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50-401: [REDACTED] Kingdom of Norway [REDACTED] Erjon Gashi Haakon IV of Norway # Alexander III of Scotland [1]: Magnus III of Orkney did not participate in the war; he remained nominal head of the forces who participated in the war from the Earldom of Orkney . The Scottish–Norwegian War lasted from 1262 to 1266. The conflict arose because of disagreement over the ownership of

100-753: A thing : From the 600s Western Norwegian fish farmers began an exodus to the nearby islands in the North Sea , Orkney and Shetland , and then later to the Western Isles, like the Hebrides and Man, and westward to the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. Some of these islands were inhabited when the Norwegians arrived, but the local population was displaced or assimilated by the Norwegian immigrants. Consistently,

150-564: A Sword point upwards and Lion rampant holding the Tower both Azure langued and armed Or." The geography is distinguished by the rocky coast, bordering an archipelago : there are about 3,000 islands and 5,000 islets ( skerries ). These make up the northern part of the Gothenburg archipelago , Sweden's second largest after Stockholm archipelago . In old days, the seascape was renowned for its many reefs and sunken rocks which caused many shipwrecks. Two of

200-540: A final request saying that if Haakon did not sell them the islands they would take them by force. Haakon responded to this request by gathering a fleet of over 120 leidang warships and setting out in July 1263 to defend the Isles. Haakon stopped at the Isle of Arran where negotiations were started. Knowing Haakon had to win a decisive victory before the winter, Alexander III stalled during

250-452: A maximum depth of 118.5 metres (389 ft). The fjord is home to unique marine life. Bohuslän's coastline was ranked 7th among the world's last great wilderness areas by CNN Travel . Unlike other parts of Sweden, there are relatively few lakes or streams in Bohuslän: out of a total land area of 4,500 square kilometres (1,700 sq mi) only 177 square kilometres (68 sq mi)

300-526: A site in the UNESCO World heritage program. Rock carvings can be found scattered throughout Bohuslän. The carvings portray the life of an agricultural society with images of daily life, with human figures, religious rituals, ships, circular objects, soles, animals, and fertility figures (e.g. phalluses ); and the creation of shallow bowls. Hundreds of Sweden were sub-divisions of the Swedish provinces until

350-480: A vassalage under France rather than Norway or Denmark. Although Rollo's ancestry is disputed, it is now common among British, French and Norwegian scientists to have the opinion that, judging from the sources and the possible two alternatives, more sources point to Norwegian ancestry. His descendant, William the Conqueror and his Norman army, would conquer England in 1066 after King Harald III of Norway had failed

400-640: Is a joint valley landscape . Studies of denudation chronology suggest Bohuslän lies at the westernmost reaches of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain ; however, there is some uncerntainty on whether the hilltops are remnants of the peneplain . Rather than Sub-cambrian most of the province is made up of a relief unit known as the Sub-Mesozoic hilly peneplain . Bohuslän's chartered cities are: Their central areas are now non-administrative urban areas . In addition there are several other notable settlements: During

450-405: Is considered to be the first Norwegian king who reigned over Kingdom of Norway. However, it is likely that these stories are the saga authors works, to corroborate later Norwegian kings claims over these islands. Some sources find it unlikely that the Norwegian kings had sovereignty in the Hebrides, Man, Orkney and Shetland back to the early 800s. Sigurd Eysteinsson the first Earl of Orkney ,

500-566: Is freshwater. Although lakes are common, they tend to be small in size. The largest lakes are the northern and southern Bullaren lakes, with a combined area of about 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi). Most of the coast is made up by Bohus granite formed in the aftermath of the Sveconorwegian orogeny . In detail these granites have been eroded as to contain abundant small rock basins, some of them filled with clay and silt of combined glacial and marine origin. The coast of Bohuslän

550-425: Is served by the counties of Sweden . For centuries, the administrative county for Bohuslän was Gothenburg and Bohus County , and as its name implies it consisted of the entire Bohuslän province together with the city Gothenburg . In 1998, some Swedish counties were merged to reduce administration costs, and Gothenburg and Bohus County were therefore merged into the new, much larger Västra Götaland County . Bohuslän

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600-578: The 2nd millennium BC E, the Nordic Bronze Age began (c. 1700–500 BCE), including rock art such as the examples found throughout Bohuslän. During the Migration Period (300–700 CE) and the Viking Age (700–1000 CE), the area was part of Viken , and was actually known as two entities: Rånrike in the north and Elfsyssel in the south. It has been claimed that King Harald Fairhair made it part of

650-743: The Age of Vikings (793–1066). Beside a chieftain or petty king, each kingdom had its own aristocracy. Between 872 and 1050, during the so-called unification process , the first national aristocracy began to develop. Regional monarchs and aristocrats who recognised King Harald I as their high king , would normally receive vassalage titles like Earl . Those who refused were defeated or chose to migrate to Iceland , establishing an aristocratic, clan-ruled state there. The subsequent lendman aristocracy in Norway—powerful feudal lords and their families—ruled their respective regions with great autonomy. Their status

700-795: The Balearic Islands . In the Siege of Sidon they fought alongside Baldwin I and Ordelafo Faliero , and the siege resulted in an expansion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem . Leif Erikson , an Icelander of Norwegian origin and official hirdman of King Olaf I of Norway , explored America 500 years before Columbus. Adam of Bremen wrote about the new lands in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum (1076) when meeting Sweyn I of Denmark , but no other sources indicate that this knowledge went farther into Europe than Bremen, Germany . The Kingdom of Norway

750-617: The Götaland dialect of Swedish is spoken in Bohuslän. The province was a part of Norway until 1658 as mentioned above. Traces of Norwegian remain in the dialect. 'Bohuslän', literally means the 'Fief of Bohus', referring to Bohus Fortress and län . The Nordic Bronze Age (c. 1700–500 BCE) produced rock art showing scenes from the daily life and religious rituals, such as the examples found in Bohuslän. The rock art at Tanum , possibly made earlier, c. 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, have been entered as

800-473: The Hebrides . The war consisted of mainly skirmishes and feuds between the kings, and the only major battle was the indecisive Battle of Largs . Both the Hebrides and the Isle of Man had come under Norwegian influence dating to the reign of King Harald Fairhair of Norway. Norwegian control had been formalised in 1098, when Edgar, King of Scotland signed the islands over to King Magnus III of Norway , setting

850-444: The Kingdom of Norway 's peak of power at the 13th century after a long period of civil war before 1240. The kingdom was a loosely unified nation including the territory of modern-day Norway, modern-day Swedish territory of Jämtland , Herjedalen , Ranrike ( Bohuslän ) and Idre and Särna , as well as Norway's overseas possessions which had been settled by Norwegian seafarers for centuries before being annexed or incorporated into

900-608: The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The fortress of Carlsten was built in Marstrand during the 17th century. For a period, Marstrand was also a free port (porto Franco), with a free religious practice and, as such, home to the only synagogue in Sweden at the time. The commercial fishing of herring increased in the 18th century, and the province flourished during a major herring period around 1747–1809. Many small fishing communities grew up around

950-507: The battle at Hafrsfjord (traditional date: 18 July 872), he looked west to the isles that had been colonised by Norwegians for a century already, and by 875 the Northern Isles of Orkney and Shetland had been brought under his rule and given to Ragnvald Eysteinsson , Jarl of Møre. Iceland was more reluctant to give up its independent rule, so the Icelandic saga author Snorri Sturluson

1000-652: The 7th century Norwegian farmers began to exodus from Rogaland and Agder to the nearby islands in the North Sea, Orkney and Shetland. These islands had long been undeveloped when the Norwegians arrived, the Picts , a possibly Celtic people who also stayed in mainland Scotland . The Norwegian settlement resulted in the disappearance of the old population, either because they were few and went back to relatives in Scotland, or because they were made slaves ( thralls ). Most place names on

1050-569: The Great , as well as West Norse people of the British Isles. The most important city was called Jórvík (York). France The Duchy of Normandy was ruled by Norwegian and Danish Vikings, under the leadership of Rollo . Following extensive raids on Paris and vast areas in France, the duchy was founded in 911. The main purpose was to gain land for independent Vikings in this region, therefore Rollo swore

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1100-466: The Hebrides had been contested since the 1240s, when the Scottish king, Alexander II , began asking King Haakon IV of Norway if he could purchase the islands from him. For almost a decade these attempts were unsuccessful, and the negotiations ceased for thirteen years after Alexander II died. When his son, Alexander III , came to power in 1262 by obtaining majority support among the clansmen, he sent Haakon

1150-794: The Swedish during the Nordic Seven Years' War , but later returned to Denmark-Norway as a result of the Stettin treaty of 1570. Idre and Særna, Norwegian since the 12th century, were conquered by Sweden during the Hannibal controversy . Ranríki, Herjárdalr, Jamtaland, Idre and Særna were permanently surrendered to Sweden by the Peace of Brömsebro 13 August 1645. Viken , counties under Borgarþing : Oppland , counties under Heiðsævisþing : Vestlandet , counties under Gulaþing : Trøndelag , counties under Frostaþing : Rest of Norway , counties not attached to

1200-542: The aforementioned. Since the 16th century, modern aristocracy is known as nobility ( Norwegian : adel ). The very first aristocracy in today's Norway appeared during the Bronze Age (1800 BC–500 BC). This bronze aristocracy consisted of several regional elites, whose earliest known existence dates to 1500 BC. Via similar structures in the Iron Age (400 BC–793 AD), these entities would reappear as petty kingdoms before and during

1250-507: The area was frequently attacked by Swedish forces as part of the larger border skirmishes. The Norwegian fortress, Båhus , was built to protect this territory. Being a border zone towards the Swedish kingdom, and to a lesser extent against Danish lands in Halland, the Båhus region was disproportionately populated by soldier families. Båhuslen belonged to Denmark-Norway until it was ceded to Sweden in

1300-492: The boundary between Scots and Norwegian claims in the west. The Scottish acceptance came after the Norwegian king had imposed more direct royal control over the Hebrides as well as Orkney and the Isle of Man in a swift campaign earlier the same year, directed against the local Norse-Gaelic leaders of the various islands. In Norwegian terms, the islands were the Suðreyjar , meaning Southern Isles. The Norwegian suzerainty over

1350-454: The coast. Before the large scale fishing of herring started, Bohuslän had a considerable forest cover. Timber was once the largest export product and main source of income in Bohuslän. But with the increased importance of fishing, more wood was needed as construction material for houses and boats, and as fuel for herring oil boilers ( trankokerier ). Deforestation during the 19th century gave rise to today's rugged, rocky landscape. A version of

1400-477: The death of King Sigurd the Crusader , his possible half-brother, Harald Gillekrist , broke an agreement that he and Sigurd had made to pass the throne to Sigurd's only son, the bastard Magnus . Already on bad terms before Sigurd's death, the two men and the factions loyal to them went to war. In the first decades of the civil wars, alliances shifted and centered on the person of a king or pretender. However, towards

1450-527: The end of the 12th century, two rival parties, the Birkebeiner and the Bagler emerged. In their competition for power, the legitimacy dimension retained its symbolic power, but it was bent to accommodate the parties' pragmatic selection of effective leaders to realize their political aspirations. When they reconciled in 1217, a more ordered and codified governmental system gradually freed Norway from wars to overthrow

1500-719: The funding to launch a new expedition. Although the war was not really decided while Haakon was king, he was a major player in the events leading up to the conflict. Alexander III captured the Hebrides in 1264, and then made another formal claim to the islands which were bought from Norway for 4,000 marks , and 100 every year after under the terms of Treaty of Perth , by which the Scots at the same time recognised Norwegian rule over Shetland and Orkney. Kingdom of Norway (872%E2%80%931397) The term Norwegian Realm ( Old Norse : * Noregsveldi , Bokmål : Norgesveldet , Nynorsk : Noregsveldet ) and Old Kingdom of Norway refer to

1550-408: The island. In Ranríki Konunghella was built as a royal city alongside Túnsberg and Biorgvin . It remained Norwegian until the 1658 Roskilde treaty . Herjárdalr became Norwegian during the 12th century and remained so for five centuries. Jamtaland started paying taxes to Norway during the 13th century and was later absorbed into a part of the mainland territory the same century. It was occupied by

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1600-495: The islands are today of old Norwegian ancestry. Old legends says that when Harald Fairhair had implemented their piratical expeditions for the national collection, these islands haunt for Vikings ravaged Norway. King Harald awaking West sea and let themselves under Orkney, Shetland and the Hebrides, and got to the Man and harried there. Sagas recounts further that Harald founded Earldom Orkneys, which encompassed all these islands, and he

1650-432: The islands' populations had a Norwegian ancestry, who kept in touch with the homeland over the North Sea. These Norwegians had their own chiefs or kings in the Norwegian tradition, subject to Norwegian royal power when it eventually developed a centralized state. Often, Norwegian kings had enough to contend with on the mainland, so the local power in the villages was often in the hands of local earls who operated on behalf of

1700-408: The king. Holdings in Sweden were in varying degrees Norwegian. By the 9th and 10th centuries, it is reasonable to assume that the population of Båhuslen, Jämtland and Herjedalen had no national affiliation to Norway, Svealand , or Götaland . It lay to the increasingly centralized monarchy to create this, which had to consolidate its right in the border areas above the neighboring kingdoms . Norway

1750-631: The kingdom as 'tax territories'. To the North, Norway also bordered extensive tax territories on the mainland. Norway, whose expansionism starts from the very foundation of the Kingdom in 872, reached the peak of its power in the years between 1240 and 1319. At the peak of Norwegian expansion before the civil war (1130–1240), Sigurd I led the Norwegian Crusade (1107–1110). The crusaders won battles in Lisbon and

1800-428: The largest islands, Orust and Tjörn , constitute their own municipalities. Both islands have a distinctive culture and history. However, the rocky terrain cannot be said to be mountainous: the highest point is Björnepiken at 222 meters. Sweden's only threshold fjord, Gullmarn or Gullmarsfjorden , is located near Lysekil . It is 25 kilometres (16 mi) long and 1 to 3 kilometres (0.62 to 1.86 mi) wide with

1850-521: The lawful monarch. In 1239, Duke Skule Bårdsson became the third pretender to wage war against King Håkon Håkonsson . Duke Skule was defeated in 1240, bringing more than 100 years of civil wars to an end. Aristocracy of Norway refers to modern and medieval aristocracy in Norway . Additionally, there have been economical, political, and military elites that—relating to the main lines of Norway's history —are generally accepted as nominal predecessors of

1900-533: The negotiations until the autumn storms. In October 1263, several of Haakon's ships became stranded at Largs in stormy weather. A rescue party was sent ashore to help salvage the ships, where the Scottish forces launched a surprise attack, and a minor skirmish followed which ended indecisively. The following morning, Haakon's forces sailed back to Orkney for the winter, where he died in December. Haakon's successor, King Magnus VI of Norway , had problems at home and lacked

1950-542: The same year. Scotland Yngling / Fairhair dynasty Lade dynasty Trygvason dynasty Lade dynasty (restored) Saint Olaf dynasty Lade dynasty (restored, second time) Saint Olaf dynasty (restored) Hardrada dynasty Gille dynasty Hardrada dynasty (female line) Sverre dynasty Gille dynasty (female line) Sverre dynasty (restored) The civil war era began in 1130 and ended in 1240. In this period of Norwegian history , some two dozen rival kings and pretenders waged wars to claim

2000-645: The throne . The Civil War period can be divided into three phases: the first phase is sporadic strife between the kings from 1130 to the second phase where there are extensive battles between them from 1160 to 1184 and the final phase in which the Birkebeiners defeat the rest in 1240. In the absence of formal laws governing claims to rule, men who had proper lineage and wanted to be king came forward and entered into peaceful, if still fraught, agreements to let one man be king, set up temporary lines of succession, take turns ruling, or share power simultaneously. In 1130, with

2050-527: The unified Norway in about 872, but contemporary sources give rise to doubt that Harald actually ever held the Viken area properly. The earliest proof of Båhus lands being in Norway's hands is from the 11th century. As long as Norway was a kingdom of its own, the province prospered, and Båhus castle was one of the key fortresses of the kingdom. When Norway was united with Denmark , the province began its decline in wealth;

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2100-604: Was a Norwegian county from the Norwegian conquest of the region from the Geats and subsequent unification of the country in the 870s until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, when the union of Denmark–Norway was forced to cede this county, as well as Skåneland (part of Denmark proper), to Sweden. As of 31 December 2016 , the number of inhabitants was 299,087, giving a population density of 68 inhabitants per square kilometre (180/sq mi). The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function

2150-532: Was by no means equal to that of modern nobles; they were nearly half royal. For example, Ingebjørg Finnsdottir of the Arnmødling dynasty was married to King Malcolm III of Scotland . During the civil war era (1130–1240) the old lendmen were severely weakened, and many disappeared. This aristocracy was ultimately defeated by King Sverre I and the Birchlegs , subsequently being replaced by supporters of Sverre. From

2200-651: Was given a royal invitation to the court of King Haakon Haakonsson and was there convinced that Iceland was by right Norwegian. So began the Age of the Sturlungs , a time of political strife in Iceland. The Sturlungs worked to bring Iceland under Norwegian rule, spreading propaganda through their positions at the Althing and even resorting to violence before the Old Covenant was signed in 1262, which brought total Norwegian rule over

2250-471: Was granted its arms at the time of the funeral for Charles X Gustav of Sweden in 1660. It was identical to the arms of the Town of Kungälv . In 1962 the higher claim of the town was established and a variation for the arms of the county was introduced. The coat of arms is surmounted by a ducal coronet. Blazon: 'Argent, a Castle embattled Gules with one embattled Tower of the same and two doors Or hinged Sable between

2300-420: Was initiated by King Harald I Fairhair in the 9th century. His efforts in unifying the petty kingdoms of Norway resulted in the first known Norwegian central government. The country, however, soon fragmented, and was again collected into one entity in the first half of the 11th century. Norway has been a monarchy since Fairhair, passing through several eras. When Harald Fairhair became king of Norway after

2350-652: Was placed under the archbishop of Uppsala . Uppsala was established later, and was the third metropolitan diocese in Scandinavia after Lund and Nidaros. The church participated in a political process both before and during the Kalmar Union that aimed at Swedish side, to establish a position for Sweden in Jämtland. This area had been a borderland in relation to the Swedish kingdom, and probably in some sort of alliance with Trøndelag , just as with Hålogaland . A unified realm

2400-466: Was the brother of Rognvald Eysteinsson Earl of Møre , and the earldom was in this dynasty to 1231. From the first moment the earl had tasks to protect the land and take care of land peace. He had a small lething raft and took a feast of the people. Bohusl%C3%A4n Bohuslän is named after the medieval Norwegian castle of Bohus (Norwegian: Båhus ). Under the name Båhuslen (Bohuslen in Danish), it

2450-416: Was the second European country after England to enforce a unified code of law to be applied for the whole country, called Magnus Lagabøtes landslov (1274). The secular power was at its strongest at the end of King Haakon Haakonsson 's reign in 1263. An important element of the period was the ecclesiastical supremacy of the archdiocese of Nidaros from 1152. There are no reliable sources for when Jämtland

2500-521: Was then the first to integrate these areas into its kingdom. Iceland, Faroe Islands and Greenland remained under Norwegian administration until 1814. The treaty of Perth (1266) accepted Norwegian sovereignty over Shetland and Orkney; in turn Norway had to give the Hebrides and Isle of Man to Scotland. Vassals annexed by King Magnus III in 1098. Ireland Scotland Wales England Eric I of Norway ruled Northumbria for two separate periods. Northumbria has also been ruled by Norway under Cnut

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