Sitting is a basic action and resting position in which the body weight is supported primarily by the bony ischial tuberosities with the buttocks in contact with the ground or a horizontal surface such as a chair seat , instead of by the lower limbs as in standing , squatting or kneeling . When sitting, the torso is more or less upright, although sometimes it can lean against other objects for a more relaxed posture.
29-396: Sit commonly refers to sitting . Sit , SIT or Sitting may also refer to: Sitting Sitting for much of the day may pose significant health risks, with one study suggesting people who sit regularly for prolonged periods may have higher mortality rates than those who do not. The average person sits down for 4.7 hours per day, according to a global review representing 47% of
58-599: A platinum drug with a taxane . For surface epithelial-stromal tumors, the most common sites of metastasis are the pleural cavity (33%), the liver (26%), and the lungs (3%). Fertility subsequent to treatment of surface epithelial-stromal tumors depends mainly on histology and initial staging to separate it into early borderline (or more benign) versus advanced stages of borderline (or more malignant). Conservative management (without bilateral oophorectomy ) of early stage borderline tumors have been estimated to result in chance of over 50% of spontaneous pregnancy with
87-423: A cause for minor breathing disorders. Though still a large proportion of the clinical practitioners attribute absence of a neutral spine posture as one of the main causes of conditions like back pain and neck pain , the relationship is not thoroughly established. It is also thought that much of so-called " poor posture " is actually just postural stress and being stuck with bad ergonomics that could be causing
116-443: A few mixed, undifferentiated and unclassified types. Components can include: The chance of malignancy of the tumor increases with the amount of solid areas present, including both papillary structures and any necrotic tissue present. The prognosis of a serous tumor, like most neoplasms, depends on The five-year survival rate of borderline tumors and malignant tumors confined to the ovaries are 100% and 70% respectively. If
145-618: A large share of waking time by children and adolescents in a sedentary position is accumulated by media consumption in front of a screen. Epithelial ovarian cancer Surface epithelial-stromal tumors are a class of ovarian neoplasms that may be benign or malignant . Neoplasms in this group are thought to be derived from the ovarian surface epithelium (modified peritoneum ) or from ectopic endometrial or fallopian tube (tubal) tissue. Tumors of this type are also called ovarian adenocarcinoma . This group of tumors accounts for 90% to 95% of all cases of ovarian cancer ; however
174-512: Is pseudomyxoma peritonei . As primary ovarian mucinous tumors are usually unilateral (in one ovary), the presentation of bilateral mucinous tumors requires exclusion of a non-ovarian origin, usually the appendix. Endometrioid tumors account for approximately 20% of all ovarian cancers and are mostly malignant (endometrioid carcinomas). They are made of tubular glands bearing a close resemblance to benign or malignant endometrium. 15-30% of endometrioid carcinomas occur in individuals with carcinoma of
203-566: Is 24 years old, and the majority of patients also present with hypercalcemia (62%). It typically present with a unilateral large tumor. Most women die within a year of diagnosis. For more general information, see ovarian cancer . Research suggests that in the first line treatment of Endometrial Ovarian Cancer (EOC), Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin paired with Carboplatin is a satisfactory alternative to Paclitaxel with Carboplatin. In people with platinum-sensitive relapsed EOC, research has found that Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin with Carboplatin
232-520: Is a better treatment than Paclitaxel with Carboplatin. There is also evidence to suggest that Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin with Carboplatin is tolerated better by people with platinum-sensitive relapsed EOC. For advanced cancer of this histology, the US National Cancer Institute recommends a method of chemotherapy that combines intravenous (IV) and intraperitoneal (IP) administration. Preferred chemotherapeutic agents include
261-428: Is a magical act that connects the person who sits with other persons, states or places. The kneeling chair (often just referred to as " ergonomic chair") was designed to motivate better posture than the conventional chair. To sit in a kneeling chair, one rests one's buttocks on the upper sloping pad and rests the front of the lower legs atop the lower pad, i.e., the human position as both sitting and kneeling at
290-935: Is any waking behaviour, whether in sitting or reclining posture, by an energy expenditure less than or equal to 1.5 metabolic equivalents of task (METs). MET, beside the watt and kilojoules, is the unit for expressing the energy cost of physical activities. One MET is defined as resting metabolic rate – as energy used with a person at rest, sitting quietly in a chair or as the amount of oxygen (O 2 ) consumed with that person. MET for an adult weighing 70 kg equals 3.5 ml O 2 per kg body weight per min. Sedentary behaviour should be distinguished from being inactive – performing insufficient amounts of MVPA (moderate to vigorous physical activity). The World Health Organization recommends at least 60 min of daily MVPA for children and adolescents aged 5–17 years, and 150 min of weekly MVPA for adults. Sedentary behaviour can not be equated with screen time, although some researchers found out that
319-568: Is known in several European languages as tailor's posture , from the traditional working posture of tailors (compare: Tailor's bunion ) . It is also named after various plains-dwelling nomads : in American English Indian style , in many European languages "Turkish style", and in Japanese agura ( 胡座 , The sitting style of non-Han ethnics ) . In yoga it is known as sukhasana , meaning "easy pose." Various raised surfaces at
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#1732847649588348-551: Is mainly only found in postmenopausal women with the exception of the United States where 7% of cases occur in women under the age of 40. Serum CA-125 is often elevated but is only 50% accurate so it is not a useful tumor marker to assess the progress of treatment. 75% of women with epithelial ovarian cancer are found within the advanced-stages; however younger patients are more likely to have better prognoses than older patients. Epithelial-stromal tumors are classified on
377-516: Is moderate evidence to show that changes to chairs (adjusting the biomechanics of the chair or using different types of chairs) can effectively reduce musculoskeletal symptoms in workers who sit for most of their day. Public health programs typically focus on increasing physical activity rather than reducing sitting time. One major target for these public health programs is sitting in the workplace. For example, WHO Europe recommended in September 2015
406-958: Is well-established, but the risk of cancer mortality is unclear. Sedentary time is also associated with an increased risk of depression in children and adolescents. A correlation between occupational sitting specifically and higher body mass index has been demonstrated, but causality has not yet been established. There are several hypotheses explaining why sitting is a health risk. These include changes in cardiac output , vitamin D , inflammation , sex hormone activity, lipoprotein lipase activity, and GLUT4 activity due to long periods of muscular unloading, among others. Sitting may occupy up to half of an adult's workday in developed countries. Workplace programs to reduce sitting vary in method. They include sit-stand desks , counseling , workplace policy changes, walking or standing meetings, treadmill desks , breaks, therapy ball chairs, and stepping devices. Results of these programs are mixed, but there
435-459: The 5-year survival rate for patients with tumors confined to the ovary is approximately 75%. Clear cell tumors are characterized by large epithelial cells with abundant clear cytoplasm and may be seen in association with endometriosis or endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary, bearing a resemblance to clear cell carcinoma of the endometrium. They may be predominantly solid or cystic. If solid, the clear cells tend to be arranged in sheets or tubules. In
464-452: The appendix (see mucinous adenocarcinoma with clinical condition Pseudomyxoma peritonei ). Clear stromal invasion is used to differentiate borderline tumors from malignant tumors. 10-year survival rates for borderline tumors contained within the ovary, malignant tumors without invasion, and invasive malignant tumors are greater than 95%, 90%, and 66%, respectively. One rare but noteworthy condition associated with mucinous ovarian neoplasms
493-414: The appropriate height can be used as seats for humans, whether they are made for the purpose, such as chairs , stools and benches , or not. While the buttocks are nearly always rested on the raised surface, there are many differences in how one can hold one's legs and back. There are two major styles of sitting on a raised surface. The first has one or two of the legs in front of the sitting person; in
522-553: The basis of the epithelial cell type, the relative amounts of epithelium and stroma , the presence of papillary processes, and the location of the epithelial elements. Microscopic pathological features determine whether a surface epithelial-stromal tumor is benign , a borderline tumor , or malignant (evidence of malignancy and stromal invasion). Borderline tumors are of uncertain malignant potential. This group consists of serous , mucinous , endometrioid , clear cell , and brenner (transitional cell) tumors, though there are
551-564: The cystic variety, the neoplastic cells make up the cyst lining. These tumors tend to be aggressive, the five year survival rate for tumors confined to the ovaries is approximately 65%. If the tumor has spread beyond the ovary at diagnosis, the prognosis is poor Brenner tumors are uncommon surface-epithelial stromal cell tumors in which the epithelial cell (which defines these tumors) is a transitional cell. These are similar in appearance to bladder epithelia. The tumors may be very small to very large, and may be solid or cystic. Histologically,
580-422: The endometrium, and these patients have a better prognosis. They appear similar to other surface epithelial-stromal tumors, with solid and cystic areas. 40% of these tumors are bilateral, when bilateral, metastases is often present. Prognosis again is dependent on the spread of the tumor, as well as how differentiated the tumor appears. The overall prognosis is somewhat worse than for serous or mucinous tumors, and
609-524: The global adult population. The form of kneeling where the buttocks sit back on the heels, for example as in the Seiza and Vajrasana postures, is also often interpreted as sitting. The British Chiropractic Association said in 2006 that 32% of the British population spent more than ten hours per day sitting down. The most common ways of sitting on the floor involve bending the knees. One can also sit with
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#1732847649588638-429: The legs unbent, using something solid as support for the back or leaning on one's arms. Sitting with bent legs can be done with the legs mostly parallel or by crossing them over each other. A common cross-legged position is with the lower part of both legs folded towards the body, crossing each other at the ankle or calf, with both ankles on the floor, sometimes with the feet tucked under the knees or thighs. The position
667-828: The long term. In addition, a 2018 British Journal of Medicine systematic review concluded that interventions aimed at reducing sitting outside of work were only modestly effective. It is not clear how standing desks compare to other work-place interventions to reduce the length of time employees are sitting during the work day. Though most studies even until early 21st century relate human body postures to various musculoskeletal conditions , recent researches show no potential causal relationship between postures and these conditions like back pain ; other causes like sleep deprivation , stress and long-term physical inactivity or prolonged static unnatural postural stress could be significant confounders for various health conditions. However some research show that prolonged slouched position may be
696-421: The pain, and not really a postural problem. iHunch is an example of postural stress which could cause upper back pain and neck pain, which is prevalent in younger generations and people whose occupation involves prolonged usage of computers. The concept of "good posture" has led to a common misconception that sitting in one good sitting position will allay the negative effects of sitting. Sedentary behaviour
725-527: The peritoneum is involved, these rates become 90% and 25%. While the 5-year survival rates of borderline tumors are excellent, this should not be seen as evidence of cure, as recurrences can occur many years later. Mucinous tumors : Mucinous tumors are characterized by a lining of tall columnar epithelial cells with apical mucin and the absence of cilia, similar in appearance with benign cervical or intestinal epithelia. The appearance can look similar to colonic or ovarian cancer, but typically originates from
754-446: The provision of adjustable desks in the workplace. In general, there is conflicting evidence regarding the precise risks of sitting for long periods. A 2018 Cochrane review found low-quality evidence that providing employees with a standing desk option may reduce the length of time some people sit at work in the first year. This reduction in sitting may decrease with time, and there is no evidence that standing desks are effective in
783-603: The same time. In 1700, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba listed sitting in odd postures as a cause of diseases in "chair-workers". Current studies indicate there is a significantly higher mortality rate among people who regularly sit for prolonged periods, and the risk is not negated by regular exercise, though it is lowered. The causes of mortality and morbidity include heart disease , obesity , type 2 diabetes and cancer , specifically, breast , endometrial , colorectal , lung , and epithelial ovarian cancer . The link between heart disease and diabetes mortality and sitting
812-602: The second, sitting astride something, the legs incline outwards on either side of the body. The feet can rest on the floor or on a footrest , which can keep them vertical, horizontal, or at an angle in between. They can also dangle if the seat is sufficiently high. Legs can be kept right to the front of the body, spread apart, or one crossed over the other. The upper body can be held upright, recline to either side or backward, or one can lean forward. There are many seated positions in various traditions and rituals. Four examples are: In various mythologies and folk magic, sitting
841-710: The tumor consists of nests of the aforementioned transitional cells within surrounding tissue that resembles normal ovary. Brenner tumors may be benign or malignant, depending on whether the tumor cells invade the surrounding tissue. Small cell ovarian cancer (SCCO) are generally classified into epithelial tumors associated with distinctive endocrine features. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recognises SCCO as two distinct entities: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) and Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type (SCCOPT). Small cell tumours are rare and aggressive, they contribute to less than 2% of all gynaecologic malignancies. The average age of diagnosis
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