61-505: A Schlachtfest is the German term for the ritual or ceremonial slaughter of an animal, which is often followed by feast . Today, it usually refers to the practice in many parts of Germany, such as the Palatinate , for a celebration or festival involving the ceremonial slaughter of a pig reared or bought by a private household or an inn for that purpose. The menu for such a Schlachtfest in
122-592: A breeding stock . Slaughter typically involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove the entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in one piece. Such dressing can be done by hunters in the field (field dressing of game ) or in a slaughterhouse . Later, the carcass is usually butchered into smaller cuts. The animals most commonly slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo , sheep , goats , pigs , deers , horses , rabbits , poultry (mainly chickens , turkeys , ducks and geese ), insects (a commercial species
183-540: A ban on slaughterhouses: in Sentience Institute ’s 2017 survey on attitudes towards animal farming with 1,094 US adults 49% of them "support a ban on factory farming, 47% support a ban on slaughterhouses, and 33% support a ban on animal farming”. The 2017 survey was replicated by researchers at the Oklahoma State University , who found similar results. They also got 73% of respondents answering “yes” to
244-487: A blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife. The belief that this was unnecessarily cruel and painful to the animal eventually led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the first campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician, Benjamin Ward Richardson , who spent many years of his later working life developing more humane methods of slaughter as
305-738: A city should be if sanitary science were advanced in a proper manner. In the same year he gave the Cantor lectures at the Society of Arts, taking " alcohol " as the subject. In 1854, Richardson was awarded the Fothergillian prize of the Medical Society of London for his essay on the Diseases of the Unborn Child and elected the society's president in 1868. Richardson was elected an international member of
366-420: A committed exponent of Snow's radical views on the microbial cause of infectious disease for the rest of his life. He continued, and extended, Snow's work on inhalation anaesthesia and brought into clinical use, no less than fourteen anaesthetics , of which methylene bichloride is the best known, and he invented the first double-valved mouthpiece for use in the administration of chloroform . He also made known
427-549: A finger or limb per month. The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents. In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from
488-433: A hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with you and think, ‘God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.’ You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them – beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care. The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in
549-921: A house at 12 Hinde Street, whence he moved to 25 Manchester Square. In 1854, he was appointed physician to the Blenheim Street Dispensary, and in 1856 to the Royal Infirmary for Diseases of the Chest in the City Road. He was also physician to the Metropolitan Dispensary (1856), to the Marylebone , and to the Margaret Street Dispensaries (1856), and in 1892, he became physician to the London Temperance Hospital . For many years he
610-453: A member of "Our Club", where he met Douglas Jerrold , William Makepeace Thackeray , William Hepworth Dixon , Mark Lemon , John Doran and George Cruikshank , of whose will he became an executor . In 1850, Richardson was admitted as a licentiate to the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow . He became a faculty lecturer in 1877, and was elected a Fellow on 3 June 1878. Richardson
671-538: A periodical; however, it was not widely received. It was not until 1884 when he published a new series The Asclepiad volume 1, second series, that it received adequate distribution and became a regular quarterly periodical, going under the full-blown title of The Asclepiad: A Book of Original Research and Observation in the Science, Art, and Literature of Medicine, Preventive and Curative . It continued to be published, through eleven volumes, until 1895. In 1854, Richardson
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#1732855493995732-573: A prolific writer on medical history. He was the recipient of the Fothergill gold medal , awarded by the Medical Society of London in 1854 and of the Astley Cooper triennial prize for an essay in physiology . He was a close personal friend, and professional colleague, of John Snow . On Snow's sudden death he took over the final editing of Snow's draft On Chloroform and Other Anaesthetics and supervised its publication in 1858. Ward Richardson remained
793-619: A result of attempting to discover and adapt substances capable of producing general or local anaesthesia to relieve pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a chamber that could kill animals by gassing them. He also founded the Model Abattoir Society in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the use of electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution . The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in
854-544: A severe attack of famine fever (either typhus or relapsing fever) that he caught while he was a pupil at St Andrews Lying-in Hospital (now Princess Royal Maternity Hospital ), interrupted his studies, and led him to become an assistant, first to Thomas Browne of Saffron Walden in Essex , and afterwards to Edward Dudley Hudson at Littlethorpe , Cosby , near Leicester . Hudson was the elder brother of his former master. In 1854, he
915-479: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Animal slaughter Animal slaughter is the killing of animals , usually referring to killing domestic livestock . It is estimated that each year, 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for food. Most animals are slaughtered for food ; however, they may also be slaughtered for other reasons such as for harvesting of pelts , being diseased and unsuitable for consumption, or being surplus for maintaining
976-494: Is in accordance with the Qur’an . To slaughter an animal is to cause it to pass from a living state to a dead state. For the meat to be lawful ( Halal ) according to Islam, it must come from an animal which is a member of a lawful species and it must be ritually slaughtered, i.e. according to the Law, or the sole code recognized by the group as legitimate. The animal is killed in ways similar to
1037-459: Is made in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe to assure that such animals, or the unwholesome parts or products thereof, will be prevented from being used for human food purposes." The 2004 report to US Congress titled “Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy”, available in the library of Congressional Research Service, in the ‘Introduction’ paragraph explains Renderers in
1098-743: Is not widely available outside India. Jhatka meat is also often considered to be the preferred method of slaughter for Sikhs in India and abroad. In 2010, Human Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime. Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants. In a report by Oxfam America , slaughterhouse workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage. American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than
1159-462: Is the house cricket ), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry ( fish farming ). In 2020, Faunalytics reported that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are China, the United States, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered by far the most in China, followed by the United States, Germany, Spain, Vietnam, and Brazil. For sheep, again China slaughtered
1220-429: Is the best known, and he invented the first double-valved mouthpiece for use in the administration of chloroform. He also produced local insensibility by freezing the part with an ether spray , and he gave animals euthanasia by means of a lethal chamber. Richardson was an ardent and determined champion of total abstinence , for he held that alcohol was so powerful a drug that it should only be used by skilled hands in
1281-546: Is the overarching term accounting for various methods of slaughter used by religions around the world for food production. While keeping religious autonomy, these methods of slaughter, within the United States, are governed by the Humane Slaughter Act and various religion-specific laws, most notably, Shechita and Dhabihah . Animal slaughter in Judaism falls in accordance to the religious law of Shechita . In preparation,
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#17328554939951342-746: The American Philosophical Society in 1863, and of the Imperial Leopold Carolina Academy of Sciences in 1867. He became a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1877. In 1880 he was co-opted on to the London School Board . In June 1893, he was knighted in recognition of his eminent services to humanitarian causes. He was elected President of the Association of Public Sanitary Inspectors of Great Britain (later renamed
1403-622: The "worst of both worlds", as it mean that the slaughter methods now caused distress to conspecifics without reliably ensuring the animals were killed before regaining consciousness. In the United States , the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) specifies the approved methods of livestock slaughter: Each of these methods is outlined in detail, and the regulations require that inspectors identify operations which cause "undue" "excitement and discomfort" of animals. In 1958,
1464-481: The Jewish ritual with the throat being slit (dhabh), resulting in a quick drop in blood pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by most institutions). The slaughterer must say Bismillah (In the name of Allah/God) before slaughtering the animal. Blood must be drained out of
1525-492: The Meat Inspection Regulations. The CFIA's humane slaughter requirements take effect when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter establishment. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care. The Meat Inspection Regulations define the conditions for the humane slaughter of all species of food animals in federally registered establishments. Some of
1586-549: The PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD." Even though around 90% of US adults regularly consume meat, almost half of them appear to support
1647-415: The Palatinate includes soup ( Metzelsuppe ), various sausages ( Pfälzer Leberwurst , Blutwurst and Bratwurst ), liver dumplings ( Leberknödel ), boiled belly pork ( Wellfleisch ) and Sauerkraut . It was common when a pig was slaughtered at home that Metzelsuppe was given as a gift to neighbours, often in milk churns. Frequently the neighbours bought some of the fresh sausages so produced. Wine
1708-770: The Sanitary Inspectors Association (SIA)) from 1890 to 1896. Like his predecessor, Sir Edwin Chadwick, he took a close interest in the Association, on many occasions leading deputations to the President of the Local Government Board to argue the case for security of tenure for inspectors against arbitrary dismissal. The local authority employers often consisted of local slum property owners and small businessmen, such as butchers, slaughterhouse owners, mill and factory owners, whose financial interests were affected by
1769-799: The Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat . Modern methods, such as the captive bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the act's wording specifically outlawed the poleaxe . The period was marked by the development of various innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting. Various methods are used to kill or render an animal unconscious during animal slaughter. Whether animals are stunned before slaughter or not, they suffer stress while waiting to be killed. A 1996 veterinary review found that there are many ways in which animals suffer and die during
1830-658: The US and Canada convert dead animals and other waste material into sellable products: “Renderers convert dead animals and animal parts that otherwise would require disposal into a variety of materials, including edible and inedible tallow and lard and proteins such as meat and bone meal (MBM). These materials in turn are exported or sold to domestic manufacturers of a wide range of industrial and consumer goods such as livestock feed and pet food, soaps, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, plastics, personal care products, and even crayons.” Although some authors have found health problems associated with
1891-658: The animal being prepared for slaughter must be considered kosher (fit) before the act of slaughter can commence and consumed. The basic law of the Shechita process requires the rapid and uninterrupted severance of the major vital organs and vessels. They slit the throat, resulting in a quick drop in blood pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This abrupt loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by most institutions). Animal slaughtering in Islam
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1952-459: The average American worker. NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average. The Guardian reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States . On average, one employee of Tyson Foods , the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates
2013-528: The carcass. The practice of Jhatka in India developed out of the Sikh tradition in accordance with the value of Ahimsa (no harm). Sikhs believe that an animal should be slaughtered quickly and with as little pain as possible in order to reduce bad Karma that may result from such a practice. In India today most establishments will provide both Halal and Jhatka options for dishes containing chicken and lamb. Jhatka meat
2074-424: The carcasses of any animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, shall buy, sell, transport, offer for sale or transportation, or receive for transportation, in commerce, or import, any dead, dying, disabled, or diseased cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules or other equines, or parts of the carcasses of any such animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, unless such transaction, transportation or importation
2135-609: The constant screams of animals being killed. A 2004 study in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry. The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for any period of time—that let’s [sic] you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look
2196-451: The consumption of 4D meat by certain species in its raw form, or found it potentially hazardous, FDA considers it fit for animal consumption: "Pet food consisting of material from diseased animals or animals which have died otherwise than by slaughter, which is in violation of 402(a)(5) will not ordinarily be actionable, if it is not otherwise in violation of the law. It will be considered fit for animal consumption." Ritual slaughter
2257-623: The first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (later the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock. In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning by many local authorities. The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of
2318-501: The greatest emergencies. He was also one of the earliest advocates of bicycling; he wrote 'Cycling as an Intellectual Pursuit' for Longman's Magazine in 1883. In 1863, he made known the peculiar properties of amyl nitrite, a drug which was largely used in the treatment of breast-pang (angina pectoris), and he introduced the bromides of quinine, iron and strychnia, ozonized ether, styptic and iodized colloid, peroxide of hydrogen, and ethylate of soda, substances which were soon largely used by
2379-497: The inspectors' efforts. He also argued strongly on behalf of the sanitary inspectors who were for decades excluded from their own Examination and Registration Boards by medical interests who were concerned to keep the inspectors 'in their proper place' and preserve public health administration as a medical domain. His lawyer son Aubrey was also active on behalf of the SIA. In 1862, he published Asclepiad: clinical essays volume 1, intended as
2440-509: The law that is enforced today by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. This Act requires the proper treatment and humane handling of all food animals slaughtered in USDA inspected slaughter plants. It does not apply to chickens or other birds. Meat from animals which are dead, diseased, disabled or dying (4-D meat) on the arrival at
2501-458: The meat-market." Richardson was one of the most prolific writers of his generation. He wrote biographies, plays, poems, and songs, in addition to his more strictly scientific work. He wrote the Asclepiad , a series of original researches in the science, art, and literature of medicine. A single volume was issued in 1861, after which it appeared quarterly from 1884 to 1895. He was the originator and
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2562-558: The medical profession. Richardson was a vice-president of the Bread Reform League . The League formed in 1880 to spread "knowledge of the dietetic advantage of Wheat-Meal Bread." Richardson opposed the slaughter of animals but was not a vegetarian . He wrote that "It is quite true that I lean strongly towards the vegetarian movement. I have not, however, become a strict vegetarian, but have rather busied myself in showing how animals can be painlessly killed and carefully cleansed for
2623-430: The most, this time followed by Australia and New Zealand. Similarly, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the United States (in that order). The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply striking them with
2684-447: The peculiar properties of amyl nitrite , a drug which was largely used in the treatment of angina pectoris , and he introduced the bromides of quinine , iron and strychnia , ozonized ether , styptic and iodized colloid , hydrogen peroxide , and sodium ethoxide , substances which were soon largely used by the medical profession. In 1893, he was knighted in recognition of his eminent services to humanitarian causes. Richardson
2745-613: The people involved. A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior." A 2009 study by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries." As authors from
2806-912: The preslaughter period. They include: The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European Union, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009. In Canada, the handling and slaughter of food animals is a shared responsibility of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles live animals. Canadian law requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of food animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with
2867-541: The provisions contained in the regulations include: The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) is the main governing body responsible for legislation and codes of practice covering animal slaughter in the UK. In the UK the methods of slaughter are largely the same as those used in the United States with some differences. The use of captive bolt equipment and electrical stunning are approved methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption - with
2928-743: The question “Were you aware that slaughterhouses are where livestock are killed and processed into meat, such that, without them, you would not be able to consume meat?”. In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the National Farmers Organization . Protesting low prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals being needlessly and wastefully killed. There has been controversy over whether or not animals should be slaughtered and over
2989-519: The slaughterhouse is often salvaged for rendering , and used by a wide range of industries including pet food manufacturers, zoos, greyhound kennels, and mink ranches. The U.S. Code (Title 21, Chapter 12, Subchapter II, § 644) Regulates transactions, transportation, or importation of 4–D animals to prevent use as human food: "No person, firm, or corporation engaged in the business of buying, selling, or transporting in commerce, or importing, dead, dying, disabled, or diseased animals, or any parts of
3050-412: The smaller details of domestic sanitation which tend, in the aggregate, to prolong the average life in each generation. He spent many years in attempts to relieve pain among men by discovering and adapting substances capable of producing general or local anaesthesia , and among animals by more humane methods of slaughter. He brought into use, no less than fourteen anaesthetics, of which methylene bichloride
3111-530: The stress caused during the preparation stages before the slaughtering, pain and distress that may be experienced during and after the neck cutting, and prolonged times to loss of brain function and death if stunning is not applied. Benjamin Ward Richardson Sir Benjamin Ward Richardson FRS FRCP (31 October 1828 – 21 November 1896) was a British physician , anaesthetist , physiologist , sanitarian , and
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#17328554939953172-423: The stunned animal, increasing the risk the animal would regain consciousness and it was consequently recommended that slaughter in front of conspecifics be permitted alongside a mandatory limit on stun-to-kill time. Legislation was introduced which allowed animals to be slaughtered in sight of their conspecifics but there was no legislation for a legal maximum stun-to-kill time. Some critics argue that this resulted in
3233-405: The use of gas reserved for swine. Until 2004, it was illegal to slaughter animals in sight of their conspecifics (members of the same species) because it was thought to cause them distress. However, there was a concern that moving the animals away from their conspecifics to a different place to be slaughtered would increase the stun-to-kill time (time between stunning the animal and killing it) for
3294-648: The various methods used. Some people believe sentient beings should not be harmed regardless of the purpose, or that meat production is an insufficient justification for harm. Religious slaughter laws and practices have always been a subject of debate, and the certification and labeling of meat products remain to be standardized. Animal welfare concerns are being addressed to improve slaughter practices by providing more training and new regulations. There are differences between conventional and religious slaughter practices, although both have been criticized on grounds of animal welfare. Concerns about religious slaughter focus on
3355-730: Was a founder, and for thirty-five times in succession the President of the St Andrews Medical Graduates' Association. He was admitted as a member of the Royal College of Physicians of London in 1856, and was elected a Fellow in 1865, serving the office of materia medica lecturer in 1866. In 1867, he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and delivered the Croonian lecture in 1873 on "The Muscular Irritability after Systemic Death." Richardson moved to London in 1853–1854, and took
3416-444: Was admitted M.A. and M.D. of St Andrews , where he afterwards became a member of the university court, an assessor of the general council, and in 1877, an honorary LL.D. In 1849, Richardson left Hudson and joined Dr Robert Willis of Barnes , well known as the editor of the works of William Harvey , and librarian of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (1828–1845). Richardson lived at Mortlake , and at about this time, became
3477-693: Was awarded the Fothergillian gold medal by the Medical Society of London for an essay on the "Diseases of the Foetus in Utero". In 1856, he gained the Astley Cooper triennial prize of 300 guineas for his essay on "The Coagulation of the Blood." Richardson died at 25 Manchester Square on 21 November 1896, and his body was cremated at Brookwood, Surrey . Richardson was a sanitary reformer, who busied himself with many of
3538-676: Was born at Somerby in Leicestershire , the only son of Benjamin Richardson and Mary Ward. He was educated by the Rev. W. Young Nutt at the Burrough Hill school in the same county. Being destined by the deathbed wish of his mother for the medical profession, his studies were always directed to that end, and he was apprenticed early to Henry Hudson, the surgeon at Somerby. He entered Anderson's University (now [University of Strathclyde]), in 1847, but
3599-581: Was drunk with the meal. The slaughter of a pig by an inn was called a Schlachtfest . Within the village everyone knew it was happening because a pig's bladder would be hung up outside. Occasionally this is still the case today. The organisation of a Schlachtfest at home and giving Metzelsuppe and sausages to family members and neighbours is still fairly common today in the German-speaking world e.g. in Swabia or Lower Saxony . This meat -related article
3660-494: Was physician to the "Newspaper Press Fund" and to the "Royal Literary Fund", the committee of which, he was long an active member. In 1854, Richardson became a lecturer on forensic medicine at the Grosvenor Place School of Medicine, where he was afterwards appointed the first lecturer on public hygiene, posts which he resigned in 1857 for the lectureship on physiology. He remained dean of the school until 1865, when it
3721-647: Was sold and, with all the other buildings in the old Tattersall's yard, demolished. Richardson was also a lecturer about this time at the College of Dentists, then occupying a part of the Polytechnic Institution in Regent Street .president of the health section of the Social Science Association , notably in 1875, when he delivered a celebrated address at Brighton on " Hygeia ", in which he told of what
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