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30-488: Historically, this sector has contained a large part of the upper middle classes and upper classes of Santiago. In 2002 it had 45.3% of its population in the socioeconomic group "ABC1" equivalent to the classes previously mentioned, and 31% in the group "C2" (middle). The communes of the northeast sector lead the Human Development Index (HDI) not only at the city level, but also at the national level, being among

60-449: A key factor in increased life-style related health conditions such as fatigue , obesity , diabetes , hypertension , cancer , and heart disease . Also, working at a computer could potentially lead to diseases associated with monotonous data entry such as carpal tunnel syndrome . Workplace interventions such as alternative activity workstations, sit-stand desks , and promotion of stair use are among measures being implemented to counter

90-462: A majority in industrialized countries due to modernization and outsourcing of manufacturing jobs. The blue-collar and white-collar phrases may no longer be literally accurate, as office attire has broadened beyond a white shirt. Employees in many offices may dress in colourful casual or business casual clothes. In addition, the work tasks have blurred. "White-collar" employees may perform "blue-collar" tasks (or vice versa). An example would be

120-737: A median of $ 95,000 annually. Sociologists Dennis Gilbert, William Thompson and Joseph Hickey estimate the upper middle class to constitute roughly 15% of the population. Using the 15% figure one may conclude that the American upper middle class consists, strictly in an income sense, of professionals with personal incomes in excess of $ 62,500 ($ 101,000 in 2024 dollars), who commonly reside in households with six-figure incomes. The difference between personal and household income can be explained by considering that 76% of households with incomes exceeding $ 90,000 (the top 20%, $ 170,000 to cross this threshold in 2020 dollars) had two or more income earners. In 2024,

150-408: A national average of about $ 50,000. The top 15% of all US income earners nationally tend to be more concentrated in these richer suburban counties where the cost of living is also higher. If middle-class households earning between the 50th percentile ($ 46,000) and the 85th percentile ($ 62,500) tend to live in lower cost of living areas, then their difference in real income may be smaller than what

180-566: A particular political ideology. In terms of income, liberals tend to be tied with pro-business conservatives. Most mass affluent households tend to be more right -leaning on fiscal issues but more left -leaning on social issues. The majority, between 50% and 60%, of households with incomes above $ 50,000 overall, not all of whom are upper middle class, supported the Republican Party in the 2000, 2004, and 2006 elections. Those with postgraduate degrees who work in academia statistically favor

210-916: A person who performs professional service , desk, managerial , or administrative work. White-collar work may be performed in an office or other administrative setting. White-collar workers include job paths related to government , consulting , academia , accountancy , business and executive management , customer support , design , economics , science , technology , engineering , market research , finance , human resources , operations research , marketing , public relations , real estate , information technology , networking , law , healthcare , architecture , and research and development . In contrast, blue-collar workers perform manual labor or work in skilled trades ; pink-collar workers work in care, health care, social work, or teaching; and grey-collar jobs combine manual labor and skilled trades with non-manual or managerial duties. The term refers to

240-461: Is considerable debate as to how the upper middle class might be defined. According to sociologist Max Weber , the upper middle class consists of well-educated professionals with postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes. The American upper middle class is defined similarly using income , education , and occupation as the predominant indicators. In the United States, the upper middle class

270-497: Is defined as consisting mostly of white-collar professionals who not only have above-average personal incomes and advanced educational degrees but also a higher degree of autonomy in their work. The main occupational tasks of upper-middle-class individuals tend to center on conceptualizing, consulting, and instruction. The American middle class (and its subdivisions) is not a strictly defined concept across disciplines, as economists and sociologists do not agree on defining

300-450: Is in part determined by the scarcity of certain skill sets. An occupation that requires a scarce skill set which is attained through higher educational degree , and which involves higher autonomy, responsibility and influence, will usually offer higher economic compensation. Qualifying for such higher income often requires that individuals obtain the necessary skills (e.g., by attending law, medical, or postgraduate school ) and demonstrate

330-479: Is not clear if sit-stand desks may be effective at reducing sitting in the longer-term. An intervention to encourage office workers to stand and move reduced their sitting time by 22 minutes after 1 year; the effect was 3-times greater when the intervention included a sit-to-stand desk. The intervention also led to small improvements in stress, wellbeing and vigour. Formerly a minority in the agrarian and early industrial societies, white-collar workers have become

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360-736: The Club Deportivo Universidad Católica , installed in Las Condes. On July 22, 2022, the first part of the Vespucio Oriente Highway was inaugurated, which runs from La Reina to north at Avenida El Salto in Huechuraba across much of Las Condes and Vitacura. Likewise, the Parque Vespucio Oriente was reopened, increasing the square meters of green areas, and incorporating a high-standard bike lane. The second part of

390-478: The Democratic Party . For example, in 2005, 72% of surveyed full-time faculty members at four-year institutions, the majority of whom would be considered upper middle class, identified themselves as liberal. The upper middle class is often the dominant group to shape society and bring social movements to the forefront. Movements such as the peace movement , the anti-nuclear movement , environmentalism ,

420-559: The anti-smoking movement , and even in the past with blue laws and the temperance movement have been in large part (although not solely), products of the upper middle class. Some claim this is because this is the largest class (and the lowest class) with any true political power for change, while others claim some of the more restrictive social movements (such as with smoking and drinking) are based upon "saving people from themselves." The upper middle class in Britain traditionally consists of

450-430: The statistical middle class , do not need to fear downsizing, corporate cost-cutting, or outsourcing—an economic benefit largely attributable to their postgraduate degrees and comfortable incomes , likely in the top income quintile or top third . While many Americans cite income as the prime determinant of class, occupational status, educational attainment , and value systems are equally important variables. Income

480-416: The 6 highest of the 346 communes in the country. In the same way, the sector as a whole contains the highest average cost in the price of housing and offices per square meter in the country, due to the high price of urban land in the area. They also lead the national ranking. Carried out in a 2015 study, the communes are the best in quality of urban life index, and with the highest availability of green areas in

510-462: The city, as long as other services. Also, due to its pre-Andean orientation, it is called the «upper neighborhood of Santiago». Popularly, the expression "from Plaza Italia up" marks the division between the eastern sector and the rest of the city in an east and west direction and socially. According to an article published by the scientific journal PLOS One in 2021, its inhabitants tend to behave as if they were an ethnic minority , reflected by

540-510: The composition of their surnames, corresponding mainly to the Castilian-Basque aristocracy , as in the ten highest average status from Santiago: Aldunate, Errázuriz, García-Huidobro, Irarrázaval, Izquierdo, Larraín, Schmidt, Tagle, Undurraga and Vial. It has a greater variety of surnames than the rest of Santiago, and Chileans of European ancestry mainly live here. From a political point of view, its residents are inclined significantly more to

570-418: The differences in nominal income suggest . Upper-middle-class people tend to highly value tertiary education for themselves and their children, favoring the pursuit of undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Political ideology is not found to be correlated with social class ; however, a statistical relationship is seen between the level of one's educational attainment and one's likelihood of subscribing to

600-456: The educated professionals who were born into higher-income backgrounds, such as legal professionals, executives, and surgeons . This stratum, in England, traditionally uses Received Pronunciation natively. A typical Mosaic geodemographic type for this group would be cultural leadership. It is also usually assumed that this class is most predominant in the home counties of South East England and

630-408: The harms of sedentary workplace environments. The quality of evidence used to determine the effectiveness and potential health benefits of many of these interventions is weak. More research is needed to determine which interventions may be effective in the long-term. Low quality evidence indicates that sit-stand desks may reduce sitting in the workplace during the first year of their use; however, it

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660-716: The highway is still pending and would significantly help La Reina, Ñuñoa and Peñalolén, in addition to connecting with the Autopista Vespucio Sur at Rotonda Grecia in Peñalolen, thus closing the ring road as a highway in 2026. Currently, the mega infrastructure project corresponding to Line 7 of the Santiago Metro is currently under construction, which would begin on Avenida Estoril on the border of Las Condes and Vitacura, across Avenida Kennedy continuing through Avenida Providencia to Downtown Santiago. It would be operational by

690-399: The more affluent boroughs of London . Children of this group are often educated at a preparatory school until about 13 years old and then at one of the "major" or "minor" British public schools which will typically charge fees of at least £11,500 per year per pupil (as of 2013) followed by studying at post-graduation level. White-collar worker A white-collar worker is

720-399: The necessary competencies. There are also differences between household and individual income . In 2005, 42% of US households (76% among the top quintile ) had two or more income earners ; as a result, 18% of households but only 5% of individuals had six-figure incomes . To illustrate, two nurses each making $ 55,000 per year can out-earn, in a household sense, a single attorney who makes

750-472: The right of the spectrum than the rest of the city and the country. In the 2020 constitutional plebiscite , the communes of Las Condes, Lo Barnechea, Vitacura (the richest in the country) were the only urban communes nationwide where the Rejection option won, while the sector as a whole obtained 55.4% of the votes in favor of Approval, well below 78.3% of the national total. In soccer, they are mainly supporters of

780-570: The success of the upper middle class is the growing importance of educational certification ... its lifestyles and opinions are becoming increasingly normative for the whole society. It is in fact a porous class, open to people ... who earn the right credentials. In addition to having autonomy in their work, above-average incomes, and advanced educations, the upper middle class also tends to be influential, setting trends and largely shaping public opinion. Overall, members of this class are also secure from economic down-turns and, unlike their counterparts in

810-883: The term. In academic models, the term "upper middle class" applies to highly educated , salaried professionals whose work is largely self-directed . Many have postgraduate degrees , with educational attainment serving as the main distinguishing feature of this class. Household incomes commonly exceed $ 100,000 ($ 163,000 in 2024 dollars). Typical professions for this class include lawyers , physicians , military officers , psychologists , certified public accountants , pharmacists , optometrists , financial planners , dentists , engineers , scientists , professors , architects , urban planners , civil service executives, and civilian contractors. The upper middle class has grown ... and its composition has changed. Increasingly salaried managers and professionals have replaced individual business owners and independent professionals. The key to

840-458: The threshold for entering the top 15% of American household incomes is $ 202,000 The above income thresholds may vary greatly based on region due to significant differences in average income based on region and urban, suburban, or rural development. In more expensive suburbs, the threshold for the top 15% of income earners may be much higher. For example, in 2006 the ten highest income counties had median household incomes of $ 85,000 compared to

870-641: The white dress shirts of male office workers common through most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Western countries, as opposed to the blue overalls worn by many manual laborers. The term "white collar" is credited to Upton Sinclair , an American writer, in relation to contemporary clerical , administrative, and management workers during the 1930s, though references to white-collar work appear as early as 1935. White collar employees are considered highly educated as compared to blue collar. Less physical activity among white-collar workers has been thought to be

900-413: The year 2027 and would include nine new stations for the eastern sector. Upper middle class In sociology , the upper middle class is the social group constituted by higher status members of the middle class . This is in contrast to the term lower middle class , which is used for the group at the opposite end of the middle-class stratum, and to the broader term middle class . There

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