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67-520: Schaghticoke Indian Tribe approximately 65+/- The Schaghticoke ( / ˈ s k æ t ɪ k oʊ k / SKAT -i-kohk or / ˈ s k æ t ɪ k ʊ k / SKAT -i-kuuk ) are a Native American tribe of the Eastern Woodlands who historically consisted of Mahican , Potatuck , Weantinock , Tunxis , Podunk , and their descendants, peoples indigenous to what is now New York, Connecticut , and Massachusetts . The remnant tribes amalgamated in

134-601: A Juvenile Review Board (JRB) for certain juvenile cases outlined by the Fairfield Police Department. Fairfield is represented in the Connecticut General Assembly by one Republican , Sen. Tony Hwang , and three Democrats , Rep. Cristin McCarthy Vahey , Rep. Jennifer Leeper , and Rep. Sarah Keitt . The Fairfield Police Department was created in 1926, approximately 287 years after the town

201-567: A 400-acre (1.6 km) reservation on the west side of the river. It includes a wilderness habitat for rattlesnakes , ruffed grouse , and other animals. At one time, the Schaghticoke tribe owned land from the Massachusetts border to the Ten Mile River . European-American agents, appointed by the state, sold off more than 2,000 acres of tribal land between 1801 and 1911 without approval by

268-843: A Reconsidered Final Determination Denying Federal Acknowledgment of the STN. That same year, the IBIA also remanded the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation's (EPTN) positive final determination of federal acknowledgment to the OFA. The result was the same, the Schaghticoke experience – OFA issued a determination denying the federal acknowledgment of EPTN. STN appealed the BIA ruling, but in August 2009, federal Judge Peter Dorsey upheld it. The STN sued for relief in Federal court, but

335-574: A barge with two crewmen on Penfield Reef in Fairfield during a gale led to the 1st civilian helicopter hoist rescue in history, on November 29, 1945. The helicopter flew from the nearby Sikorsky Aircraft plant in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The opening of the Connecticut Turnpike in the 1950s brought another wave of development to Fairfield, and by the 1960s the town's residential, suburban character

402-601: A chief, Alan Russell. STN and SIT have separate tribal constitutions. There is a cross section of Bradleys, Coggswells, Harrises and Kilsons in each of these three groups (STN, SIT and the unaffiliated) There also is a small group of people of doubtful heritage who claim to be Schaghticoke and claim to govern themselves with the SIT constitution. The Schaghticoke Indian Tribe located in Kent, Connecticut has 110 members. In 1724, colonial settlers from Fairfield, Connecticut , received approval from

469-604: A committee by the Colony of Connecticut. The town line with Norwalk was not set until May 1685. Over time, it gave rise to several new towns that broke off and incorporated separately. The following is a list of towns created from parts of Fairfield. When the American Revolutionary War began in the 1770s, Fairfielders were caught in the crisis as much as, if not more than, the rest of their neighbors in Connecticut. In

536-468: A lesser amount of land, threatening to close access to the Trail through the reservation. In October 2010 a federal court granted the defendants' request to dismiss the case, based on the argument of collateral estoppel . The judge held that, as the BIA had determined in 2005 that STN did not meet the criteria for federal recognition as a tribe, it could not establish a prima facie case for land rights. As it

603-459: A predominantly Tory section of the colony, the people of Fairfield were early supporters of the cause for independence. Throughout the war, a constant battle was being fought across the Long Island Sound as Loyalists from British -controlled Long Island raided the coast in whaleboats and privateers . Gold Selleck Silliman , whose home still stands on Jennings Road, was put in charge of

670-514: A total of 2,100 acres (850 ha). Most of the land in question is undeveloped. It is owned by the Kent School , Connecticut Light & Power , a few private landowners, and the federal government. Following the Bureau of Indian Affairs' re-determined negative decision and resultant reversal of the STN's federal acknowledgment, the U.S. District Court dismissed the land claim case in 2010. "In ruling on

737-478: A wealth of recreational opportunities, many of which stem from Fairfield's enviable location on the Long Island Sound. The town government consists of the three-member Board of Selectmen, a Representative Town Meeting (RTM), a Board of Finance, a Board of Education, a Town Planning and Zoning Commission (TPZ), and many other politically appointed commissions, boards, and committees. The current First Selectman

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804-500: Is Bill Gerber ( D ). As of November 27, 2023 Democrat controlled 2–1 Democratic Supermajority 31–9 Democrat Controlled 5–4 *Special Election held in 2021 to replace the seat left vacant by Ed Bateson on 5/17/21 Democrat Controlled 5–4 The town has no criminal or civil court system, and all trials are handled by the Bridgeport Superior Court system. However, the town does also offer access to

871-559: Is land and 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 4.15%, is water. Rivers flowing through Fairfield include Mill River , Rooster River , Ash Creek , Sasco Brook, and Aspetuck River . Fairfield consists of many neighborhoods. The best known are wealthy Southport , where General Electric Chief Executive Officer Jack Welch lived for many years, and Greenfield Hill , with its large green areas, famous dogwood trees, and picturesque green with its white-spired Congregational church. Other neighborhoods include Stratfield, Tunxis Hill,

938-521: The Fundamental Orders was adopted and established Connecticut as a self-ruling entity. By 1639, these settlers had started new towns in the surrounding areas. Roger Ludlowe , framer of the Fundamental Orders, purchased the land called Unquowa (presently called Fairfield), and established the name. The name "Fairfield" is commendatory. According to historian John M. Taylor: Early in 1639,

1005-670: The Housatonic River , which is polluted with PCBs manufactured by Monsanto and put into the river by General Electric from their electrical transformer factory in Pittsfield, Massachusetts . This limits the use of the river and presents health risks to those who live along river, and they can not eat the fish from the river. In 1981 the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (SIT) filed a petition for federal recognition. The tribal genealogist had documented that four family lineages form

1072-490: The Massachusetts Bay Colony , were dissatisfied with the rate of Anglican reform, and sought to establish an ecclesiastical society subject to their own rules and regulations. The Massachusetts General Court granted them permission to settle in the towns of Windsor , Wethersfield , and Hartford which is an area now known as Connecticut . On January 14, 1639, a set of legal and administrative regulations called

1139-528: The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation (STN). The Schaghticoke people have a long history of political relationships with both the former colony of Connecticut and the state. Most of the members live off the reservation in and near Kent . In 2004, the STN was the fourth tribe in Connecticut to gain federal recognition. But in 2005, after strong opposition from the state and several local governments as well as one landowner, several Schaghticoke individuals and

1206-482: The census of 2010, there were 59,404 people in the town, organized into 20,457 households and 14,846 families. The population density was 1,927 inhabitants per square mile (744/km ). There were 21,648 housing units at an average density of 703 per square mile (271/km ). The racial makeup of the town was 91.6% White , 3.7% Asian , 1.8% African American , 0.06% Native American , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 1.2% from other races , and 1.6% from two or more races. 5.0% of

1273-740: The "Coggswell Group," a group of individuals described as "descendants of the historical tribe known today as the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation;" (2) the Town of Cornwall, Connecticut; (3) the State of Connecticut together with the Towns of Kent, Bethel, New Fairfield, Newtown, Ridgefield, Greenwich, Sherman, Westport, Wilton, and Weston as well as the Cities of Danbury and Stamford; the Kent School Corporation;

1340-573: The 1790 Non-Intercourse Act. At the end of November 2012, the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals set February 25, 2013, as the deadline for the parties to submit their briefs in the land claims case. In 2016 the Shaghticoke Tribal Nation filed suit in a Connecticut Superior Court against the state of Connecticut regarding tribal land that had been sold by the state beginning in 1801. In 2022, the Connecticut Appellate Court upheld

1407-720: The 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals in late February 2010, where the lower court's decision was affirmed. STN took its case to the Supreme Court of the United States, which in October 2010 denied to review the appellate decision. Schaghticoke has various spellings: Pachgatgoch, Patchgatgoch, Pisgachtigok, Pishgachtigok, Scachtacook, Scaghkooke, Scanticook, Scatacook, Scaticook, Schaacticook, Scotticook, Seachcook, derived from an Algonquian Dialect-R word Pishgachtigok, meaning "the confluence of two waterways or "Gathered Waters." This may refer to

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1474-575: The Assumption. A third Catholic primary school, Holy Family, was closed by the Diocese of Bridgeport at the end of the 2009–2010 academic year. Non-religious private schools include Fairfield Country Day School and the Unquowa School . Fairfield is also home to two post-secondary institutions, Fairfield University and Sacred Heart University . Fairfield is traversed by U.S. 1 , Interstate 95 , and

1541-505: The BIA that they can not reform, regroup or reorganize and that the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe is the Historic continuation of the tribe; Alan Russell is the Tribal Chief of the S.I.T. and has been its leader since 1983. Neither represents all of the Schaghticoke people, including many who refuse to enroll with either political faction. In December 2002, the BIA made a preliminary finding that

1608-677: The Connecticut Light and Power Company; and the Housatonic Valley Council of Elected Officials, (4) the Preston Mountain Club, Inc., a landowner; and (5) the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe, a group which has separately petitioned for Federal acknowledgment. On May 12, 2005, the IBIA vacated the STN final determination and remanded it to the BIA for reconsideration. On October 11, 2005, the Office of Federal Acknowledgment (OFA) issued

1675-710: The Eastern Woodland tribes were village bands, which were led by one chief. In the Eastern Woodlands Algonquian-speaking societies, patrilineal clans had names associated with animal totems; these clans comprised the village bands. The Eastern Woodlands Iroquoian-speaking societies had a matrilineal kinship system, with inheritance and property passed through the mother's line. The Iroquoian village-bands were also composed of numerous clans. Individuals would marry outside their clan to form exogamous clans. They considered themselves to be sibling with

1742-518: The General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut to establish a new township. According to one account, they negotiated with Chief Squantz . Alternatively, it is told that they did not negotiate with Chief Squantz because he moved to the north end of Squantz Pond land area and refused to "sell" the township of New Fairfield. They returned in the Spring of 1725, but found that Chief Squantz had died during

1809-529: The General Court granted a commission to Ludlowe to begin a plantation at Pequannocke. He was on that errand, with a few others from Windsor, afterwards joined by immigrants from Watertown and Concord . He stole a large tract of land from the Pequannocke sachems – afterwards greatly enlarged by other purchases to the westward – and recalling the attractive region beyond (Unquowa), which he had personally seen on

1876-587: The Mashantucket Pequot Tribal Nation, the Mohegan Tribe and the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation. The Connecticut governor and other parties immediately opposed the Bureau of Indian Affairs decision, claiming adverse effects in communities due to the effects of gambling casinos. They feared the tribe would use recognition to press its land claims and to develop a casino. The Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation had received federal recognition in 2002, which

1943-516: The Ohio and Mississippi river valleys between 800 BC and 800 AD, and were connected by trading and communication routes. The cultures had a tradition of building earthwork mounds and, in some cases, large shaped constructions known as effigy mounds. They had a variety of purposes, some apparently related to astronomical calculations and ritual observances. These peoples were generally hunters and gatherers, while also relying on some farming to produce food on

2010-625: The SIT, U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) reversed its decision, revoking recognition. The Schaghticoke were among three state-recognized Connecticut tribes (along with the Eastern Pequot Tribal Nation and the Golden Hill Paugussett Indian Nation ) who were denied under the Bush administration, which had concerns about casinos being opened by tribes. The Schaghticoke filed a land claims action, seeking restoration of

2077-602: The STN failed to satisfy two of seven criteria for recognition: proof of cohesive community and maintenance of a continuous political leadership. After the tribe provided more documentation in consultation with the agency, in January 2004 the Department of the Interior acknowledged the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation as an Indian tribe according to the federal law and practice. STN was the fourth Connecticut tribes to gain federal recognition after

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2144-559: The Schaghticoke Indian Tribe applied for federal recognition. On January 29, 2009, STN members and supporters rallied at the Connecticut state capital. They presented a petition to Governor Jodi Rell , calling for an end to land encroachment on the reservation, and destruction of sites there. They wanted to raise awareness of the tribe's continued push to achieve federal recognition. Chief Richard L. Velky, tribal chair of STN since 1987, has said, "I can tell you this. They will never finish us off, and they will never take our land." In 2011,

2211-464: The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation and its leader Richard Velky were the legitimate representatives of the people: "Based on the evidence submitted by both parties, the court finds that the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, through its Tribal Council, is the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Tribe.This ruling was reversed by Judge Klatt and the S.I.T. and Alan Russell were recognized as the authority on

2278-527: The Schaghticoke hold less than a fifth of the original reserve with a 400-acre (1.6 km) reservation . It is located near the New York border within the boundaries of Kent in Litchfield County , to the west of the Housatonic River . The land is held in trust by the state for the tribe. In 1986, the tribe split. One group maintained the name Schaghticoke Indian Tribe (SIT), and the other identifies as

2345-605: The University area, Grasmere, Mill Plain , Knapp's Village, Melville Village, Holland Hill, Murray , and the Fairfield Beach area, which has recently undergone a renaissance with the construction of many new homes by residents wishing to live in proximity to the beach and downtown. This has resulted in steadily rising property prices. Two shopping districts in town include the Post Road ( U.S. 1 ) and Black Rock Turnpike . As of

2412-455: The Winter. His four sons and heirs refused to sign the deeds. It was not until four years later that the white men called "The Proprietors" finally got the drawn marks of several other native people who may not have had authority to sell the land. They "purchased" a 31,000-acre tract of land that is now called New Fairfield and Sherman , for the equivalent of about 300 dollars and on April 24, 1729,

2479-606: The area near the Connecticut-New York border after many losses, including the sale of some Schaghticoke and members of neighboring tribes into slavery in the Caribbean in the 1600s. Their reservation, granted in 1736 by the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut , is one of the oldest in the United States. In 1740, shortly after the reservation was granted, approximately 500 Schaghticoke lived on it. After sales by state agents,

2546-537: The automobile made the countryside accessible to these newly rich members of the middle class, who brought with them new habits, new attitudes, and new modes of dress. The prosperity lasted throughout the twenties. By the time of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the population had increased to 17,000 from the 6,000 it had been just before the war. Even during the Depression , the town kept expanding. The grounding of

2613-482: The basis of most of today's tribal members. These are the Cogswells, Kilsons, Harrises and Bradleys. During the nascent stages of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation's petition process, several individual leaders, both elected and from within the community, disputed the STN leadership. The result was a political dispute that has not been resolved. Richard Velky is the chief of the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation who has been told by

2680-409: The chimneys of many burnt houses standing in them yet". The First World War brought Fairfield out of its agrarian past by triggering an unprecedented economic boom in Bridgeport, which was the center of a large munitions industry at the time. The prosperity accompanied a temporary housing shortage in the city, and many of the workers looked to Fairfield to build their homes. The trolley and later

2747-572: The clarification of the court’s decision. Accordingly, the court modified that portion of its earlier decision finding that STN was the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Indians." Eastern Woodlands The earliest known inhabitants of the Eastern Woodlands were peoples of the Adena and Hopewell cultures, the term for a variety of peoples, speaking different languages, who inhabited

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2814-690: The coastal defenses. In the spring of 1779, Silliman was kidnapped from his home by Loyalist raiders in preparation for a British raid on Fairfield County. His wife, Mary Silliman watched from their home as, on the morning of July 7, 1779, approximately 2,000 British troops landed on Fairfield Beach near Pine Creek Point and invaded the town; the force proceeded to burn Fairfield due to the town's support for Patriot cause. A decade later, President George Washington noted that after traveling through Fairfield that "the destructive evidence of British cruelty are yet visible both in Norwalk and Fairfield; as there are

2881-514: The community since 1895. The Stratfield Volunteer Fire Department has several stations and has served the community since 1920. Fairfield has two public high schools , Fairfield Warde and Fairfield Ludlowe ; three public middle schools, Roger Ludlowe , Tomlinson, and Fairfield Woods Middle School ; and eleven public elementary schools. Fairfield has several Catholic schools, including two high schools, Fairfield Prep and Notre Dame , and two primary schools, St. Thomas Aquinas and Our Lady of

2948-407: The confluence of the Ten Mile River and the Housatonic River , where Mauwehu, the son of Chief Squantz , removed most of the Schaghticoke people. The language/culture base is Algonquian . The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation has an elected tribal council representing STN citizens and a chief-for-life, Richard L. Velky, who was elected in 1987. The Schaghticoke Indian Tribe also has a tribal council and

3015-399: The cross-motions for summary judgment, the court concluded that the BIA's final determination was 'reasonable based on the evidence before it,' and that the STN failed to satisfy the criteria of 'community' and 'political influence or authority' due to the fact that a substantial portion of the Schaghticoke refused to be enrolled as members of the STN." The tribe appealed the court's decision to

3082-510: The deed was recorded on May 9, 1729, and is now deposited in the archives of the State Capitol in Hartford . Granted a reserve in 1736 by the General Assembly of the Colony of Connecticut , the Schaghticoke tribe have one of the oldest reservations in the United States. But, today their original 2,500 acres (10 km), once located on both sides of the Housatonic River , has been diminished to

3149-516: The defendants were the federal government, the Connecticut Light & Power Company, and the Kent School. In 1993, the federal government had proposed a land swap to Connecticut, offering 25 acres of federal land in exchange for 49.7 acres of the reservation, as part of a major restoration of the Appalachian Trail and securing control of it. The STN objected to the state's making the exchange for

3216-493: The federal government. Tribal leaders say that the land sales and takings violated the Indian Non-Intercourse Act. This is the collective name of six statutes passed from 1790 to 1834, which said that only the federal government had the right to deal directly with Indian nations and had to approve all land sales for them. The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation (STN) has filed suits for restoration of about 2100 acres. Much of

3283-474: The fertile land in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys. Because of this reliance on farming, these tribes did not migrate like the more northern Eastern Woodlands tribes and instead stayed in one place, which resulted in them developing new social and political structures. The Eastern Woodlands tribes located further north (Algonquian-speaking people) relied heavily on hunting to acquire food. These tribes did not plant many crops, however, some tribes, such as

3350-479: The historic Ojibwe , grew wild rice and relied on it as one of their major food sources. The type of animals these tribes hunted depended on the geographic location of the tribe. For example, the tribes located close to the coast hunted seals, porpoises, and whales, while the more inland tribes hunted deer, moose, and caribou. The meat was either cooked to be eaten immediately or was smoke-dried, to preserve it for later consumption. The largest political unit among

3417-484: The land in question is in Kent, on the eastern side of the Housatonic River from the current reservation. About half the campus of the private Kent School is on the disputed land. Another major portion is owned by the Preston Mountain Club, a private fishing club. The Schaghticoke filed land rights suits in 1985, 1998 and 2000, the last two under the name and leadership of the STN. By 2010, the cases were consolidated;

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3484-537: The law, even if Velky is not the accepted and recognized tribal leader, nevertheless the plaintiffs—the plaintiffs being the Schaghticoke Indian—that—Indians, not the Schaghticoke Indian Tribe, not the Schaghticoke Tribal Nation, but the Indians that were originally recognized by this state, are the individuals that have brought this summary process action and have moved to evict [the defendant]. So, that’s

3551-406: The lower court's dismissal of the lawsuit, citing sovereign immunity and the language of a 1752 resolution of the Connecticut General Assembly that granted right of land use to the tribe for land along the Housatonic River, but did not explicitly grant property rights to the tribe and allowed for the land use only "during the pleasure of this Assembly". The Schaghticoke reservation is located along

3618-644: The other individuals within the exogamous clan. Fairfield, Connecticut Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut , United States. It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull , Easton , Weston , and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut . As of 2020, the town had a population of 61,512. The town is part of the Greater Bridgeport Planning Region . In 1635, Puritans and Congregationalists in

3685-437: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 20,457 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

3752-528: The poverty line. In May 2012, Moody's Investors Service revised the Town of Fairfield's $ 192 million general obligation bond debt from negative to stable. In June 2012, Moody's awarded Fairfield with an AAA bond rating, which it maintains to this date. In 2005, the mill rate of Fairfield was 16.67. The 2012–2013 taxes in Fairfield rose 4% to a mill rate of 23.37. The 2013–2014 mill rate which went into effect on July 1 for fiscal year 2013–2014 also increased by 2.38% to 23.93. Fairfield residents enjoy

3819-399: The reservation in Kent.Ct" Rost appealed the eviction order and on September 18, 2012, the appellate decision upheld Judge Klatt's eviction while correcting her determination that STN held tribal authority. Specifically, the appellate court held that, "The court nevertheless agreed to open its earlier decision for the limited purpose of vacating its finding that STN, through its tribal council,

3886-562: The second Pequot expedition, he also "set down" there, having purchased the territory embraced in the present town of Fairfield, to which he gave its name. Fairfield was one of the two principal settlements of the Connecticut Colony in southwestern Connecticut (the other was Stratford ). The town line with Stratford was set in May 1661 by John Banks, an early Fairfield settler, Richard Olmstead, and Lt. Joseph Judson , who were both appointed as

3953-464: The state was also opposing. The Mohegan Indian Tribe and Mashantucket Pequot had already developed increasingly successful, large casino resorts. In 2005, Representative Nancy Johnson introduced the "Schaghticoke Acknowledgement Repeal Act of 2005". Five requests were made to the Interior Board of Indian Appeals (IBIA) to review the BIA Final Determination to Acknowledge the STN, which had been approved on January 24, 2004. The five requesters were (1)

4020-408: The suit was dismissed in August 2008. This ruling was appealed in the 2nd Circuit Court in New York and was denied on October 19, 2009. The STN had hoped to build a third gaming facility in Connecticut if they were federally acknowledged. In 2015, the Bureau of Indian Affairs issued new rules saying that tribes which have previously been denied federal recognition cannot re-petition. In March 2022,

4087-484: The two tribal groups briefly united in trying to get Michael Rost, a non-Schaghticoke, expelled from reservation land. Members of both STN and SIT have said that Rost, claiming to have the right to be there as a guest of a tribal member, took and sold lumber illegally, built roads without a permit, and destroyed sensitive archeological sites. They took him to court to get him evicted. A Connecticut Superior Court evicted Rost that year. State Judge Corinne L. Klatt ruled that

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4154-405: Was $ 117,705 (these figures had risen to $ 103,352 and $ 121,749 respectively as of a 2007 estimate ). Males had a median income of $ 69,525 versus $ 44,837 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 55,733. 2.9% of the population and 1.8% of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 2.8% of those under the age of 18 and 3.6% of those 65 and older were living below

4221-420: Was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.19. In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males. The median household income (in 2013 dollars)

4288-419: Was firmly established. Fairfield became the home of the corporate headquarters of General Electric (GE), one of the world's largest companies, ca. 1970. On May 8, 2017, GE relocated to Boston, Massachusetts. The town is on the shore of the Long Island Sound . According to the United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 31.3 square miles (81 km ), of which 30.0 square miles (78 km )

4355-576: Was founded. The town of Fairfield is protected by the 95 career firefighters of the Fairfield Fire Department (FFD), and volunteer firefighters of the Southport Volunteer Fire Department and Stratfield Volunteer Fire Department. The career Fairfield Fire Department operates five fire stations, located throughout the town, and uses a fire apparatus fleet of five engine companies, one ladder company, one rescue company, three fireboats, and 1 Shift Commander's Unit, as well as many special support, and reserve units. The Southport Volunteer Fire Department has served

4422-440: Was not a tribe, the state could not have violated the Non-Intercourse Act with the land deals. Because another federal court had upheld the BIA's reversal of the STN's federal acknowledgment (see below), the defendants had argued that the STN could not proceed with its land case. The Schaghticoke Tribal Nation appealed in federal court, arguing that a tribe does not have to be federally acknowledged to bring land claim lawsuits under

4489-440: Was the governing authority for the Schaghticoke Indians. The court clarified as follows: ‘‘It’s the Schaghticoke Indians that have the right to say who lives on the reservation. And they clearly have spoken here. Because both plaintiffs are in agreement that they do not want [the defendant] on the location.’’ The court later stated: ‘‘I am reopening my decision and clarifying my decision, that even if [Richard] Velky, in my analysis of

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