Misplaced Pages

#243756

90-464: In contemporary English usage, the term scholar sometimes is equivalent to the term academic , and describes a university-educated individual who has achieved intellectual mastery of an academic discipline, as instructor and as researcher. Moreover, before the establishment of universities, the term scholar identified and described an intellectual person whose primary occupation was professional research. In 1847, minister Emanuel Vogel Gerhart spoke of

180-444: A proper noun (with a capital "P") generally implies a position title officially bestowed by a university or college to faculty members with a PhD or the highest level terminal degree in a non-academic field (e.g., MFA, MLIS), the common noun "professor" is often used casually to refer to anyone teaching at the college level, regardless of rank or degree. At some junior colleges without a formal ranking system, instructors are accorded

270-429: A Master's degree or PhD. In history, independent scholars can be differentiated from popular history hosts for television shows and amateur historians "by the level to which their publications utilize the analytical rigour and academic writing style". In previous centuries, some independent scholars achieved renown, such as Samuel Johnson and Edward Gibbon during the 18th century and Charles Darwin and Karl Marx in

360-448: A college or university to teach for a limited time is sometimes referred to as a " visiting professor " or "visiting lecturer"; this may be someone who is a professor elsewhere, or a scholar or practitioner who is not. The term may also refer simply to non-tenure track teaching appointments (usually 1 to 3 years) and/or post-doctorate research appointments. The title can mirror the naming conventions used in tenure-track positions, for example

450-445: A common sequence being: A decision to reject a candidate for tenure normally requires that the individual leave the institution within two years (under the AAUP tenure guidelines). Otherwise, tenure is granted along with promotion from assistant to associate professor. Although tenure and promotion are usually separate decisions, they are often highly correlated such that a decision to grant

540-500: A doctorate is somewhat more common in fields with an artistic component, as with Howard Nemerov (poetry, Washington University in St. Louis ) and Colin Rowe (architectural history and theory, Cornell ). Until the middle of the 20th century, professors without doctorates were more common. These full-time faculty members with PhDs or other highest-level terminal degrees (designated as acceptable by

630-424: A doctorate or other terminal degree. To some extent this is a result of "credential creep" : why hire someone without a doctorate, since there are so many applicants with one? Older faculty, hired when doctorates were less common, are less likely to hold the degree. Most of the full-time tenured or tenure-track professors are paid by a college or university on nine- or ten-month contracts. Salary data for professors

720-449: A financial inducement to attract someone from outside the institution, but who might not yet meet all the qualifications for tenure). If an applicant is appointed to the rank of associate professor without tenure, the position is usually tenure-track with an expectation that the person will soon qualify for tenure. At some institutions, individuals are promoted to the rank of associate professor prior to receiving tenure. In these situations,

810-523: A formal hearing process) or will be terminated from employment. As of 2007, 23.1% of academics held the rank of assistant professor. Competition for assistant professor positions in many fields is rapidly growing; the number of PhD graduates is rising, while the number of assistant professor openings remains roughly constant. The opposite is true, however, in business disciplines, where the anticipated shortfall of business faculty may reach 2,400 openings by 2012. The U.S. Occupation Outlook Handbook notes that

900-503: A full professor in legal professions and studies. A 2005 study by the College and University Professional Association for Human Resources found the average salary for all faculty members, including instructors, to be $ 66,407, placing half of all faculty members in the top 15.3% of income earners above the age of 25. Median salaries were $ 54,000 for assistant professors, $ 64,000 for associate professors and $ 86,000 for full professors 2005. During

990-447: A gainfully employed partner". To get access to libraries and other research facilities, independent scholars have to seek permission from universities. Writer Megan Kate Nelson's article "Stop Calling Me Independent" says the term "marginalizes unaffiliated scholars" and is unfairly seen as an indicator of "professional failure". Rebecca Bodenheimer says that independent scholars, like herself, attending conferences and who also do not have

SECTION 10

#1732849036244

1080-414: A gross salary of $ 15,000 for the year, less than a professional pet sitter . Universities often treat adjuncts as inexpensive and replaceable when compared to tenure-track faculty, and as additional teaching resources to be called up as necessary. Adjuncts cannot count on employment: classes can be transferred from adjuncts to full-time professors, classes with low enrollment can be summarily canceled; and

1170-834: A mandatory retirement age contributes to "graying" of this occupation. The median age of American full professors (in 2006) was around 55 years. Very few people attain this position before the age of 40. The annual salary of full professors averages at $ 99,000, although less so at non-doctoral institutions, and more so at private doctoral institutions (not including side income from grants and consulting , which can be substantial in some fields); in addition, institutions in major cities or high cost of living areas will pay higher salaries. In addition to increasing salary, each promotional step also tends to come with increased administrative responsibilities. In some cases, these changes are offset by reduced teaching or research expectations. A full professor who retires in good standing may be referred to as

1260-823: A median of $ 110,000) and physicians (whose median earnings ranged from $ 137,000 to $ 322,000 depending on speciality). According to the U.S. Department of Labor, [Academic year 2007] salaries for full-time faculty in the U.S. averaged $ 73,207. By rank, the average was $ 98,974 for professors, $ 69,911 for associate professors, $ 58,662 for assistant professors, $ 42,609 for instructors, and $ 48,289 for lecturers. Faculty in 4-year institutions earn higher salaries, on average, than do those in 2-year schools. In 2006–2007, faculty salaries averaged $ 84,249 in private independent institutions, $ 71,362 in public institutions, and $ 66,118 in religiously affiliated private colleges and universities. Salaries vary widely by field and rank, ranging from $ 45,927 for an assistant professor in theology to $ 136,634 for

1350-457: A position in a university or other institution. While independent scholars may earn an income from part-time teaching, speaking engagements, or consultant work, the University of British Columbia calls earning an income the biggest challenge of being an independent scholar. Due to challenges of making a living as a scholar without an academic position, "[m]any independent scholars depend on having

1440-486: A position rather than a career rank, because professors of different ranks could hold such a chair. Investment income earned from the chair's endowment is typically used to supplement the professor's salary, to provide a yearly budget that can be used to support the professor's research activities, or both. For non-tenure track teaching positions in the US, academic institutions use a wide array of different job titles depending on if

1530-426: A professor emeritus for men, or professor emerita for women. This title is also given to retired professors who continue to teach and to be listed. The title may also be given to full professors who have left for another institution but are still working full-time. The concept has in some places been expanded to include also tenured associate professors, or also non-tenure-track faculty. In some systems and institutions

1620-578: A promotion and tenure . Tenure generally constitutes a lifetime employment agreement and could also serve as a means of protecting faculty whose research may be socially, politically, or scientifically controversial. Rates for achieving tenure vary, depending on the institutions and areas of study; in most places at least 50% of assistant professors will eventually become tenured and promoted to associate professors; however, this number can be as low as 10% in natural sciences departments of top universities or in non-PhD-granting schools. In unusual circumstances, it

1710-419: A promotion coincides with a decision in favor of tenure, and vice versa. Promotion to associate professor usually results in an increased administrative load and membership on committees that are restricted to tenured faculty. Some people remain at the level of associate professor throughout their careers. However, most will apply for the final promotion to full professor; the timeline for making this application

1800-527: A rank reserved for professors who have established themselves as experts within their academic fields. Contrary to some beliefs, assistant professors, associate professors, and full professors are all, in fact, technically professors. Usually students who have completed their doctoral studies seek positions as assistant professors in colleges and universities. As they progress in their established fields through research, teaching, and service, they can make bids for promotion and tenure, which typically elevates them to

1890-455: A significant proportion of any growth in academic professor jobs will be due to "part-time and non tenure-track positions". As of 2003, the average age at which scientists received tenure in the United States was 39, which can make it difficult for professors to balance professional and family obligations. After several years at the rank of assistant professor, individuals are considered for

SECTION 20

#1732849036244

1980-524: A somewhat similar sense of prestige in the United States , with an exception that research professors in the U.S. are often non-permanent positions, that must fund their salaries from external sources. This is not the case in most other countries. An independent scholar is anyone who conducts scholarly research outside universities and traditional academia . In 2010, twelve percent of US history scholars were independent. Independent scholars typically have

2070-406: A study by Robert Lichter , a professor at George Mason University , "The vast majority of professors in the United States identify themselves as liberal , and registered Democrats commonly outnumber registered Republicans ." However, this demographic tendency varies across departments. A 2010 study by Gross and Fosse found that the political persuasions of American professors had changed over

2160-426: A successful program of external research grant support, successful teaching, and/or service to the department); however, the specific requirements vary considerably between institutions and departments. As of 2007, 22.4% of academics hold the rank of associate professor. Alternatively, a person may be hired at the associate professor level without tenure (which is a typical practice at some universities, often done as

2250-501: A survey conducted by TIAA-CREF Institute senior researcher Paul J. Yakoboski estimated that 73% of professors with senior tenure ranged between the ages of 60 and 66 and that the remaining 27% were above the age of 66. Yakoboski estimated that 75% of these professors have acknowledged that they have made no preparations for retirement due to the ongoing financial crisis and reluctance to leave their profession. A 2013 survey conducted by Fidelity Investments would echo similar results when

2340-409: A university name on their official name badge, feel like the "independent scholar" term is perceived as a "signal that a scholar is either unwanted by the academy or unwilling to commit to the sacrifices necessary to succeed as an academic". Emanuel Vogel Gerhart Emanuel Vogel Gerhart ( Freeburg , Pennsylvania, 13 June 1817 – Lancaster, Pennsylvania , 6 May 1904) was an American minister of

2430-449: A university or college, including the "professional equivalent" to the doctorate at institutions such as Columbia University ), engage in both undergraduate and graduate teaching, mentoring, research, and service. Only faculty in these positions are eligible for tenure . The top administrative post in many academic departments is the "department chair ." Prior to the 1970s, such administrators were called "chairmen" or "chairwomen", but

2520-450: A university system, typically department chair that is financially supported by an investment portfolio (i.e., an endowment ) initially created by donated funds from a firm, person, or group of persons. Endowed chairs are typically named for the person or entity who donated these funds, or for a person whom the funds were donated in honor of, such as a distinguished emeritus professor at that institution. Endowed chairs are best classified as

2610-742: Is peer-reviewed through various methods. Scholars have generally been upheld as creditable figures of high social standing, who are engaged in work important to society. In Imperial China , in the period from 206 BC until AD 1912, the intellectuals were the Scholar-officials ("Scholar-gentlemen"), who were civil servants appointed by the Emperor of China to perform the tasks of daily governance. Such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of Imperial examination , and also were skilled calligraphers , and knew Confucian philosophy. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that: Generally speaking,

2700-446: Is a title normally granted to those who have contributed significantly to the school and community (for example, by donation for furtherance of research and academic development), but may or may not have earned a PhD. Most professors in the U.S. are male, liberal (in the contemporary American political sense), and upper middle class . A slight majority of professors ranked among the top 15% of wage earners, in 2005. According to

2790-474: Is always tenured; however, this may not be the case in a for-profit private institution or certain church-affiliated universities and colleges. The rank of professor is the highest of the standard academic ranks in the United States, and is held by 29.5% of U.S. academics. Advancement past the rank of professor typically involves administrative duties (e.g., department chair, dean , or provost ) or selection for an honorary title or endowed chair. The absence of

Scholar - Misplaced Pages Continue

2880-399: Is commonly referred to as having been a professor of law at the University of Chicago , when in fact he formally held the title of senior lecturer, causing some controversy during the 2008 US Presidential Election . The faculty of the University of Chicago Law School eventually published a statement noting that it is common for lecturers to be referred to as professors, and that they support

2970-409: Is less strong than tenure. They may still be referred to casually as "professor" and be described by the common-noun "professor", whether or not they officially designated that position title by the university or college. Likewise, the term "instructor" is very generic and can be applied to any teacher, or it can be a specific title (tenure or tenure-track) depending upon how an institution chooses to use

3060-535: Is more flexible than that for assistant to associate positions and the associate professor does not normally lose his/her job if the application is rejected. As with promotion from assistant to associate professor, promotion from associate to full professor involves review at multiple levels, similar to the earlier tenure/promotion review. This includes external reviews, decisions by the department, recommendations by members of other departments, and high-ranking university officials. Usually, this final promotion requires that

3150-445: Is necessary to put each into context and to inform the development of each: [T]o be a scholar involves more than mere learning... A genuine scholar possesses something more: he penetrates and understands the principle and laws of the particular department of human knowledge with which he professes acquaintance. He imbibes the life of Science... [and] his mind is transfused and moulded by its energy and spirit. A 2011 examination outlined

3240-401: Is possible to receive tenure but to remain as an assistant professor, typically when tenure is awarded early. Upon successfully receiving tenure, an assistant professor usually is promoted to the rank of associate professor . The mid-level position is usually awarded after a substantial record of scholarly accomplishment (such as the publication of one or more books, numerous research articles,

3330-999: Is professor of linguistics and professor by courtesy of computer science at Stanford University". Usually, the second courtesy appointment carries with it fewer responsibilities and fewer benefits than a single full appointment (for example, affiliated professors rarely have voting rights in their courtesy department). A professor who does not take on all of the classic duties of a professor, but instead focuses on research. At most universities, research professors are not eligible for tenure and must fund their salary entirely through research grants, with no regular salary commitment from internal university sources. In parallel with tenure-track faculty ranks, there are assistant and associate research professor positions. These types of professors focus on teaching, often at higher loads than research faculty, and in departments with graduate students, supervising teaching assistants . They may be ranked assistant, associate, and full. At some institutions (like within

3420-462: Is the Canadian Academy of Independent Scholars (in association with Simon Fraser University ). Similar organizations exist around the world. Membership in a professional association generally entails a degree of post-secondary education and established research. When independent scholars participate in academic conferences, they may be referred to as an unaffiliated scholar, since they do not hold

3510-439: Is their top priority. Since these positions are usually not tenured, they often are not obligated to do research in their fields, although many of them do publish, research, and consult. Alternatively, at US medical colleges, the title "Instructor" can be given to someone who is full-time faculty and who may conduct research with no teaching obligation. These appointments can be tenured in some universities. An individual hired with

3600-479: Is typically reported as a nine-month salary, not including compensation received (often from research grants) during the summer. In 2006, the overall median 9-month salary for all professors in the U.S. was reported to be $ 73,000, placing a slight majority of professors among the top 15% of earners at age 25 or older. Yet, their salaries remain considerably below that of some other comparable professions (even when including summer compensation) such as lawyers (who earned

3690-648: The German Reformed Church and first president of Franklin and Marshall College . Some consider Gerhart the systematizer of Mercersburg Theology. He wrote the first complete Christocentric theology in nineteenth century America. Gerhart was born on June 13, 1817, in Freeburg, Snyder County, Pennsylvania . His parents were the Reverend Isaac Gerhart (1788–1865) and Sarah Vogel Gerhart (1790–1861). Gerhart's great-grandfather, Peter Gerhart, emigrated from

Scholar - Misplaced Pages Continue

3780-528: The Mercersburg Review and the following: Professors in the United States#Research professor Professors in the United States commonly occupy any of several positions of teaching and research within a college or university . In the U.S., the word "professor" is often used to refer to anyone who teaches at a college of university level at any academic rank . This usage differs from

3870-513: The University of California system), these are full voting members of the Academic Senate who get tenured and promoted in the same manner as other tenure-track faculty, and have all the powers/rights of other faculty at the same rank (e.g. Principal investigator status, supervising doctoral dissertations, serving in academic leadership roles, etc.). At some institutions, they may be full-time contingent instructors who are not required to meet

3960-587: The chungin (the "middle people"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the petite bourgeoisie , composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty. In his 1847 address, Emmanuel Vogel Gerhart asserted that scholars have an obligation to rigorously continue their studies, so as to remain aware of new knowledge being generated, and to contribute their own insights to

4050-563: The literati : the French participants in—sometimes referred to as "citizens" of—the Republic of Letters , which evolved into the salon aimed at edification, education, and cultural refinement. In the United States, a professional association exists for independent scholars: this association is the National Coalition of Independent Scholars . In Canada, the equivalent professional association

4140-468: The scholarly method or scholarship, a body of principles and practices used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and practice of a given scholarly or academic field of study through rigorous inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and

4230-484: The "professor" ranking system as well. Candidates for tenure at those institutions would not normally need to hold a PhD, only the degree necessary (usually a master's) for employment as an instructor. Individuals in these positions who typically (though not always) focus on teaching undergraduate courses do not engage in research (except in the case of "research professors"), may or may not have administrative or service roles, and sometimes are eligible for job security that

4320-476: The "working poor". In 2014, a national news story described the situation of adjuncts as "Juggling multiple part-time jobs, earning little-to-no benefits, depending on public assistance: This is the financial reality for many adjunct professors across the nation." In 2015, an adjunct professor of law writing in The Guardian provided an anecdotal example of the low pay some adjuncts earn: teaching five courses with

4410-410: The 19th century, and Sigmund Freud , Sir Steven Runciman , Robert Davidsohn and Nancy Sandars in the 20th century. There was also a tradition of the man of letters , such as Evelyn Waugh . The term "man of letters" derives from the French term belletrist or homme de lettres but is not synonymous with "an academic". In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term Belletrist(s) came to be applied to

4500-538: The 2005–2006 year, salaries for assistant professors ranged from $ 45,927 in theology to $ 81,005 in law. For associate professors, salaries ranged from $ 56,943 in theology to $ 98,530 in law, while salaries among full professors ranged from $ 68,214 in theology to $ 136,634 in law. During the 2010–2011 year, associate professor salaries vary from $ 59,593 in theology to $ 93,767 in law. Full professors at elite institutions commonly enjoy six-figure incomes, such as $ 123,300 at UCLA or $ 148,500 at Stanford . The CSU system , which

4590-472: The 20th century. In the 1800s professors were often clergymen and tended towards conservatism, gradually becoming more liberal with the Progressive Era and Great Depression. By the mid-20th century, the humanities and social sciences were dominated by liberal or Democratic professors, with Republicans or conservatives showing a slight majority in departments of business , agriculture and engineering . From

SECTION 50

#1732849036244

4680-712: The Classical Institution of the Reformed Church in York, Pennsylvania, under the leadership of Rev. Frederich Rauch. The school included a rigorous training in philosophy, history, math, science, Greek and Latin based on the German education system. At this school, Gerhart was one of the first members and developers of the Diagnothian Literary Society in 1835. The school he attended moved to Mercersburg in 1836 and

4770-801: The Preparatory Department of Education and at the school for young women. Gerhart began his ministry work during his studies at seminary and was approved by the Synod of the Reformed Church to minister in Reading, Pennsylvania. In 1849, Gerhart worked with the First Reformed Church in Cincinnati , Ohio. There he ministered to German immigrants and later traveled various states including Kentucky, Indiana, and Wisconsin to form new congregations. Starting in 1843, Gerhart would become an elected representative to

4860-462: The University states that "the expectations at each rank are similar to those for the same rank on the tenure track". Since the 1990s, the nature of adjunct professorship in the United States and other nations has shifted for some adjunct professors and institutions to refer mainly to persons hired to teach courses on a short-term contractual basis. Such adjuncts generally have a teaching load below

4950-481: The body of knowledge available to all: The progress of science involves momentous interests. It merits the attention of all sincere lovers of truth. Every ...scholar is under obligations to contribute towards the ever-progressive unfolding of its riches and power. [They]...should combine their energies to bring to view what has eluded the keen vision of those men of noble intellectual stature who have lived and died before them. Many scholars are also professors engaged in

5040-700: The college to decrease debts and increase the student body and lead the college during the time of the Civil War. In 1868, he was appointed professor of Systematic Theology at Mercersburg Theological Seminary, today called Lancaster Theological Seminary in Lancaster, Pennsylvania . He would continue there as president and professor for the rest of his life. Gerhart was also the editor of the Mercerbsburg Review journal for several years. During his time as professor and president, Gerhart delivered several speeches. He

5130-502: The courtesy title of "professor". Although almost all tenured professors hold doctorates, some exceptional scholars without them are occasionally granted tenure: Jay Forrester (electrical engineering, M.I.T. ) had only a master's degree; Saul Kripke (philosophy, Rockefeller ) and Andrew Gleason (mathematics, Harvard ) had only a bachelor's degree; Edward Fredkin (computer science, M.I.T. ) and Erik Erikson (psychology, Harvard) did not even have bachelor's degrees. Tenure without

5220-527: The following attributes commonly accorded to scholars as "described by many writers, with some slight variations in the definition": The common themes are that a scholar is a person who has a high intellectual ability, is an independent thinker and an independent actor, has ideas that stand apart from others, is persistent in her quest for developing knowledge, is systematic, has unconditional integrity, has intellectual honesty, has some convictions, and stands alone to support these convictions. Scholars may rely on

5310-730: The full title (e.g., "professor of medicine, emeritus".) Often specific to one institution, titles such as "president's professor", "university professor", "distinguished professor", "distinguished research professor", "distinguished teaching professor", "distinguished university professor", or "regents professor" are granted to a small percentage of the top tenured faculty who are regarded as particularly important in their respective fields of research. Some institutions grant more university-specific, formal titles such as M.I.T. 's " Institute Professor ", Yale University 's " Sterling Professor ", or Duke University 's " James B. Duke Professor ". Some academic and/or scholarly organizations may also bestow

5400-567: The individual has maintained an active research program and excellent teaching, in addition to taking a leadership role in important departmental and extra-departmental administrative tasks. Full professor is the highest rank that a professor can achieve (other than in a named position) and is seldom achieved before a person reaches their mid-40s. The rank of full professor carries additional administrative responsibilities associated with membership on committees that are restricted to full professors. Two-year community colleges that award tenure often use

5490-401: The individual may eventually apply for tenure at that institution or, optionally, seek a tenured position elsewhere. Upon a sustained and distinguished track record of scholarly achievement within one's university and academic discipline, an associate professor may be promoted to professor (sometimes referred to as "full professor"). In most traditional colleges and universities, this position

SECTION 60

#1732849036244

5580-446: The institution expected of tenure-track professors, nor are adjuncts paid for their research. Traditionally the majority of adjuncts held full-time jobs outside academia, while still having relevant qualifications for teaching, and taught one or two classes in their respective fields of expertise to provide a practical perspective to the often theoretical coursework taught by full-time professors. In some cases, an adjunct may hold one of

5670-401: The late 1970s to the mid 1980s there was a trend towards conservatism amongst professors (paralleling a national shift to the right with the " Reagan Revolution "): about 5% of professors identified themselves as strongly left-wing, about a third identifying themselves as liberals, about 25% identifying themselves as moderates, 25% as conservative, and 5% as strongly conservative. Since the 1980s,

5760-586: The minimum required to earn employment benefits such as health insurance or access to retirement accounts. In contrast with tenure-track professors, adjuncts do not usually have individual offices or a place to store possessions. Adjuncts are not funded to maintain currency in their fields of expertise, nor to interact with students other than within the course(s) they are hired to teach. Often, adjuncts will work for several universities simultaneously, as working at one school often fails to provide adequate income to support oneself. These adjuncts have been called part of

5850-433: The most senior rank of a research-focused career in the U.K and northern Europe, and regarded as equal in rank, to a teaching full professorship. Frequently, the job of research professor has permanent employment, like a tenured professor in the U.S., and the position is held by a particularly distinguished scholar. Thus, the title is seen as more prestigious than a teaching full professorship. A research professorship, has

5940-404: The percentage of liberal professors has grown steadily, with nationwide research consistently finding somewhere between 7 and 9 liberals for each professor of another political persuasion. In terms of education , the vast majority of professors hold doctorate degrees . Professors at community colleges may only have a master's degree while those at four-year institutions are often required to hold

6030-465: The position is temporary or permanent, if the work is full-time or part-time, and numerous other factors. Adding to the confusion over the formal names of non-tenure track positions, in almost every case the common-noun descriptor "professor" is used informally for people who teach at a college or university, regardless of their formal job title, and the terms are often loosely interchanged by faculty and administrators. For example, US President Barack Obama

6120-429: The predominant usage of the word professor in other countries, where the unqualified word "professor" only refers to "full professors" (i.e., the highest rank among regular faculty), nor is it generally used in the United States for secondary education teachers. Other tenure-track faculty positions include assistant professor (entry level) and associate professor (mid-level). Other teaching-focused positions that use

6210-427: The professor in question could be called a "Visiting Assistant Professor", "Distinguished Visiting Professor", etc. An adjunct professor is a professor who does not hold a permanent or full-time position at that particular academic institution. Adjunct professors usually have no expectation of tenure as a part of their contract. An adjunct is generally not required to participate in the administrative responsibilities at

6300-404: The qualifier "adjunct" always denotes part-time (whether combined with the word "professor" or not). Research and education are among the main tasks of tenured and tenure-track professors, with the amount of time spent on research or teaching depending strongly on the type of institution. Publication of articles in conferences, journals, and books is essential to occupational advancement. In 2011,

6390-475: The question about retirement came up. In 2020, the National Center for Education Statistics counted 189,692 professors, 162,095 associate professors, 166,543 assistant professors, 96,627 instructors, 44,670 lecturers, and 164,720 other full-time faculty. The term "professors" in the United States refers to a group of educators at the college and university level . In the United States, while "Professor" as

6480-429: The rank is bestowed on all professors who have retired in good standing, while at others it needs a special act or vote. Depending on local circumstances, professors emeriti may retain office space or other privileges. The word is typically used as a postpositional adjective ("professor emeritus") but can also be used as a preposition adjective ("emeritus professor"). There is a third, somewhat less common usage, following

6570-637: The rank of associate professor. Associate professors who continue to establish high profiles and become experts in their fields of study may bid for a promotion to full professor, which is considered an esteemed position reserved for the most successful professors working in their fields. College and university teachers who hold the rank of lecturer or instructor are typically not tenured/tenure-track faculty, usually focus on teaching undergraduate courses, and are generally not involved in research, nor are they typically involved in department and university decision-making. (Note that in other English-speaking countries,

6660-783: The ranks of associate professor and finally professor . The titles are historical traditions; for example, it is not implied that an assistant professor "assists" more senior faculty. There is often a strict timeline for application for promotion from assistant to associate professor, most often 5 or 6 years following the initial appointment. Applicants are evaluated based on their contributions to research, teaching, and administration. The relative weightings of these contributions differ by institution, with PhD-granting universities usually placing more emphasis on research and liberal arts colleges placing more emphasis on teaching. The decision to grant tenure and promotion from assistant to associate professor usually requires numerous levels of approval, with

6750-500: The record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse. In Joseon Korea (1392–1910), the intellectuals were the literati , who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as

6840-431: The research requirements of the tenure track. A clinical professor engages in practical instruction (of professional students) typically with an emphasis on practical skills as opposed to theory. This generally is not a "tenure track" position, but can be either full- or part-time. These types of appointments are common in law, medicine, and business schools, and are sometimes referred to as 'professor of practice'. This

6930-438: The role of the scholar in society: [A] scholar [is one] whose whole inward intellectual and moral being has been symmetrically unfolded, disciplined and strengthened under the influence of truth... No one faculty should be drawn out to the neglect of others. The whole inner man should be unfolded harmoniously. Gerhart argued that a scholar can not be focused on a single discipline, contending that knowledge of multiple disciplines

7020-463: The standard academic ranks in another department, and be recognized with adjunct rank for making contributions to the department in question. Thus, one could be an "associate professor of physics and adjunct professor of chemistry". In some universities, there are different ranks of adjunct faculty. For example, at the University of Iowa , the ranks are adjunct instructor, adjunct assistant professor, adjunct associate professor, and adjunct full professor;

7110-470: The teaching of others. In a number of countries, the title "Research Professor" refers to a person who is primarily engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. The title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom, where it is known as Research Professor at some universities, and Professorial Research Fellow at other institutions and in northern Europe. Research Professor is quite often

7200-403: The teaching schedule from one semester to the next can be unpredictable. A professor who is primarily and originally associated with one academic department, but has become officially associated with a second department, institute, or program within the university and has assumed a professor's duty in that second department as well, could be called a "professor by courtesy." Example: "Dan Jurafsky

7290-482: The term lecturer might have a different meaning. For example, in the United Kingdom and in Ireland, the position of lecturer is equivalent to that of assistant professor in the US system.) The rank of assistant professor generally is held for a probationary period of five to seven years, after which the individual will either be promoted to associate professor and granted tenure (i.e., cannot be fired without cause and

7380-473: The term "professor" include Clinical Professor, Professor of Practice, and Teaching Professor (specific roles and status vary widely among institutions, but usually do not involve tenure). Most faculty with titles of "Lecturer" and "Instructor" in the U.S. are not eligible for tenure (as of 2015 ), though they are still often referred to as "professors" in a general sense and as a courtesy form of address. Non-tenure-track positions may be full or part time, although

7470-423: The term in most institutions has since been the gender-neutral "chairperson", or shortened to "chair". While many department chairs also hold endowed chair positions, the two positions are distinct. Educators who hold a formal title of "Professor" (referred to as tenured/tenure-track faculty) typically begin their careers as assistant professors (or "lecturers" and "senior lecturers"), with subsequent promotions to

7560-574: The term. Positions typically temporary and/or part-time : Retired faculty may retain formal or informal links with their university, such as library privileges or office space. At some institutions, faculty who have retired after achieving the rank of professor are given the title "professor emeritus " (male) or "professor emerita" (female). Although the term "professor" is often used to refer to any college or university teacher, there are different 'tiers' of professorship ranging from an entry-level position as an "assistant professor" to "full professor",

7650-550: The title "distinguished professor" in recognition of achievement over the course of an academic career. For example, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture annually recognizes up to five faculty at architecture schools in the United States and Canada with the ACSA Distinguished Professor Award. The incumbent of a "named chair" or "endowed chair" is a professor who holds a specific position within

7740-523: The town of Alsace , France, to Bucks County , Pennsylvania, in the early 18th century. Emmanuel Gerhart's mother, of French descent, grew up in Philadelphia but was born in Northhampton, PA, while his father led ministries of German Reformed churches in several counties, including Union County , Snyder County , and Lancaster County , Pennsylvania. In the early years of his education, Gerhart went to

7830-436: The use of the term professor to describe Obama's role with the university. " Lecturers " and "instructors" in the US can work full-time or part-time and may be referred to as "professor" by their classes, but they often don't mind when students refer to them as college teachers, so they are technically teachers, but in a college setting. This is especially common at community colleges and teaching universities, in which teaching

7920-578: The various church Synods and the General Synod in Baltimore. He served as president of Heidelberg College in 1851, after which he became professor of theology in the Theological Seminary of Tiffin , Ohio , whence he was called to the presidency of Franklin and Marshall College in 1855, where he held the title as Professor of Mental and Moral Philosophy . As president, Gerhart campaigned for

8010-402: Was established as Marshall College (later to become Franklin and Marshall College ). Gerhart would graduate from Marshall College in 1838 and from Mercersburg Theological Seminary in 1841. At the seminary, Gerhart studied under Frederick Augustus Rauch and John Williamson Nevin , who were leading figures in the founding of Mercersburg Theology . During this time, Gerhart became a teacher at

8100-488: Was known to be very gregarious and articulate in speech. According to the Alumni Association of Franklin and Marshall, "his unruffled manner, his deliberateness of speech and the logical cast of his mind always came into service." He was said to have displayed a particular "energy and endurance" and had a strong and engaging presence at college events and games. Gerhart's works include over 60 articles published at

#243756