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61-629: The SNLA has been condemned by the UK government , along with Scottish National Party (SNP) leader John Swinney , who described the organisation as people who "have no interest in Scotland or the Scottish people", and that its members were "not nationalists, they are criminals plain and simple." The SNLA was founded by Adam Busby, a former soldier who served in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1980. The organisation

122-591: A Glasgow court ruled that Busby, who at the time was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis , was medically unfit to be tried over multiple bomb threats. In 2017, the Sheriff court of Lothian and Borders in Edinburgh ruled that Busby, by then 69, was too ill to be sent to the US, as multiple sclerosis was at an advanced stage. The Scottish Separatist Group ( SSG ; Scottish Gaelic : Comunn Dealachadh na h-Alba ) has been described as

183-548: A North sub-region, to be used for planning, engagement, resource allocation and progress reporting purposes. It consisted of the London Boroughs of Barnet , Haringey and Enfield . The 2004-2008 and 2008-2011 London Plan sub-regions varied in their composition. In 2017, the government asked the Boundary Commission for England to reconsider the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies. The Commission's approach

244-598: A bombing that occurred at a British Airways office in Oxford Street , London, claiming responsibility for the attack. The caller provided detailed information on how the bomb was constructed, and clarified that British Airways was targeted in response to an attempt by the UK government to completely privatize the company, which the group believed would result in significant job losses, along with total withdrawal of airline services in remote areas of Scotland. However, despite this claim,

305-484: A campaign of fear tactics, which involved placing hoax explosives outside oil industry buildings and mailing genuine letter bombs to the Scottish Office in Edinburgh. At the time of his arrest, McIntosh was also found to be in possession of a Kalashnikov rifle . After serving six years, McIntosh was released in 1999. He was rearrested for firearms possession on 9 October 2004, the same day Queen Elizabeth II appeared at

366-583: A different approach by assigning all of Richmond to the south. This list includes all boroughs included in the North Thames area: Football in the region is dominated by Premier League teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur . The two clubs contest the North London derby , which has been described as "one of the fiercest derbies in English football and one that separates families in north London." The games in

427-561: A greater or lesser degree (for instance Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster or Lord Privy Seal ). The government is sometimes referred to by the metonym " Westminster " or " Whitehall ", as many of its offices are situated there. These metonyms are used especially by members of the Scottish Government , Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive to differentiate their government from His Majesty's Government. The United Kingdom

488-478: A member of either House of Parliament. In practice, however, the convention is that ministers must be members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords to be accountable to Parliament. From time to time, prime ministers appoint non-parliamentarians as ministers. In recent years such ministers have been appointed to the House of Lords. The government is required by convention and for practical reasons to maintain

549-412: A new House of Commons, unless the prime minister advises the monarch to dissolve Parliament , in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the monarch selects as prime minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the House of Commons, usually by possessing a majority of MPs. Under the uncodified British constitution , executive authority lies with

610-540: A previous threat made in 2006. The poisoned bottle sent to Philp was accompanied by a letter signed 'SNLA' stating "This is necessary to convince the British Government that we will lethally poison England's water supplies, if they do not withdraw totally from Scotland." Cook and Robinson were each sentenced by the Manchester Crown Court to six years in jail for these offences. In June 2009, Adam Busby Jr.,

671-522: A renewed letter bomb campaign was waged against Scottish politicians, parcels were recovered after a man claiming to be from the SNLA made an anonymous phone call to Scotland Yard. Professor Paul Wilkinson opined at the time: "The SNLA has surfaced from time to time." In 2006, it was reported that the group was being investigated by the Home Office and Strathclyde Police , after the group had sent an e-mail to

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732-594: A substantial grant from the government, the Sovereign Support Grant , and Queen Elizabeth II's inheritance from her mother, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , was exempt from inheritance tax . In addition to legislative powers, His Majesty's Government has substantial influence over local authorities and other bodies set up by it, through financial powers and grants. Many functions carried out by local authorities, such as paying out housing benefits and council tax benefits, are funded or substantially part-funded by

793-424: Is a constitutional monarchy in which the reigning monarch (that is, the king or queen who is the head of state at any given time) does not make any open political decisions. All political decisions are taken by the government and Parliament. This constitutional state of affairs is the result of a long history of constraining and reducing the political power of the monarch, beginning with Magna Carta in 1215. Since

854-461: Is a Northern postal area, but this includes some areas not normally described as part of north London, while excluding many others that are. The first northern suburb developed in the Soke of Cripplegate in the early part of the twelfth century, but London's growth beyond its Roman northern gates was slower than in other directions, partly because of the marshy ground north of the wall and also because

915-529: Is also the most elevated Weather Station in the London area, at 137m. This both hilltop and urban position means severe frosts are rare. Temperatures increase towards the Thames, firstly because of the urban warming effect of the surrounding area, but secondly due to altitude decreasing towards the river, meaning some of the hillier northern margins of North London are often a degree or so cooler than those areas adjacent to

976-596: Is not vital. A government is not required to resign even if it loses the confidence of the Lords and is defeated in key votes in that House. The House of Commons is thus the responsible house . The prime minister is held to account during Prime Minister's Questions (PMQs) which provides an opportunity for MPs from all parties to question the PM on any subject. There are also departmental questions when ministers answer questions relating to their specific departmental brief. Unlike PMQs, both

1037-601: Is the sole occasion so far in which a trophy has been at stake, though in 1971 (0–1) and 2004 (2–2) Arsenal were crowned league champions at the final whistle of the North London derby in Tottenham. North London has, like other parts of London and the UK in general, a temperate maritime climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Long term climate observations dating back to 1910 are available for Hampstead , which

1098-473: The Greater London Authority disputed. Similarly, the monarch is immune from criminal prosecution and may only be sued with his permission (this is known as sovereign immunity ). The sovereign, by law, is not required to pay income tax, but Queen Elizabeth II voluntarily paid it from 1993 until the end of her reign in 2022, and also paid local rates voluntarily. However, the monarchy also received

1159-661: The Metropolitan Police anti-terrorist branch found no evidence that the bombing was linked to Libya , and both claims from the SNLA and the Angry Brigade were later discounted by police. In 1993, organisation member Andrew McIntosh was sentenced to 12 years in prison for conspiring to coerce the British government into establishing an independent government in Scotland. The High Court in Aberdeen heard that McIntosh had orchestrated

1220-658: The Scotland Act 1978 . Busby felt that this outcome called for a more forceful approach towards achieving independence. The group started their armed campaign in March 1982, when a letter bomb was sent to the House of Commons addressed to John Nott , the then- Secretary of State for Defence . A man had telephoned the Glasgow offices of the Scotsman , claiming that a bomb had been sent to Nott by

1281-503: The Crown, who may use them without having to obtain the consent of Parliament. The prime minister also has weekly meetings with the monarch. What is said in these meetings is strictly private; however, they generally involve government and political matters which the monarch has a "right and a duty" to comment on. Such comments are non-binding however and the King must ultimately abide by decisions of

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1342-504: The Department of Employment by a 19-year-old civil servant. The device contained a written letter, which although was largely destroyed by the explosion, was found to bear 'SNLA' on the remains. The same day, a letter bomb was posted to then- Secretary of State for Scotland George Younger , which failed to ignite. Busby fled to Dublin in 1983 after the letter-bombing campaign; he was jailed in connection with that campaign in 1997. In 1985,

1403-561: The European Parliament are immune from prosecution in EU states under any circumstance. As a consequence, neither EU bodies nor diplomats have to pay taxes, since it would not be possible to prosecute them for tax evasion. When the UK was a member of the EU, this caused a dispute when the US ambassador to the UK claimed that London's congestion charge was a tax, and not a charge (despite the name), and therefore he did not have to pay it—a claim

1464-526: The Glasgow offices of The Sunday Times , threatening to poison England's water supplies. The e-mail stated: "Our aim is to poison water supplies in England, not in the entire UK. We have the means to do this and we shall. This is a war and we intend to win it." In addition, it was reported that Adam Busby may be targeted for extradition to the United States to face terror charges, following a series of e-mails to

1525-678: The Glasgow offices of the Press Association reported that it had received a written letter from the group, who claimed responsibility for a letter bomb that was sent to then- Secretary of State for Industry Patrick Jenkin , stating "SNLA will avenge the workers in Craigneuk" in response to a proposal made by the British Steel Corporation to partially close a steel mill in Craigneuk , North Lanarkshire , costing 427 jobs. The letter bomb

1586-582: The Premier League (and formerly the Football League ) are known formally as the North London derby. To date, 167 matches have been played with 66 wins for Arsenal, 54 wins for Spurs and 47 draws. In other matches, simply referred to generically as North London derbies, the 6 FA Cup contests resulted in 4 Arsenal victories to Spurs' 2 with no draws, while the 14 League Cup matches have ended with 7 wins for Arsenal against 4 for Spurs with 3 draws. In

1647-542: The SNLA in response to the newly announced changes to the UK's trident programme . The bomb subsequently arrived at the House of Commons on 17 March, which was later reported after being discovered by a Ministry of Defence member, who narrowly escaped detonating the bomb. The device was initially thought by the media to have been the work of Irish republican paramilitaries, such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), as it coincidentally arrived at

1708-483: The Thames. Occasionally snow can be seen to lie towards the Chilterns while central London is snow-free. Typically the warmest day of the year at Hampstead will average 29.3 °C (84.7 °F) with around 14 days in total achieving a value of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or higher. The average coldest night should fall to −5.6 °C (21.9 °F). On average 35.8 nights will report an air frost, some 119 days of

1769-566: The United Kingdom , officially His Majesty's Government , abbreviated to HM Government , is the central executive authority of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . The government is led by the prime minister (currently Keir Starmer since 5 July 2024) who selects all the other ministers . The country has had a Labour government since 2024. The prime minister Keir Starmer and his most senior ministers belong to

1830-440: The cabinet ministers for the department and junior ministers within the department may answer on behalf of the government, depending on the topic of the question. During debates on legislation proposed by the government, ministers—usually with departmental responsibility for the bill —will lead the debate for the government and respond to points made by MPs or Lords. Committees of both the House of Commons and House of Lords hold

1891-559: The central government. North London North London is the northern part of London , England, north of the River Thames . It extends from Clerkenwell and Finsbury , on the edge of the City of London financial district, to Greater London's boundary with Hertfordshire . The term is used to differentiate the area from South London , East London and West London . Some parts of north London are also part of Central London . There

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1952-411: The charity commissions) are legally more or less independent of the government, and government powers are legally limited to those retained by the Crown under common law or granted and limited by act of Parliament. Both substantive and procedural limitations are enforceable in the courts by judicial review . Nevertheless, magistrates and mayors can still be arrested and put on trial for corruption, and

2013-628: The commons on St. Patrick's Day . To coincide with the 1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election the following week, two further letter bombs where sent to two separate Scottish Social Democratic Party offices in Edinburgh and Glasgow; both devices were subsequently diffused by the authorities upon discovery by office staff. The group later claimed responsibility for a letter bomb that was posted to Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace , along with two further letter bombs to two Conservative party offices in Edinburgh and London , and an incendiary device that

2074-436: The confidence of the House of Commons. It requires the support of the House of Commons for the maintenance of supply (by voting through the government's budgets) and to pass primary legislation . By convention, if a government loses the confidence of the House of Commons it must either resign or a general election is held. The support of the Lords, while useful to the government in getting its legislation passed without delay,

2135-548: The country about how to contaminate US water supplies. In January 2008, two men, Wayne Cook and Steven Robinson were convicted in Manchester of sending miniature bottles of vodka contaminated with caustic soda to various public figures, which included Blackburn with Darwen councillor John Wright, and Scottish Daily Express journalist Myra Philp, and threatening to kill English people "at random and with no discrimination or compunction" by poisoning English water supplies, echoing

2196-565: The development of the railway network accelerated urbanisation, promoting economic growth in the capital and allowing for the establishment of commuter suburbs . This trend continued in the twentieth century and was reinforced by motorcar-based commuting until the establishment—shortly after the Second World War —of the Metropolitan Green Belt , which prevented urban London from expanding any further. The 2011 London Plan included

2257-409: The exchequer to be a member of the House of Lords was Lord Denman , who served for one month in 1834. The British monarch is the head of state and the sovereign , but not the head of government . The monarch takes little direct part in governing the country and remains neutral in political affairs. However, the authority of the state that is vested in the sovereign, known as the Crown , remains

2318-525: The government has powers to insert commissioners into a local authority to oversee its work, and to issue directives that must be obeyed by the local authority if the local authority is not abiding by its statutory obligations. By contrast, as in European Union (EU) member states, EU officials cannot be prosecuted for any actions carried out in pursuit of their official duties, and foreign country diplomats (though not their employees) and foreign members of

2379-755: The government on the statement. When the government instead chooses to make announcements first outside Parliament, it is often the subject of significant criticism from MPs and the speaker of the House of Commons . The prime minister is based at 10 Downing Street in Westminster , London. Cabinet meetings also take place here. Most government departments have their headquarters nearby in Whitehall . The government's powers include general executive and statutory powers , delegated legislation , and numerous powers of appointment and patronage. However, some powerful officials and bodies, (e.g. HM judges, local authorities , and

2440-477: The government to account, scrutinise its work and examine in detail proposals for legislation. Ministers appear before committees to give evidence and answer questions. Government ministers are also required by convention and the Ministerial Code , when Parliament is sitting, to make major statements regarding government policy or issues of national importance to Parliament. This allows MPs or Lords to question

2501-514: The government. Royal prerogative powers include, but are not limited to, the following: While no formal documents set out the prerogatives, the government published the above list in October 2003 to increase transparency, as some of the powers exercised in the name of the monarch are part of the royal prerogative . However, the complete extent of the royal prerogative powers has never been fully set out, as many of them originated in ancient custom and

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2562-537: The group claimed responsibility for an incendiary attack that occurred at the Ministry of Defence Headquarters in Whitehall , London. The attack was carried out by planting a miniature device in an empty fifth-floor sub basement inside the building; the fire lasted for more than six hours and caused serious structural damage, estimated at around £700,000. In April 1986, the group phoned the Press Association following

2623-512: The media did not explicitly name who was claiming to be responsible for the bombing, until the following day when the issue was brought up in the House of Commons by Giles Shaw , who acknowledged calls received by the Press Association from the SNLA, along with English terrorist group the Angry Brigade , who claimed responsibility for the bombing "in retaliation for Britain's involvement in the American bombing of Libya ." An investigation carried out by

2684-549: The opening ceremony of the newly completed Scottish Parliament Building , and committed suicide whilst in custody on 18 October, just hours before he was due to reappear in the Aberdeen Sheriff Court for his offences. In 2002, Cherie Blair became a target of a renewed campaign by the SNLA when she was sent an anonymous parcel containing a vial that was crudely labelled as containing aromatherapy oil , but which on investigation proved to contain caustic acid. In addition,

2745-433: The period of absolute monarchy , or were modified by later constitutional practice. As of 2019, there are around 120 government ministers supported by 560,000 civil servants and other staff working in the 24 ministerial departments and their executive agencies . There are also an additional 20 non-ministerial departments with a range of further responsibilities. In theory, a government minister does not have to be

2806-609: The political wing of the SNLA. The SSG was formed in 1995 by former members and supporters of the SNLA, who wanted to reverse English immigration into Scotland and promote Scottish Gaelic as the country's national language . In 2006, the Home Office launched an investigation into the SSG under the Terrorism Act 2006 after the party had allegedly published detailed instructions on how to contaminate English water supplies. The published material

2867-637: The roads through those gates were less well-connected than elsewhere. The parishes that would become north London were almost entirely rural until the Victorian period . Many of these parishes were grouped into an area called the Finsbury division of Middlesex . In the early part of the 19th century, the arrival of the Regent's Canal in Islington and St Pancras stimulated London's northerly expansion, continuing when

2928-545: The sole Charity Shield between the two clubs, then exclusively between the previous season's league champions and the FA Cup winners, the contest in 1991 was drawn with the Shield shared. Spurs had won the FA cup final in 1991 after beating Arsenal 3–1 in the semi-final, the first FA cup semi-final and the first of five North London derbies to be held at Wembley Stadium . The 1991 Charity Shield

2989-474: The son of the organisation founder, was jailed for 6 years for sending a total of 6 packages to various political figures, including First Minister Alex Salmond , Liberal Democrat MSP Mike Rumbles and Glasgow City Council . The packages contained shotgun cartridges and threatening notes. Police linked the crimes to Busby after calls made to journalists claiming SNLA responsibility for the actions were traced to his mobile phone. In July 2010, Adam Busby Sr.

3050-433: The source of executive power exercised by the government. In addition to explicit statutory authority , the Crown also possesses a body of powers in certain matters collectively known as the royal prerogative . These powers range from the authority to issue or withdraw passports to declarations of war. By long-standing convention, most of these powers are delegated from the sovereign to various ministers or other officers of

3111-642: The sovereign, although this authority is exercised only after receiving the advice of the Privy Council . The prime minister, the House of Lords, the Leader of the Opposition, and the police and military high command serve as members and advisers of the monarch on the Privy Council. In most cases the cabinet exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments , though some Cabinet positions are sinecures to

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3172-400: The start of Edward VII 's reign in 1901, by convention, the prime minister has been an elected member of Parliament (MP) and thus answerable to the House of Commons, although there were two weeks in 1963 when Alec Douglas-Home was first a member of the House of Lords and then of neither house. A similar convention applies to the position of chancellor of the exchequer . The last chancellor of

3233-525: The supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet . Ministers of the Crown are responsible to the House in which they sit; they make statements in that House and take questions from members of that House. For most senior ministers this is usually the elected House of Commons rather than the House of Lords . The government is dependent on Parliament to make primary legislation , and general elections are held every five years (at most) to elect

3294-422: The time was in his office interviewing a woman who was set to take part in a welcome event for the arrival of HMS Glasgow to the city the following day. Hamilton later received hospital treatment for minor burns to his arm caused by the ignition from the device. Another letter bomb was posted to then- Secretary of State for Employment Norman Tebbit , which ignited after being opened in the Westminster offices of

3355-623: Was discovered by Jenkin's secretary, and was later diffused by police. Following this incident, security was tightened for an upcoming visit to Edinburgh from then- prime minister Margaret Thatcher , who was due to attend a private dinner taking place in the Edinburgh Assembly rooms in celebration of the centenary of the Scottish Conservatives . In 1983, the group sent letter bombs to public figures including Diana, Princess of Wales , and Margaret Thatcher. The device sent to Thatcher

3416-472: Was formed in the wake of the 1979 Scottish devolution referendum, which despite resulted in the majority of voters (51.6%) supporting the establishment of a devolved parliament in Scotland, this never came to fruition as there was only a 64% voter turnout, with the Yes vote representing only 32.9% of registered voters in the referendum, which did not meet the requirements for at least 40% of voters voting in favour, per

3477-523: Was posted to a hotel located in North London , where a Conservative Party Conference was due to take place, and was discovered and opened by parliamentarian Robert Key , but there was no explosion. Another letter bomb, targeted at Princess Diana, was posted to the then- Lord Provost of Glasgow Michael Kelly to the Glasgow City Chambers , where Diana was due to visit. The letter ignited after being opened by Kelly's secretary, Eric Hamilton, who at

3538-527: Was reportedly planted in the Scottish Assembly building . Scotland Yard claimed no such device had arrived at Buckingham palace, and purported the device that was sent to the London Conservative Party office to have been a hoax. In November, the group claimed responsibility for a firebomb attack at that took place at a Conservative party office in Glasgow on 8th November. On the 24th November,

3599-959: Was said to provide instructions on how to craft and use an unnamed substance, which was described as a " WMD " in the publication, to permanently poison the water supplies of major UK cities, with the aim of "destroying the economic, political and military power of the state by poisoning and contaminating the drinking water supplies of any major city." Government of the United Kingdom King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee The government of

3660-500: Was sentenced by an Irish court to four years in jail after being convicted in June 2010 of making hoax bomb threats against transatlantic flights. Busby was released from jail on 21 March 2014, and was reported at the time to be living in a Dublin hostel, banned from internet access, and was awaiting verdicts about possible extradition to Scotland and the US. In February 2015, Busby was extradited back to Scotland. In October of that year, however,

3721-423: Was to start with existing regions of England (in this case London) and then group the local authorities within that area into sub-regions for further sub-division. The North Thames sub-region includes all parts of London lying north of the river; the 19 boroughs which lie wholly north of the river, plus parts of cross-river Richmond upon Thames . An earlier 2013 study, whose recommendations were not adopted, took

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