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95-536: Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique ( Spanish: [miˈɣel ˈxwan seβasˈtjam piˈɲeɾa etʃeˈnike] ; 1 December 1949 – 6 February 2024) was a Chilean businessman and politician who served as president of Chile from 2010 to 2014 and again from 2018 to 2022. The son of a Christian Democratic politician and diplomat, he studied business administration at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and economics at Harvard University . At

190-458: A Diplom . Traditional Magister degrees are granted in social sciences and most of the humanities ( international business , European studies and economics included), with the exception of visual and performing arts such as music and theatre. The Magister Artium held either a double major degree or a combination of one major and two minors. German postgraduate Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2001. Therefore,

285-457: A national TV spot on YouTube featuring a male gay couple, something never seen before in a presidential campaign run in Chile. Amongst his promises were increasing education rates and improving international relations with the neighboring nation of Peru . Piñera's victory meant a shift towards the right, breaking two-decades of center-left political leadership in Chile and I. the process becoming

380-563: A bachelor's degree . Some programs provide for a joint bachelor's and master's after about five years. Some universities use the Latin degree names, such as Artium Magister (AM) or Scientiæ Magister (SM). For example, Harvard University , Dartmouth College , the University of Chicago , MIT , the University of Pennsylvania , and Brown University use the abbreviations AM and SM for some of their master's degrees. A Master of Arts may be given in

475-504: A "historical anachronism" and argued that "unearned qualifications" should be discontinued to preserve the academic integrity of the taught MA. Further, they warned that the title gave Oxbridge graduates an unfair advantage in the job market. On 21 October 2011, the bill received its second reading, but it failed to complete its passage through Parliament before the end of the session, meaning it fell. A number of different master's degrees may be earned at Oxford and Cambridge. The most common,

570-570: A "very high research" Master of Arts might have to earn credits also at the PhD level, and they may need to complete their program in about three years of full-time candidature, e.g. at Harvard in the United States and McGill in Canada. A thesis must be a distinct contribution to knowledge. It must demonstrate ability to plan and carry out research, organize results, and defend the approach and conclusions in

665-707: A 1,180 km2 (456 sq mi) a private natural reserve he bought and owned on the south end of Chiloé Island , in order to protect 118,000 hectares of the region's unique ecosystem . His foundation runs the park, which is open to the public and is an ecotourist location. Piñera bought the 118,000 hectares in Chiloé through an offshore company in Panama. He faced pressure to cede eight hectares to sixteen indigenous families whose presence pre-dates Piñera's purchase and who have spent years negotiating to obtain title to their familial lands. An additional project, Grupo Tantauco: Derechos Humanos ,

760-517: A cross-party centre-right and right-wing faction called Piñerism. Piñera was born in Santiago de Chile on 1 December 1949, as the third child of José Piñera Carvallo (1917–1991) and Magdalena Echenique Rozas (1919–2000). Among his ancestors on his maternal side is his mother's great-great-grandmother, Luisa Pinto Garmendia, the sister of President Aníbal Pinto Garmendia and daughter of President Francisco Antonio Pinto and Luisa Garmendia Alurralde, who

855-465: A dissertation based on independent research. Taught master's programs involve one or two years of full-time study. Many can be done part-time as well. Until recently, both the undergraduate and postgraduate master's degrees were awarded without grade or class (like the class of an honours degree ). Nowadays, however, master's degrees are normally classified into the categories of Fail, Pass, Pass with Merit, or Pass with Distinction. This education pattern in

950-495: A family-owned copper mine Dominga to his best friend through shell companies registered in British Virgin Islands Piñera once owned 90% of Chilevisión (a terrestrial television channel broadcasting nationwide). He also owned 27% of LAN Airlines (LAN); 13% of Colo-Colo , a football (soccer) club; and other minor stock positions in companies such as Quiñenco , Enersis , and Soquimich . In July 2007, Piñera

1045-731: A fundamental role in the creation of the Pacific Alliance , and also involved Chile in the international arena by celebrating the CELAC-EU Summit in Santiago in 2013 in which he had a discussion with Bolivia President Evo Morales on the topic of the Bolivian Government demanding Sea Access. Early in 2012, physicist Frank Duarte sharply criticized Piñera's performance in the handling of the Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute at The Hague, deemed as favoring commercial interests over

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1140-648: A member of the Christian Democratic Party. Another nominee was Cristián Larroulet, who was an economic planning adviser under Pinochet . Piñera first met with his new ministers one day later and issued a formal memorandum calling upon all members to renounce their positions in all private companies by 28 February to avoid conflicts of interest. The memorandum also said that in regards to national heritage , secretaries of state whose affiliation with companies having direct receipt of fiscal monies must either remove themselves from those associations or honor

1235-525: A partial Fulbright Program for postgraduate studies in economics. During his time at Harvard, Piñera and a classmate coauthored an article, "The Old South's Stake in the Inter-Regional Movement of Slaves", for the Journal of Economic History . After three years at Harvard, Piñera graduated with both a Master of Arts and PhD in economics . Piñera was an economics lecturer from 1971 until 1988 at

1330-452: A person can run for candidacy if they have not previously served as president. The incumbent president, in accordance with the constitution, completes their corresponding term on 11 March of the immediate year after the election. The president-elect takes office the same day. If the President is unable to perform his or her duties, the President's powers are usually temporarily transferred to

1425-528: A result, he became Chile's first conservative president to be democratically elected since 1958, and the first to hold the office since the departure of Augusto Pinochet in 1990. The legacy of Piñera's two administrations include the reconstruction following the 2010 Chile earthquake , the rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010 , a rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic , and the legalization of same-sex marriage in Chile in 2021–2022. His administrations also faced

1520-442: A scientific discipline, common at Ivy League universities . Many universities offer Master of Arts programs, which are differentiated either as Thesis or Non-Thesis programs. Usually, the duration for a Non-Thesis option is one to two years of full-time study. The period for a Thesis option may last longer, depending also on the required level of courses and complexity of the thesis . Sometimes, qualified students who are admitted to

1615-482: A scientific thesis after completing the bachelor's degree. This fourth year typically constitutes the first half of a master's programme. If not, it may be supplemented by a fifth year and a master's thesis to obtain a master's degree in the field of study. Except at Aberdeen, Cambridge, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and St. Andrews (see below), the MA is typically a "taught" postgraduate degree, involving lectures, examination, and

1710-414: A six-year term, without an immediate reelection. Under the 2005 constitutional reform, the president serves for four years without the possibility of immediate reelection for one more term. A former president may run for office once again after serving their initial term, but only in an election following their successor, as it is not allowed to run for consecutive terms. There is no limit to how many times

1805-619: A state visit to Spain to boost relations between the two countries. While in Spain, President and Mrs Piñera, with Prince Felipe and Princess Letizia , opened the exhibition "Don Qui. El Quijote de Matta", at the Cervantes Institute of Madrid . As president, Piñera expressed support for the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands , referring to " the unrenounceable rights of Argentina on

1900-478: A symbol of the authority of the first president with the assumption of office by President José Joaquín Prieto in 1831. It is composed of three stripes with the colors of the Chilean flag, it is sewn by hand and measured approximately 75 cm (30 in) long and 13 cm (5.1 in) wide. From the nineteenth century a single sash was maintained that was transferred from president to president until 1915, due to

1995-475: A variety of four-year undergraduate integrated master's degrees such as MEng or MMath . In Canada and the United States, the Master of Arts ( Magister Artium ) and Master of Science ( Magister Scientiæ ) are the basic graduate-level degrees in most subjects and may be course-based, research-based, or, more typically, a combination of the two. Admission to a master's program is normally contingent upon holding

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2090-531: Is a research degree at the University of Cambridge , where the Master of Philosophy (MPhil) is the name given to the standard one-year taught degree with a unique research element, in contrast to the use of MPhil at other institutions for a research degree. Research in 2000 by the universities watchdog, the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education , showed that two-thirds of employers were unaware that

2185-475: Is awarded in the arts (visual arts, literature, foreign languages, filmmaking, theatre etc.), natural sciences, mathematics, computer science fields, and economics. The completion of a research thesis is required. All master's degrees in Poland qualify for a doctorate program. In Finland, Denmark and Norway, the master's degree is a combined taught/research degree, awarded after two years of studies after completing

2280-413: Is placed before one's name, like the title Dr). At the technical universities, a student is awarded with inżynier (engineer) after three years and then with "magister" after completing another two years of study and graduating. Such persons use titles "mgr inż". In the 1990s, the MA programs usually lasting five years were replaced by separate three-year bachelor's and two-year master's programs. The degree

2375-512: Is the La Moneda Palace in the capital Santiago . Michelle Bachelet was the first female president of Chile and served from 2006 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2018. Since 2022, Gabriel Boric is the current president, having won the 2021 Chilean general election and taking office on 11 March 2022. The origins of Chile as a nation can be traced to 1541, when it was separated from the existing Viceroyalty of Peru by King Charles I , creating

2470-508: Is to return the Copa Libertadores to Chile. That is our great goal." Although he will remain part owner, he will take no administrative duties or role while President. Piñera announced his "cabinet of unity" on 9 February 2010 in Chile's National Historical Museum. The cabinet was made up of 16 men and 6 women. Among Piñera's nominees was Jaime Ravinet , the previous president's defense minister; until accepting Piñera's offer, he had been

2565-416: The 2005 presidential election (RN was supposed to support UDI's Lavín ). He described his political philosophy as Christian humanism . Piñera ran for President of Chile in the 2009–2010 election. From August 2009, he led in opinion polls, competing with left-of-center candidates Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle , Marco Enríquez-Ominami , and Jorge Arrate . In the 13 December 2009 election, Piñera placed first in

2660-512: The Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego to the province of Santa Cruz through Chilean territory. Another 1,500 tourists were left without movement in Torres del Paine National Park after routes to Puerto Natales and El Calafate were cut. In consequence, on 14 January, Minister Secretary General of Government Ena von Baer announced changes in Sebastián Piñera's government cabinet, including

2755-659: The Banco de Talca 's CEO. The money disappeared and was never paid. Piñera spent 24 days in hiding while his brother, José Piñera , appealed the order, making some calls to underestimate the crime. A writ of habeas corpus , first rejected by the Appeals Court but then approved by the Supreme Court , acquitted Piñera. According to the Pandora Papers, Sebastián Piñera's case was throw out due to political intervention. Sebastián Piñera

2850-562: The Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle in his pre-candidacy for president. Between 11 March 1990 and 11 March 1998, Piñera was senator for Eastern Santiago . In 1998, Piñera opposed the arrest and detention of Augusto Pinochet in London, initiated by Baltasar Garzón , arguing that it was an attack on Chile's sovereignty and dignity. On 14 May 2005, in a surprise move, Piñera announced his candidacy for

2945-527: The Colegio del Verbo Divino ("Divine Word School"), from which he graduated in 1967. Piñera then enrolled at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile , from which he graduated in 1971 with an undergraduate degree in commercial engineering. Upon graduation, he was awarded the Raúl Iver Oxley Prize, which is given to the best overall student in each class. Piñera continued on to Harvard University on

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3040-670: The Colombian peace process and celebrated the Summit between the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States and the European Union in Santiago in 2013. In 2014, during the end of his term, the President highlighted the creation of 990 thousand new jobs, in addition to the fact that the country was in a position to grow economically between 6 or 7%, in addition to the reduction of poverty rates in

3135-570: The Minister of the Interior under the title of " Vice President ". However, this is not a substantive position. Rather, the holder of the position fulfills the duties of the President only for as long as the President is incapacitated or a vacancy occurs. If the President and the Minister of the Interior are both temporarily unavailable, the next minister of the government, in the order of succession, becomes

3230-603: The President of the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : Presidente de la República de Chile ), is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Chile . The president is responsible for both government administration and state administration. Although its role and significance have changed over time , and its position and relations with other actors in the national political organization have also evolved, it remains one of

3325-680: The Santiago Stock Exchange to ease trade. Axxion shares more than tripled before falling 39% on Friday, 22 January. Bachelet's Finance Minister Andrés Velasco urged Piñera to get the sale "sorted out quickly." The value of Piñera's interest in Axxion was estimated at US$ 700 million, of his US$ 1.2 billion fortune at the beginning of that week. On 5 February, Piñera confirmed plans to sell his 26.3% stake in LAN airlines at an extraordinary shareholders' meeting for his main holding company, Axxion. Under

3420-746: The University of Chile , the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile , and Adolfo Ibáñez University . In 1971, he was in charge of Economic Political Theory in the School of Economics at the University of Chile, and in 1972, at the Valparaiso Business School. In 1989, with Cecilia Morel, Danica Radic, and Paula Délano, Piñera created the Enterprising Women Foundation ( Fundación Mujer Emprende ), originally called The House of Youth ( La Casa de la Juventud ). The foundation aims to assist in

3515-467: The University of Dublin , the title of Master of Arts is conferred after a certain number of years , without further examination, to those who have graduated as Bachelor of Arts and who have the requisite years' standing as members of the university or as graduates. This happens, in England, only at the universities of Oxford , four years after completing a bachelor's degree, and Cambridge , six years after

3610-411: The doctorandus degree, which gave the title "Doctorandus" before their name, abbreviated to 'drs.'; in the case of ingenieur, this would be 'ir.'), or else opt for a master's degree as postnominals behind their name, in accordance with the new standard ('MA' or 'MSc'). A master's degree can take one or two years to complete. The Polish equivalent of Master of Arts is "magister" (its abbreviation "mgr"

3705-454: The rescue of 33 trapped miners , all of whom were rescued after 70 days following a mining accident . " Chile will never be the same ", he said to the miners' foreman, Luis Urzúa, as he (the last of the miners to emerge from the cavern) greeted Piñera, in a broadcast carried live across the globe. Despite much goodwill in Chile following this incident, he faced continuing opposition from Chileans calling for amendments to anti-terrorism laws on

3800-539: The "Vice President". The consent of the Senate is required for the Vice President to exercise the duties of the President. A partial constitutional amendment in 2011 established the order of presidential succession in the order of Minister of the Interior, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of National Defense. Names of incumbents as of 2023 : The presidential sash , used initially by Bernardo O'Higgins , became

3895-472: The Bologna process, a master's degree could only be obtained after five years of uninterrupted study. Under the new system, it takes only two years but requires a previously completed three-year bachelor's program (a Bc. title). Writing a thesis (in both master's and bachelor's programs) and passing final exams are necessary to obtain the degree. It is mostly the case that the final exams cover the main study areas of

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3990-479: The Chilean Constitution. Article 26 detail the electoral requirements. The president shall be elected by direct ballot, with an absolute majority of the votes validly cast. A two-round system is used. In order to win the election in the first round, the winning candidate's party must receive more than 50 percent of the valid votes leaving out of the count blank and spoiled votes. The election shall be held

4085-788: The Chilean Football Board in 2010. Pérez de Arce hold Piñera, owner of football club Colo-Colo , had a long-term interest in removing Mayne-Nicholls from the Presidency of the Chilean Football Board. Marcelo Bielsa , the manager of the Chile national football team , subsequently made headlines for his brief and cold greeting to Piñera in the farewell before the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Both Bielsa and Mayne-Nicholls had good relations with former president Michelle Bachelet , Piñera's political rival. President of Chile The President of Chile ( Spanish : Presidente de Chile ), officially known as

4180-411: The Master of Arts and the Master of Science degrees were introduced in 2002. Until that time, a single program that led to the doctorandus degree (or the ingenieur degree in the case of technical subjects) was in effect, which comprised the same course-load as the bachelor's and master's programs put together. Those who had already started the doctorandus program could, upon completing it, opt for

4275-451: The Master of Philosophy degree (MPhil), is a two-year research degree. To prepare to graduate as a Master of Science (MSc) or a Master of Studies (MSt) takes only one year, both courses often combining some coursework with research. A Master of Letters (MLitt) is the holder of a pure research master's degree. In comparison to the LLM at Cambridge, Oxford offers two master's degrees in law depending on

4370-567: The Oxford and Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of post-graduate achievement. In February 2011, the Labour Member of Parliament Chris Leslie sponsored a private member's bill in Parliament, the master's degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill, to "prohibit universities awarding master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met". The bill's supporters described the practice as

4465-559: The United Kingdom is followed in India and many Commonwealth Nations . The Master of Laws (LLM) is the standard degree taught for law, but certain courses may lead to MA, MLitt, Master of Studies (MSt), and the Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) at Oxford . All of these degrees are considered substitutes to one another and are thus generally equivalent. In the ancient universities of Scotland ,

4560-666: The automatic registration, voluntary voting and primary laws, the law for the direct election of regional councilors, the elimination of the 7% contribution charge for retirees, the creation of the Ethical Family Income, the Luchsinger-Mackay case, the student protests of 2011, in addition to protests in the Chilean Patagonia. He helped to create the Pacific Alliance , started recognizing the State of Palestine , participated in

4655-510: The bachelor's degree. The student is required to write a scientific thesis. In Finland, this master's degree is called a filosofian maisteri (in Finnish) or filosofie magister (in Swedish), and it is abbreviated as FM or "fil.mag.". In Sweden, there is still an intermediate degree between the bachelor's ( kandidat ) and master's called magister which only requires one year of studies, including

4750-697: The closure of the Cordillera prison and the installation in the political discourse of the concept of "passive accomplices" from the Pinochet Government, the reception of the decision of the International Court of Justice in The Hague on the maritime delimitation between Chile and Peru in 2014, the six-month postnatal law, the sending of the Civil Union Agreement law, the creation of Chile Atiende,

4845-637: The country. The first lady, Cecilia Morel , was in charge of the Elige Vivir Sano program, and the Ministry of Sports and the Ministry of Social Development were created during the administration. The composition of his government was marked by the presence of former officials of the Pinochet dictatorship . For example, the head of the cabinet of the Undersecretary of Defence, Major Mario Larenas Gutiérrez,

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4940-489: The degree of Master of Arts is awarded in universities as a four-year undergraduate degree, see Master of Arts (Scotland) . The degree of Master of Arts is the first degree awarded in arts , humanities , theology , and social sciences . However, some universities in Scotland award the degree of Master of Letters (MLitt) to students in the arts , humanities , divinity , and social sciences . At Oxford , Cambridge and

5035-444: The development of young women of lower income. In 1973, Piñera created the foundation Fundación Futuro , of which he was president and whose directors are Cristián Boza D., María Teresa Chadwick P., Hugo Montes B., Cecilia Morel M., Renato Poblete S.J., and Fabio Valdés C. The head director of the foundation is Magdalena Piñera. The foundation's mission is to help in Chile's development of justice, freedom, and democracy. The foundation

5130-410: The exceptional possibility of his reelection in the 1988 plebiscite . Then, in the transition to democracy the 1989 referendum established a first transitional four-year presidential term (1990–1994), followed by common eight-year terms, without the possibility of immediate reelection. However, in 4 March 1994 (a week before Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle took office) the presidential period was reduced to

5225-506: The first billionaire to be sworn into the Chilean Presidency. He offered to sell his shares in major corporations before being sworn in on 11 March 2010, to avoid conflicts of interest . Piñera placed US$ 400 million in blind trusts . The Monday following Piñera's election, expectations of sale from his largest holdings created a surge in trade of Axxion and LAN shares, causing three brief suspensions (19–20, 22 January 2010) in

5320-491: The first elected right-wing leader in 52 years. On 28 January, Piñera suspended his membership in National Renewal party and unofficially became an independent . RN's bylaws require successful presidential candidates from the party to renounce their association to govern the country fairly, foremost with the interest of the people, not with the interest of a political party or particular political philosophy. Piñera became

5415-469: The first election, limited to the two candidates with the highest relative majorities. Then, the candidate with the majority of valid votes in that round is elected president. Previously, under the 1925 constitution, the Congress of Chile elected the president in the run-off, including (notably) in the 1970 Chilean presidential election . Under the 1828 constitution, the president served for four years, without

5510-428: The first term of study. It is also the case at the University of Dublin. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is therefore almost always appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" in the same way that it is to higher degrees, e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab), PhD (Lond)", principally so that it is clear (to those who are aware of the system) that these are nominal and unexamined degrees. The MLitt

5605-476: The foundation's president at any given time. Cristián Patricio Larroulet Vignau , current Minister of the Secretariat of the Presidency of Chile, stated that Piñera was honoring his promise of removing himself from private corporations, as Chilevision will become the property of a non-profit organization. MP Cristián Monckeberg ( RN ), stated there was no law obligating Piñera to do otherwise and thus this decision

5700-575: The grounds that Mapuche Indigenists could be treated as terrorists. This matter led to hunger strikes which started before the mining disaster, and were set to continue afterward. The Araucanía Region suffers from constant burnings of trucks and private infrastructure by some radical groups. In January 2011 he faced protests in Magallanes Region in response to a proposed increase in the price of natural gas there by 16.8%. The protests left more than two thousand cars isolated while trying to cross from

5795-493: The height differences between the outgoing Ramón Barros Luco and the elected Juan Luis Sanfuentes , so a new sash had to be designed. Since that date, each president has had his or her own presidential sash, which is used only in official ceremonies. The O'Higgins Pioche , which is considered the symbol of presidential power and is placed at the lower end of the presidential sash, is a star of five ends of about 7 cm (2.8 in) in diameter, enameled in red. It dates back to

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5890-652: The humanities while an MgA. (Magister of Arts) is awarded for studies in the arts. In Germany, the Master of Arts degree was called in Latin Magister Artium . This degree, which usually required five years of studies, existed in the Holy Roman Empire and its successors, including the German Empire and the Federal Republic of Germany , but not in the former East Germany , where all degree courses led to

5985-584: The image of royalty that carriages now confer, used the black 1966 Ford Galaxie XL convertible acquired in 1968 for Queen Elizabeth II's visit to Chile as his official vehicle with a normally issued license plate (EL-2801). Both the carriage and the Galaxie have since been maintained by the state and are now used only for official ceremonies, such as state visits and the national holidays on 21 May and 19 September, and presidential inaugurations which take place on 11 March every four years. Master of Arts The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to

6080-468: The interest of the Chilean people, and called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague. Following the adverse ruling against Chile in 2014, several political figures in Chile, from a variety of political parties, also called for Chile's withdrawal from The Hague that would, in addition, imply a withdrawal from the Pact of Bogota . According to Hermógenes Pérez de Arce Ibieta , President Piñera had pushed for Harold Mayne-Nicholls to be replaced as President of

6175-471: The islands ". In March 2012, Piñera visited Vietnam with the intention of increasing cooperation between the two countries in general and with Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam's most populous and largest economic hub, in particular. HCM City also called for a Chilean sister city while receiving Piñera on 23 March. The visit included the signing of a bilateral trade agreement and several cooperation pacts in education, tourism, culture, and finance. President Piñera had

6270-465: The jurisdictional background of the student. The degree of Bachelor of Civil Law (BCL) is for those from a common law background, whilst the more recent Magister Juris is for those from civil law jurisdictions. More recently, Oxford and Cambridge offer the degree of Master of Business Administration. Master's degrees are generally offered without classification, although the top five percent may be deemed worthy of Distinction. Both universities also offer

6365-554: The medals of the Legion of Merit and remained intact until the coup d'état of 1973, when it disappeared during the bombing of the La Moneda palace. During the military regime of Augusto Pinochet a replica of the pioche was created, based on photographs of the original. It is only used together with the presidential sash. The president of Chile traditionally used an elegant horse drawn "Bandeja" Carriage imported from France by President José Manuel Balmaceda for ceremonial events until president Salvador Allende , not wanting to project

6460-487: The most prominent political offices in the country. It is also considered one of the key institutions that form the "Historic Constitution of Chile," and is crucial to the country's political stability. Under the current Constitution , adopted in 1980 , the president serves a four-year term and is not eligible for immediate re-election. The shorter term (previously it was six years) allows for synchronized parliamentary and presidential elections. The president's official seat

6555-411: The new Kingdom of Chile . The head of state continued to be the king, but he was represented locally by the Royal Governor . The Constitution of 1980 , with its 2005 amendment, outlines the qualifications for becoming president. To be eligible, the individual must be a natural-born Chilean citizen or born abroad to Chilean parents or grandparents. They must also be at least 35 years old and meet all

6650-404: The new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees have existed side by side, since 2010; Magister Artium degrees are still awarded by some universities, as of 2020. The new Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts degrees together also require five years of studies, which is the reason the new Master of Arts and the old Magister Artium degrees are considered equivalent. In the Netherlands,

6745-443: The pact, Axxion shareholders have agreed to fix the price of the sale, estimated at US$ 1.5  billion. The Cueto family, who at that point held 25.5% of LAN through their holding company Costa Verde Aeronáutica , had the first option to purchase the stake. On 18 February, Axxion posted a statement on their website confirming the sale of a 21.18% stake in LAN Airlines to the Cueto family for US$ 1.23 billion. Announcement regarding

6840-446: The possibility of immediate reelection for one more term. In 1833, the presidential period was changed to five years, with a possibility of immediate reelection for one more term, limited to two consecutive terms. Then by a constitutional reform in 1878, possibility for reelection became disallowed. Under the 1925 constitution, the president served for a six-year term, without the possibility of immediate reelection. Non-consecutive election

6935-441: The public ownership of educational establishments. During August 2011, Piñera's public approval declined precipitously amidst continuous protests, to the extent that some polls indicated that he was the least popular Chilean leader since Augusto Pinochet. His approval ratings dropped to as low as 22% according to a CERC survey. As such, Piñera's chances of passing sought reforms were seen as remote. In March 2011, President Piñera led

7030-479: The requirements for becoming a Senator . In addition, the president must have the right to vote as a fully Chilean citizen , which includes being at least 18 years of age, not having been sentenced to a severe punishment, not having lost the right to vote due to insanity, not having been tried or condemned for a serious crime or terrorist conduct, nor condemned by the Constitutional Court under Article 8 of

7125-423: The resignation of Ricardo Raineri as Energy Minister. Laurence Golborne became Mining and Energy Minister, on 16 January. Amidst the severe 2011 Chilean student protests Piñera shuffled his cabinet and removed Joaquín Lavín from the post of minister of education. With respect to the protest, Piñera defended for-profit activity in education and proposed to legalize it, rejecting the students' demands for

7220-543: The restrictions of their competitors. Piñera was sworn in as the 34th President of the Republic of Chile on 11 March 2010, in a ceremony held in a plenary session of the National Congress in Valparaíso . In the same ceremony, Piñera's Cabinet ministers were sworn in. The ceremony was also marked by a 6.9 M w earthquake and subsequent aftershocks that upset the invitees. Among the milestones of his first government

7315-510: The results with 44.05% of the votes, while Frei placed second with 29.6%. Neither candidate received more than half of the total votes; therefore, as per the Constitution , Chileans returned to the polls for a final run-off election on Sunday, 17 January 2010. That evening, the third and final preliminary results were announced by the Undersecretary of the Interior , accounting for 99.77% of

7410-434: The sale of the remaining shares was pending until March 2010, when the whole package left Piñera's hands. Piñera sold his 9.7% stake in the upscale private hospital Clinica Las Condes at a price of 25,113 CLP per share (US$ 48.00) through his holding company Bancard on Tuesday, 16 February. The total sale of the 792,000 shares grossed US$ 37.85 million and was purchased by the brokerage firm Celfin . The proceeds from

7505-520: The sale will go to paying off Bancard debt. Piñera announced in February he had the intention to transfer 100% of his stake in Chilevisión to a not-for-profit organization called Fundación Cultura y Sociedad (formerly Fundación Futuro ), of which he was owner. The foundation's board will include some of the station's current executives. Under that proposal, Piñera maintains the right to remove and replace

7600-542: The teaching license or Licentia docendi of the University of Paris , designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects. Like all EU member states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia follow the Bologna Process. The Czech Republic and Slovakia both award two different types of master's degrees; both award a title of Mgr. or Ing. to be used before the name. Prior to reforms for compliance with

7695-399: The third Sunday of November of the year immediately before the end of the administration of the president then holding office. Should there be more than two candidates in the presidential election, none of them obtaining more than half of the votes validly cast, a new election shall be held. The second election ("balloting"), in the manner determined by law, shall be held the fourth Sunday after

7790-507: The time of his death, he had an estimated net worth of US$ 2.7 billion, according to Forbes , making him the third richest person in Chile and the 1177th richest person in the world. A member of the liberal-conservative National Renewal party, he served as a senator for the East Santiago district from 1990 to 1998, running for the presidency in the 2005 election , which he lost to Michelle Bachelet , and again, successfully, in 2010 . As

7885-432: The total ballot boxes. Piñera received 51.61% of the votes and Frei received 48.39%. Piñera invested an estimated US$ 13.6 million in his presidential campaign, which included items such as a campaign anthem and " Thank You " banners. Piñera's banners and billboards carried statements throughout the country such as " Delinquents, your party is over ," and " Small businesses, Big opportunities ". Piñera's campaign released

7980-425: The two largest protests movements since the return of democracy in 1990; the 2011 student protests and the more massive and violent 2019–2020 protests . After leaving office in 2022 Piñera developed amicable relations with the new left-wing president Gabriel Boric , who had previously been a harsh critic of him. Piñera died in a helicopter crash on Lake Ranco on 6 February 2024 at age 74. Piñera's supporters form

8075-454: The whole study program, i.e. a student is required to prove their knowledge in the subjects they attended during the two resp. three years of their study. Exams also include the defence of a thesis before an academic board. Ing. (Engineer) degrees are usually awarded for master's degrees achieved in the natural sciences or mathematics-heavy study programmes, whereas an Mgr. (Magister) is generally awarded for master's studies in social sciences or

8170-537: Was a descendant of the penultimate Inca emperor, Huayna Capac . He was a nephew of the former oldest living Roman Catholic bishop in the world, Bernardino Piñera , who died in 2020 due to complications from COVID-19 . Piñera's family moved to Belgium one year after his birth and later to New York City , where his father was the Chilean ambassador to the United Nations . Piñera returned to Chile in 1955 and enrolled in

8265-591: Was accused by the communist deputy Hugo Gutiérrez of having participated in the Caravan of Death following the 1973 coup . The same deputy recalled the past of the general appointed by Piñera as director of the Gendarmerie , Iván Andrusco, who had worked at DICOMCAR, a repressive body dissolved following the Caso Degollados (1985), and who had been forced to resign. On 12 October 2010, Piñera rallied his countrymen in

8360-506: Was also involved in the Chispas Case, on which a fraudulent buyout of the chilean electrical company Enersis netted its participants over $ 400 million. All involved were convicted, resulting in a $ 75 million fine. Between 1992 and 2004 Sebastian Piñera engaged in tax evasion through the use of shell companies, for which he was never formally charged. Due to Pandora Papers leaks, he was formally charged for tax-evasion and bribery due to selling

8455-609: Was fined approximately US$ 680,000 by Chile's securities regulator (SVS) for not withdrawing a purchase order after receiving privileged information (an infraction similar to insider trading ) of LAN Airlines stock in mid-2006. Later that month, he resigned from the boards of LAN and Quintec . To avoid a conflict of interest, he sold Chilevisión for $ 160 million in 2010 to Time Warner . He also sold his shares of LAN in several rounds between February and March 2010. Piñera built an estimated fortune of US$ 2.8 billion as of February 2018, according to Forbes magazine. His wealth

8550-549: Was greatly due to his involvement in introducing credit cards to Chile in the late 1970s and his subsequent investments, mainly in LAN Airlines stock. Piñera acquired shares of the formerly state-owned company from Scandinavian Airlines in 1994, as part of a joint venture with the Cueto family. In 1988, after Pinochet had lost the referendum on his continued rule and Chile was returning to democracy , Piñera offered his support for

8645-722: Was legally legitimate. The option above did not take place in the end; Piñera decided to sell the TV station, and after a failed attempt in May 2010 with the Linzor Capital investment fund, the President announced it had sold Chilevisión to Time Warner , in late August 2010. Piñera said he would not sell his 12.5% stake in Blanco y Negro , a company that owns the Colo-Colo soccer team. He stated: "We want big things and not only achieve local victories. The idea

8740-420: Was possible, as seen with Jorge Alessandri (president 1958-1964) running a close second in the momentous election of 1970 , although ultimately it did not occur. In the original text of the 1980 constitution, the president served for an eight-year term without the possibility of immediate reelection. Some transitory disposals, fixed during the military dictatorship of the general Augusto Pinochet , allowed

8835-464: Was proposed in hopes of beginning a reconciliation between the Chilean people who suffered human rights violations during Augusto Pinochet 's dictatorship. Piñera was general manager of the Banco de Talca . In 1982, a warrant was issued for his arrest on charges of violating banking law and fraudulent loans, in an event where over US$ 38 million were not paid to the Central Bank of Chile , Piñera being

8930-544: Was renamed Fundación Cultura y Sociedad after Piñera was elected president. Under the Fundación Cultura y Sociedad (formerly Fundación Futuro ), the Grupo Tantauco has the mission of environmentalism, and is administered by Juan Carlos Urquidi. It was created to support the proposals Piñera instituted or planned to institute during his presidency. In 2005, Piñera created Tantauco Park (Spanish: Parque Tantauco ),

9025-632: Was the rescue of the San José mine in 2010, a year in which Chile lived the Bicentennial , in addition to the earthquake of February 27 and the subsequent reconstruction of the country after it. The national soccer team participated in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, the approval of a tax reform for education (increasing taxes), the Zamudio law (a law against discrimination in favor of sexual minorities),

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