58-657: The Second Great Rectification Movement refers to a 1992 ideological campaign initiated by the leadership of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) wherein an effort was made to "identify, repudiate and rectify the errors of urban insurrectionism , premature big formations of the New People's Army and anti- infiltration hysteria". The rectification movement resulted in the once monolithic Filipino communist party fragmenting into at least eight warring factions during
116-598: A heart attack in 2007. Ricardo Reyes continues as a leftist politician , mounting a campaign for the Mayoralty of his hometown, Pasig during the 2010 Philippine general election . Communist Party of the Philippines Former parties Former parties Former parties The Communist Party of the Philippines ( CPP ; Filipino : Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas ) is a far-left , Marxist–Leninist–Maoist revolutionary organization and communist party in
174-468: A "People's Court" in 1993 for various crimes including illegal abuse of authority , criminal activities such as kidnapping for ransom , stashing away Party funds and instigating Tabara and Lagman to go against the policies of the revolutionary movement. Ricardo Reyes was accused of culpability for "Kampanyang Ahos" by Jose Maria Sison. Kintanar, Reyes, Filemon Lagman and Arturo Tabara were reportedly handed death sentences by their former comrades. Lagman
232-508: A document called "Reaffirm Our Basic Principles and Carry the Revolution Forward" that repudiated the deviations of leading party cadres in the country that resulted in the gravest setbacks and destruction to the Party and the revolutionary movement, first in one major island and subsequently on a nationwide scale. The document states that these erroneous policies "have caused setbacks through
290-728: A former head of the Visayas Commission, Filemon Lagman , who would later form the Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino (Solidarity of Filipino Workers), Ricardo Reyes, former editor of Ang Bayan , the news organ of the CPP and highly-placed in the Mindanao Commission, and Benjamin de Vera, a former member of the Central Committee. "Rejectionist" regional party committees included those of Metro Manila-Rizal, Central Mindanao, Western Mindanao,
348-479: A necessary component of revolution coinciding with the Party's organizational work. The NPA, as the central agent of armed struggle, serves to achieve its central task of "destroying and dismantling the rule of the enemy and taking their political power". In waging armed revolution, the NPA follows the strategic line of protracted people's war by "encircling the cities from the countryside until conditions are ripe for seizing
406-411: A process of self-constriction and have inflicted unprecedentedly heavy losses in the strength of the Party and the people's army and gross reductions of mass base". The criticism and debates that ensued between the leading party cadres resulted in the expulsion of advocates of "left and right opportunism", notably forming the so-called "rejectionists" and "reaffirmist" factions. The rejectionists took
464-421: A revolutionary government would not win the revolution by toppling the current Philippine government. The strategic stalemate means that the revolutionary armed forces shall have achieved parity in the revolutionary war against the armed forces of the reactionary government. The strategic stalemate paves the way for the next stage in the protracted people's war, namely the strategic offensive, which pushes towards
522-473: Is a revolutionary proletarian party that looks upon the legacies of past Philippine rebellions and revolutions from the perspective of the theories of Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , Vladimir Lenin , Joseph Stalin , and Mao Zedong . It assists the progress of theory and practice in the world proletarian revolution that is guided by Marxism–Leninism–Maoism ( Preamble, Constitution of the Communist Party of
580-535: Is designated as a terrorist group by the United States Department of State together with Sison and its armed wing New People's Army (NPA) in 2002. The European Union renewed its terrorist designation on the organization in 2019, though a 2009 ruling by the EU's second highest court delisted Sison as a "person supporting terrorism" and reversed a decision by member governments to freeze assets. According to
638-456: The Philippines , formed by Jose Maria Sison on 26 December 1968. The CPP has been fighting a guerrilla war against the state since its establishment. Although its ranks initially numbered around 500, the party grew quickly, supposedly due to the declaration and imposition of martial law by former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos during his 21-year rule. By the end of Marcos rule in
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#1732851305287696-476: The 1990s. Luis Jalandoni, formerly a negotiator for the National Democratic Front of the Philippines , has stated that from 1985 until 1991, a renegade group within the party leadership of the CPP was responsible for major errors that caused serious losses in the revolution's mass base. These errors included the implementation of a program to root out infiltrators called Kampanyang Ahos ("Kahos") and
754-443: The CPP leadership, in its 53rd-anniversary statement, boldly called for an advance in the revolutionary struggle and touted its forces to advance in the people's war for a new democracy. It declared its determination to strive within the next five years to make the great advance from the stage of strategic defense to the strategic stalemate, fulfilling all the requirements and without skipping any necessary phase. It also predicted that
812-449: The CPP, and the subsequent "Congress of Reestablishment." Irreconcilable differences occurred between the new party members with the leadership of the PKP under Jose Lava . Sison, was tasked by PKP to conduct a review of the party history of the old merger party. However, on his report, leaders of the PKP headed by Jesus Lava disagreed with Sison's findings that criticized the major errors of
870-510: The HMB. The party congress was attended by 12 members, namely Jose Maria Sison, Monico Atienza, Rey Casipe, Leoncio Co, Manuel Collantes, Arthur Garcia, Herminihildo Garcia, Ruben Guevara, Art Pangilinan, Nilo Tayag, Fernando Tayag at Ibarra Tubianosa. Jose Luneta was counted as the 13th member. He was elected in the Central Committee in absentia, since he was still in China. Soon after its reestablishment,
928-755: The Lava's PKP was supporting the Communist Party of the Soviet Union whom Sison's group considered revisionist while the latter supported the line of the Chinese Communist Party. The reestablishment was centered on a comprehensive and thoroughgoing criticism and repudiation of modern revisionism and of the leadership of the Lavas in Manila as well as the Taruc-Sumulong grouping which had usurped authority over remnants of
986-490: The NPA "maintains the initiative in tactical offensives against the strategic military advantage of the enemy", making use of guerrilla tactics to attack targets and defend guerrilla zones, while armed partisans perform special roles in the cities. The second stage is strategic stalemate, where fighting force is more or less equal, while the last stage is that of strategic offensive, where the NPA has developed its strength capable of assaulting military camps and cities. In 2022,
1044-550: The PKP which caused the almost total destruction of the revolutionary movement in the 1950s. A sharp division and struggle developed between them in ideological and political issues, Sison and his group led the reestablishment of the party after he and his colleagues bolted out from the PKP. Jesus Lava, the General Secretary of the PKP, was labelled a "counterrevolutionary revisionist", and the new leaders also attacked what they called "the gangster clique" of Pedro Taruc-Sumulong in
1102-582: The Partido ng Manggagawang Pilipino (PMP), however his closest associates, led by Sonny Melencio, bolted to form the legal political party Sosyalistang Partido ng Paggawa (SPP) in 1998. The United Front Commission cadres formed the Partido Proletaryo Demokratiko (PPD) which then merged with Lagman's PMP and Melencio's SPP to give rise to the Partido ng Manggagawang Pilipino-Pinagsanib (PMP-Pinagsanib). But in 2007 another reported split occurred due to
1160-403: The Party linked up with the other cadres and commanders of the HMB and engaged them in ideological and political studies, mass work and politico-military training. On 29 March 1969, the New People's Army was established and on 24 April 1973 the National Democratic Front (Philippines) . Afterwards, the CPP launched the "protracted people's war " a strategical line developed by Mao Zedong during
1218-419: The Philippines (MLPP) and organized the armed wing Rebolusyonaryong Hukbo ng Bayan (RHB). The MLPP-RHB maintains the national-democratic framework of social analysis by the CPP, although slightly modified. They also maintain the strategy of people's war, but are more akin to Vietnamese and Nepalese revolutionary strategies. The Communist Party of the Philippines, which promotes Marxism–Leninism–Maoism (MLM),
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#17328513052871276-469: The Philippines (CPP) was reestablished on 26 December 1968, coinciding with the 75th birthday of Mao Zedong , the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party . Amado Guerrero, then a central committee member of Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas or PKP-1930, led the reestablishment of the party. Jose Maria Sison , allegedly the man behind the nom de guerre Amado Guerrero, confirmed its birth at Barangay Dulacac in
1334-547: The Philippines with aligning goals; the Kabataang Makabayan , which serves as its youth wing; and the New People's Army, which serves as its armed wing. The CPP claims to be the largest Marxist–Leninist–Maoist formation in the world, with the organization claiming to have 150,000 members, while other sources claim the membership to have peaked at 25,000 members in the late 1980s with membership dwindling ever since. It
1392-479: The Philippines, 1968 ). So long as it resolutely, militantly and thoroughly carries out its ideological, political and organizational building, the Communist Party of the Philippines is certain to lead the broad masses of the Filipino people of various nationalities and ethno-linguistic communities to total victory in the national democratic revolution against US imperialism and the local reactionaries; and bring about
1450-621: The RPM-P after a debate regarding the RPM-P's signing of a peace pact with the government then led by Joseph Estrada . Those cadres then formed the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa – Mindanao (RPM-M) which joined the Fourth International in 2003. The KRMR faction led by Filemon Lagman was earlier expelled from the RPM-P due to his "liquidationist" attitude and refusal to help in Party preparations and functions. He then formed
1508-540: The Rejectionists, declared its autonomy from the central leadership: From this day on, we sever our ties with the illegal and absolutist circle that passes itself off as the 'Central Committee' of the CPP ... It is a principled declaration of independence ... not a secession from the entire Party organization. Within a few months, several of the Party's regional formations and bureaus followed suit: Central Mindanao, Western Mindanao, Negros and Central Visayas,
1566-586: The Soviet Union on December 26, 1991 was the state of world affairs at the time when Armando Liwanag ( cadre name adopted by Jose Maria Sison , though never admitted by Sison himself) of the Communist Party of the Philippines Central Committee published a document entitled "Reaffirm our Basic Principles and Rectify Errors". The historical reference to a similar document that gave rise to the First Great Rectification Movement
1624-509: The US' Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) World Factbook , the CPP and the NPA aims to destabilize the Philippines' economy and overthrow the national government. Philippine president and Sison's former student Rodrigo Duterte declared the group a terrorist organization in 2017, though the CPP-NPA has not yet been legally declared as a terrorist group by Philippine courts. The Communist Party of
1682-777: The Visayas Commission (VisCom) staff and New People's Army units under its control, the National Peasant Secretariat, the United Front Commission and the Home Bureau and Western Europe committee. The KRMR, VisCom and the Central and Western Mindanao regional committees later merged to form the Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa – Pilipinas (RPM-P) in 1998. However, the Mindanao-based cadres later left
1740-616: The Visayas Commission (VisCom), National United Front Commission (NUFC), Home Bureau of the International Liaison Department and the National Peasant Secretariat (NPS). Notable among the "rejectionist" bloc was the Revolutionary Workers' Party formally established in 1998. Its armed wing is known as the Revolutionary Proletarian Army – Alex Boncayao Brigade . Romulo Kintanar was charged before
1798-575: The adoption of an erroneous political line brought about by modern revisionism . The loss in mass base was estimated to be 50%–60% in Mindanao alone. The "Second Great Rectification Movement" was meant to correct these errors. The Revolutions of 1989 , punctuated by the fall of the Berlin Wall , the collapse of the communist states in Eastern Europe the following year and the subsequent dissolution of
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1856-469: The character of the present revolution as national democratic of the new type (led by the proletariat), the motive forces, the targets, the strategy and tactics and the socialist perspective of the Philippine revolution. The CPP-NPA regards three things as central to waging revolution: armed struggle, agrarian revolution, and the building of mass-bases in the countryside. The CPP regards armed struggle as
1914-414: The cities through a strategic offensive". The NPA identifies three stages in waging armed struggle: strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. It regards itself as yet unable to conduct symmetric warfare in the urban centers and thus regards the people's war as being in a stage of strategic defensive moving to a stage of strategic stalemate. During the stage of strategic defensive,
1972-579: The country to protest against the government policies, graft and corruption and decline of the economy during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos . The unrest was also inspired by the Cultural Revolution in China, the Vietnam War and other revolutionary struggles abroad against the United States . One of the leaders of this leftist movement was Jose Maria Sison, a founder of Kabataang Makabayan . He
2030-501: The country, the number of combatants had expanded to include more than 10,000 fighters. In a speech before the US Congress in 1986, President Corazon Aquino accredited the party's rapid growth as being caused by Marcos' attempts to stifle it with the "means by which it grows" with his establishment of martial law, suggesting that other governments view it as a lesson when dealing with communist insurgencies. In 2019, Sison claimed that
2088-425: The erstwhile skeletal regional Party organizations gained flesh and muscle from the growth of the armed revolutionary movement and the urban underground. In the 10th plenum of the CPP, the party engaged in a "second rectification movement" that reviewed and corrected the errors that created havoc on the revolutionary movement for more than a decade since its founding in 1968. Armando Liwanag, chairman of CPP, issued
2146-540: The latter, especially during the expulsion of 10,000 members from 1992 to 1993, the expulsion of former CPP member Rómulo Tabara, as well as the ex-secretary of the CPP's Metro Manila-Rizal Committee Filemón "Popoy" Lagmán . These events during the "Second Great Rectification Movement" led by the CPP forced the faction to form a separate party in 1995. Following ideological summits with the MR, CMR, Negros, Panay and Samar in October 1995,
2204-424: The lines of "strategic counteroffensive", "regularization", and combining military adventurism with insurrectionism from 1980 onward that overlapped with the reaffirmists who uphold the "correct" revolutionary method of people's war. The rectification movement was aimed to defeat the "wrong line" in a comprehensive and thoroughgoing manner and strengthen the party ideologically, politically and organizationally. Thus,
2262-576: The list included Lagman, Tabara, Reyes, Walden Bello and Etta Rosales . A 2005 International Viewpoint report states that approximately 27 Left activists had been killed by the New People's Army, while nine have escaped assassination attempts. The National Democratic Front of the Philippines has issued a statement denying this report, which it characterized as slanderous and Trotskyist . Jose Maria Sison claimed that CPP did not assassinate anyone but simply tried to arrest them. Benjamin De Vera died of
2320-469: The nationwide victory in the struggle for national and social liberation. Referring to Maoist military doctrine, the CPP-lead NPA adheres to the three progressive phases of protracted warfare—strategic defensive, strategic stalemate, and strategic offensive. According to the CPP's calculations in the statement, they considered the present revolution to be at an advance sub-stage of strategic defensive. At
2378-494: The number of its members and supporters is growing, despite claims by the Philippine government that the organization is close to being destroyed. The organization remains an underground operation, with its primary goals being to overthrow the Philippine government through armed revolution and remove U.S. influence over the Philippines. It consists of the National Democratic Front , a coalition of other revolutionary organizations in
Second Great Rectification Movement - Misplaced Pages Continue
2436-621: The old people's army of the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB), remnant of the Hukbalahap in Central Luzon. The Party issued the document of rectification, "Rectify Errors and Rebuild the Party," and promulgated the Programme for a People's Democratic Revolution and the new Party Constitution in its Congress of Reestablishment. The two communist parties deviation was clear ideologically when
2494-600: The phase of guerrilla warfare of the Chinese Communist Party . The eventual objective is to install a "people's revolutionary government" via a two-stages revolution: National Democratic Revolution followed by a Socialist Revolution. The reestablishment was considered by the party as the First Great Rectification Movement, criticizing the errors of the old Party. Despite the arrests of CPP Central Committee members in 1973, 1974, 1976 and 1977,
2552-448: The protracted people's war was virtually rejected. Today, the party continues to engage in the parliamentary struggle; they however remain unrecognized by both the Philippine government and the Communist Party of the Philippines. The party's Mindanao branch broke off in 2001 after disagreement with the national leadership during the peace talks with the national government. The Revolutionary Workers' Party - Mindanao (RPM-M) has been
2610-591: The rectification movement came into force in 1992, especially after the Plenum of the Central Committee approved the rectification documents. Not all CPP cadres abided by the "Reaffirm" document penned by Liwanag. Those who affirmed the Maoist orthodoxy were called the "Reaffirmists", or RA, while those who rejected the document were called "Rejectionists" or RJ. In July 1993, the Komiteng Rehiyon ng Manila-Rizal (KRMR), one of
2668-518: The rift between Lagman and Melencio supporters. In 1997 several cadres from the Central Luzon committee were accused of sowing factionalism and "civilianization" of the NPA units. These cadres earlier supported the "Reaffirm" document by CPP Chairman Armando Liwanag and tried appealing for the Chairman's support. This did not materialize though, and the cadres formed the Marxist–Leninist Party of
2726-451: The start of the socialist revolution . The CPP adheres to Marxism-Leninism-Maoism as its guiding ideology in analyzing and summing up the experience of the party and its creative application to the concrete conditions in the Philippines in fighting US imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism. It considers Maoism as the highest development of Marxism-Leninism. It considers the Philippine society as semicolonial and semifeudal ,
2784-610: The time of its inception, the Government of the Philippines automatically outlawed the CPP through the Anti-Subversion Act of 1957 (Republic Act No. 1700) which had previously branded the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 (PKP) and the Hukbalahap as an "organized conspiracy" upon its passage on 20 June 1957. As splinter groups which had roots to the PKP, the ban extended to the CPP-NPA. The Anti-Subversion Act of 1957
2842-512: The tri-boundary of Alaminos , Bani and Mabini in the province of Pangasinan . This is where the CPP's "Congress of Reestablishment" was held on 26 December 1968, at a hut near the house of the Navarettes, the parents-in-law of Arthur Garcia, one of the CPP founders. Jose Maria Sison is the central figure behind the CPP and its formation. According to Party documents, in the 1960s, a massive leftist unrest called First Quarter Storm occurred in
2900-580: The unfinished armed revolution against foreign and feudal domination, referring to what was claimed to be legacy and de facto continuation of the Philippine–American War of 1899, combat subjectivism and opportunism in the history of the old merger party and fight modern revisionism then being promoted by the Soviet Union . This ideology was the basis for the split from the PKP-1930, the (re)creation of
2958-399: The views expressed in "Reaffirm our Basic Principles and Rectify Errors", thereafter referred to as "reaffirmists", and those who disagreed with these views, who were labelled "rejectionists". The "rejectionists" were then considered " counter-revolutionaries ". Among those labelled "counter-revolutionaries" by Sison were Romulo Kintanar, former chief of the New People's Army , Arturo Tabara,
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#17328513052873016-545: The wrong directions taken by various elements in the revolutionary movement were due to modern revisionism at that time; "adulating Mikhail Gorbachev on a simplistic notion of anti-Stalinism " was mentioned. On the whole, the document identified trends in thinking that led to certain "errors", so that those who were responsible for those errors would be pressured into admitting their mistakes; anyone who had been in error but refused to admit it were either to leave or be thrown out. "Reaffirm our Basic Principles and Rectify Errors"
3074-620: Was ambushed by four gunmen in 2001; he died from bullet wounds to the head. Kintanar was assassinated by two gunmen in Quezon City in 2003. The New People's Army admitted to killing him. Tabara was shot and killed by suspected communist rebels in Manila in 2004. In 2005, the New Internationalist reported that the December 2004 issue of the CPP organ Ang Bayan published a list of 15 individuals who had been labelled "counter-revolutionaries";
3132-458: Was dated December 26, 1991, to coincide with the CPP's 23rd founding anniversary, but was not approved as official party policy by the Central Committee until approximately six months later, when the committee met in its 10th Plenum in mid-1992. The publication of the document sparked the "Second Great Rectification Movement". It caused a divide among the communist party; those who agreed with
3190-500: Was formed in 1995 following a split from the Communist Party of the Philippines due to ideological differences such as rejection of Maoism and preference for the act of insurrection over the Maoist protracted people's war . The party, as well as its armed group Revolutionary Proletarian Army – Alex Boncayao Brigade , is known to be a "rejectionist" faction of the CPP- New People's Army due to its ideological differences from
3248-423: Was recognizable, implying that the party needed evaluate its strengths and weaknesses, and make decisions regarding its future. The tone set suggested that the party's situation was critical, so much so that "extraordinary measures were required to rectify it". Liwanag states that the party needed to reaffirm the basic principles laid down in its 1968 congress; these included, among others: Liwanag then states that
3306-514: Was repealed by President Fidel Ramos in October 1992, decriminalizing membership in the CPP and NPA. Revolutionary Workers%27 Party (Philippines) The Revolutionary Workers' Party of the Philippines ( RPM-P ; Tagalog : Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawà ng Pilipinas ) is a communist party that split from the Communist Party of the Philippines during the Second Great Rectification Movement . The party
3364-450: Was soon recruited to be a member of Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP-1930). During that time the new PKP members, independently from the incumbent PKP members, were conducting clandestine theoretical and political education on Marxism–Leninism , with special attention dedicated to workers, peasants and youth. This would eventually lead to a significant split between the PKP members. The new members advocated to resume what they regarded as
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