifically built for the purpose of holding the supreme meetings of the ecclesia. Like many other cities, Athens did not have an ekklesiasterion. Instead, the regular meetings of the assembly were held on the Pnyx and two annual meetings took place in the Theater of Dionysus . Around 300 BC, the meetings of the ekklesia were moved to the theater. The meetings of the assembly could attract large audiences: 6,000 citizens might have attended in Athens during

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1056-514: Was renamed by Philip II of Macedon in 356 BC and abandoned in the 14th century after the Ottoman conquest. The present village of Filippoi is located near the ruins of the ancient city and is part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in Kavala , Greece. The archaeological site was classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2016 because of its exceptional Roman architecture, its urban layout as

1089-525: Was responsible for declaring war, military strategy and electing the strategoi and other officials. It was responsible for nominating and electing magistrates ( árchontes ), thus indirectly electing the members of the Areopagus . It had the final say on legislation and the right to call magistrates to account after their year of office. A typical meeting of the Assembly probably contained around 6,000 people, out of

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