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46-539: [REDACTED] The Scaliger territorial state on the eve of the war The Scaliger War was a conflict fought in 1336–1339 between the Scaliger lord of Verona , Mastino II della Scala , who had built an extensive territorial state in northern Italy , and a coalition of powers threatened by Scaliger expansion. These were chiefly the Republic of Venice , antagonized over trade duties and

92-632: A fierce opponent of the Carrara, who even offered to serve Venice against the lord of Padua. A counter-embassy by Francesco Novello to the Venetian Senate failed to restore relations with the Republic. Undeterred, on 27 March 1404, Francesco allied with Guglielmo della Scala , the heir to the Scaliger Lordship of Verona , aiming to capture Verona and Vicenza from Milan, with the former to be restored to

138-604: A pact with Venice, renouncing his claims on the Polesine. The Carrarese position began to crumble, as the Venetian forces reduced the Paduan defences, and lack of funds forced Francesco Novello to demobilize his cavalry. Francesco sent his family members to safety in Florence, while his half-brother Jacopo concluded a secret pact with Venice to hand over Padua to the Republic. On 26 May 1405,

184-577: A sharp shift in Venetian policy, from 'soft' infiltration of neighbouring states, towards a direct imposition of the Republic's authority. Already in June 1403 the Great Council of Venice had prohibited Venetian citizens from receiving lands, titles, or offices from foreign potentates. The Republic now abandoned its traditional caution and reluctance to get militarily involved in mainland affairs. Amidst an atmosphere of general enthusiasm and determination to finish

230-642: A step further and also destroyed the family's monuments in Padua. The annexations during the War of Padua extended Venetian rule to the Mincio river and the eastern shore of Lake Garda in the west, and almost to the Po River in the south, comprising a large territorial state. It was soon followed by expansion eastwards, in Friuli and Dalmatia. It also coincided with the consolidation of

276-402: The status quo by playing off the various local potentates against each other. As Francesco Novello's designs on Vicenza and Verona became apparent, an intense period of diplomatic and military activity ensued. In March 1404, Caterina Visconti sent an embassy to Venice to offer the two cities to the Republic, in exchange for an anti-Carrarese alliance. The embassy included Jacopo dal Verme,

322-606: The Alps to Germany. Francesco I also interfered in the affairs of Patria del Friuli , aiming to gain influence on the Venetians' eastern flank. In 1388, Venice went as far as entering into an alliance with the ambitious Duke of Milan , Gian Galeazzo Visconti , in order to counter the Carrarese state: Francesco I was forced to resign, and Venice gained control of Treviso. Padua itself fell briefly under Visconti rule, but in June 1390, with

368-531: The Polesine (backed by a fleet of eight galleys ) against the Ferrarese. Venice quickly proceeded to extend its rule over Belluno (on 18 May 1404), Bassano (on 10 June) and Feltre (on 15 June). Efforts by Florence to mediate between the two powers in June failed. At the same time, however, Florence was not prepared to intervene on behalf of the Carrarese, being focused on its subjugation of its rival, Pisa . Indeed,

414-437: The Polesine . In spring 1405, the Carrarese position began to deteriorate rapidly: Niccolò III d'Este took Ferrara out of the war, while on 22 June 1505, Verona rebelled and surrendered to the Venetian army. Padua itself finally fell to the Venetians on 17 November 1405. After the Venetian victory, the Carrara domains were incorporated into the Venetian state, marking the beginning of Venice's expansion in mainland Italy, while

460-624: The Republic of Genoa in the War of Chioggia (1378–1381), which nearly extinguished the Venetian Republic. Even after the ultimate Venetian victory in the War of Chioggia, Francesco I pursued a policy of expansion and encirclement of Venice. Allied to the Este lords of Ferrara in the west, he purchased Treviso from the Habsburgs , thereby threatening to cut Venice off from the trade routes leading over

506-463: The Venetian nobility . Furthermore, they were suspected of plans to poison the city's water supply, and there was considerable outrage as their captured account books showed that they had bribed Venetian nobles to serve as spies. As a result, the Carrara were hated by the Venetian populace; news of their execution were acknowledged with the comment that "dead men wage no wars". The Venetian authorities went

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552-634: The Visconti , the Este and the Gonzaga all joined, and after a three-year war , the Scaliger dominions were reduced to Verona and Vicenza. His son Cangrande II (1351–1359) was a cruel and suspicious tyrant; not trusting his own subjects, he surrounded himself with German mercenaries, but was killed by his brother Cansignorio (1359–1375), who beautified Verona with palaces, provided it with aqueducts and bridges and founded

598-510: The Carrara family members were executed. The Republic of Venice had encouraged the seizure of power by the Carrara family in Padua in 1318, hoping thus to gain a strong buffer state between themselves and the other Italian states. However, Francesco I da Carrara ( r.  1350–1388 ) turned against Venice, fighting a border war with the assistance of Hungary in 1372–1373, and allying with

644-483: The Carrara off once and for all, the Republic began mobilizing its forces. Troops were ferried from the Venetian dominions in Dalmatia and Crete , and condottieri captains were hired, notably Malatesta IV Malatesta , Paolo Savelli , Ottobuono Terzo  [ it ] , Taddeo dal Verme  [ it ] , Francesco dall'Aquila and Obizzo da Polenta . Jacopo dal Verme placed his own mercenary companies at

690-553: The Carrarese forces traded blow for blow: Venetian gains were often quickly reverted, the eastern approaches to Padua were covered by an extensive network of defences, and Paduan and Ferrarese forces managed to evict the Venetian garrisons from the Polesine. Another Florentine attempt to mediate a peace failed in January, 1405 and in March, the constant menace posed by the Venetian fleet and troops to Ferrara forced Niccolò III d'Este to conclude

736-612: The Carrarese move against Verona and Vicenza in April 1404. While Verona was taken, Vicenza instead surrendered to Venice on 25 April 1404, thwarting Carrarese designs. A massive mobilization of the Republic's military capacities followed, with an army of 20,000 or more men assembled by summer. Despite stiff resistance by the Paduans and their Ferrarese allies, during the autumn of 1404 the Venetian forces proceeded to lay siege to Verona , advanced deep into Paduan territory, and contested control of

782-725: The Night   Fiscal magistracies   Camerlenghi di Comun   Administrative magistracies   Magistrato alle acque Provveditori all'Armar Provveditori sopra beni communali Provveditori sopra beni inculti Esecutori contro la bestemmia Censori Savi all'eresia Cinque savi alla mercanzia Magistrato alle pompe Riformatori dello studio di Padova Magistrato alla Sanità Grand chancellor Military Military history Conflicts and battles Venetian army Venetian navy Venetian Arsenal Captain General of

828-473: The Republic of Florence Wars involving the Republic of Venice History of Padua History of Verona 1330s in Europe 14th century in the Republic of Venice History of Veneto 14th century in the Republic of Florence Hidden categories: CS1 maint: location missing publisher CS1 Italian-language sources (it) Scaliger When Ezzelino III was elected podestà of

874-403: The Republic's disposal, while Francesco I Gonzaga of Mantua was persuaded to enter Venetian service in exchange for Ostiglia and Peschiera . Malatesta was designated as captain-general of the Venetian land forces. Altogether, by late summer the Venetian army numbered over 19,000 men, while some sources claim that Venice had as many as 32,000 men under arms. Paduan chroniclers record that

920-525: The Scaliger domination. His son Can Francesco attempted fruitlessly to recover Verona (1390). Guglielmo (1404), natural son of Cangrande II, was more fortunate: with the support of the people, he drove out the Milanese, but he died ten days thereafter, and Verona then submitted to Venice (1405). The last representatives of the Scaligeri lived at the imperial court and repeatedly attempted to recover Verona by

966-440: The Scaliger, and the latter to come under Carrarese rule. Verona was captured by 8 April, and Guglielmo della Scala was acclaimed its lord two days later. With Verona secured, Francesco Novello left to oversee the siege of Vicenza. Rather than be captured by the Carrarese forces, Vicenza chose to surrender itself to Venice instead. Venice hurried to accept the city's submission, and sent a token force of 25 crossbowmen that entered

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1012-453: The Scaligeri in the form of Gothic shrines, or tempietti , enclosing their sarcophagi: Cangrande della Scala is memorialized with an equestrian statue; Cansignorio by a marble Gothic monument by Bonino da Campione, 1374. War of Padua The War of Padua was a conflict in 1404–1405 between the Republic of Venice and the Carrarese lordship of Padua . In the power vacuum produced by

1058-972: The Sea Provveditore Generale da Mar Ranks Sailing ships Economy Economic history Coinage Lira Zecca Bank of Venice Banco del Giro Venetian glass Trade routes Via Argentaria Via de Zenta Venetian commercial shipping Muda Culture Scuole Grandi of Venice Gothic architecture Venetian Renaissance Architecture Humanists Music Painting Accademia degli Incogniti Accademia Veneziana Bucentaur Flag Carnival of Venice Category Index Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scaliger_War&oldid=1259385311 " Categories : Conflicts in 1336 Conflicts in 1337 Conflicts in 1338 Conflicts in 1339 Wars involving

1104-601: The Venetian camp, but the Venetian Senate pointedly ignored him and his envoys. They instead accepted the surrender of the citizens of Padua on 22 November 1405. After the surrender of Padua, Francesco Novello and his namesake son were brought to Venice on 23 November 1405. They were imprisoned in the Doge's Palace , where they found Jacopo, the former governor of Verona. The Venetian Senate debated long over their fate, with proposals ranging from imprisonment to exile in Crete or Cyprus . In

1150-478: The Venetian commander Carlo Zeno were also rejected as rumours of Florentine assistance encouraged the Paduans to resist. The Venetian commander-in-chief, Paolo Savelli, died of plague before the city, but this did not stop the progress of the siege. In October, the Venetians launched attacks from four different directions. One by one the remaining Paduan fortresses fell, and inside the city walls, increasing desperation led to popular unrest and plots to surrender

1196-516: The Venetian force was the largest seen in Italy since the wars of Frederick Barbarossa against the Lombard League in the 12th century, and that the Republic spent the vast sum of 120,000 gold ducats per month for their upkeep. The exact numbers are impossible to ascertain, especially since the Venetian forces operated in separate groups in different directions: against Verona, against Padua, and in

1242-419: The Venetians free to concentrate their forces against Padua. Conditions in the city quickly became unbearable in the summer heat, as the city was crowded with refugees from the surrounding countryside, the Venetians managed to cut off the water supply, and a plague broke out. In August 1405, Francesco Carrara tried to negotiate a favourable peace, but this was rejected by the Venetians. The counter-proposals by

1288-532: The Visconti regime, joining a Papal league against Milan and making contact with the anti-Milanese rebels in Brescia and Bergamo . However, Venice was opposed to these ventures, and forced Francesco to conclude a peace with Milan on 7 December. Nevertheless, Francesco Novello could not for long resist the temptation to realise his ambitions, even against the clearly stated opposition of Venice. Encouraged by Florence and

1334-472: The aid of popular uprisings. After the Scaligeri had been ousted, two self-proclaimed members of the family, Giulio Cesare della Scala (also known as Julius Caesar Scaliger ) and his son Joseph Justus Scaliger , made a reputation as humanist scholars, though their relationship to the historic Scaliger family is disputed. The church of Santa Maria Antica in Verona is surrounded with the tombs ( arche ) of

1380-435: The backing of Florence and the tacit support of Venice, Francesco II 'il Novello' recovered control of the city. During the following years, Padua reverted to being a useful buffer between Venice and the expanding Visconti realm. Venice supported the smaller Lombard lordships against Visconti, managing to check the latter's ambitions without itself entering into war with Milan, while at the same time effectively transforming

1426-2429: The beginnings of the Venetian mainland state . References [ edit ] Sources [ edit ] Hazlitt, W. Carew (1860). The Venetian Republic: Its Rise, its Growth, and its Fall, 421–1797. Volume III . London: Smith, Elder & Co. Simeoni, Luigi (1931). Jacopo Piacentino, Cronaca della guerra veneto-scaligera . Venice. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( link ) Varanini, Gian Maria (1997). "Venezia e l'entroterra (1300 circa - 1420)" . Storia di Venezia dalle origini alla caduta della Serenissima. Vol. III, La formazione dello stato patrizio (in Italian). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana. pp. 159–236. v t e Republic of Venice   History History Timeline Pax Nicephori Chrysobull of 1082 Venetian Crusade Fourth Crusade Venetian–Genoese wars I II III IV Serrata del Maggior Consiglio Salt War War of Ferrara Tiepolo conspiracy Smyrniote crusades Faliero coup Wars of expansion in Italy Scaliger War Border War War of Padua Wars in Lombardy War of Ferrara Italian Wars I II IV Urbino VI VII Ottoman–Venetian wars I II III IV V VI VII Fall [REDACTED] Geography Dogado Sestieri Domini di Terraferma Stato da Màr Istria Dalmatia Venetian Albania Ionian Islands Cyprus Crete Morea Politics Government   Principal organs   Doge Dogaressa promissione ducale Concio (abolished 1423) Commune of Venice Minor Council Signoria of Venice Full College Savi del Consiglio Savi di Terraferma Savi agli Ordini Procurators of Saint Mark Great Council Patriciate Zonta Senate Council of Ten State Inquisitors Council of Forty Avogadoria de Comùn Correttori alle Leggi   Judicial magistracies   Auditors Lords of

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1472-485: The cities of Padua (1328), Treviso (1329), and Vicenza . Cangrande I was succeeded by his nephews Mastino II (1329–1351) and Alberto . Mastino, the richest and most powerful prince of his generation in Italy, continued his uncle's policy, conquering Brescia in 1332 and carrying his power beyond the Po river . He purchased Parma (1335) and Lucca (1339). A powerful league was formed against him in 1337: Florence, Venice,

1518-436: The city on 25 April 1404, followed a few days later by a larger force under Giacomo Soriano, a Venetian patrician. Reluctantly, Francesco Novello had to bow to a Venetian request and withdraw his forces from the siege. In the meantime, in Verona, Guglielmo della Scala died on 15 April, and on 25 May 1404, Francesco Novello deposed and arrested his two sons and claimed the lordship of Verona for himself. The events precipitated

1564-421: The city or open its gates. Even Francesco Novello's namesake son pressed his father to surrender. On 16 November 1405, Francesco Novello bowed to pressure and promised to surrender the city within ten days, but on the very next day the Venetian troops managed to enter the city from the gate of San Croce after bribing the guards and occupied the city. Francesco Novello offered to capitulate and went in person to

1610-485: The commune in 1226, he was able to convert the office into a permanent lordship. Upon his death the Great Council elected as podestà Mastino I , who succeeded in converting the signoria (seigniory) into a family inheritance, governing at first with the acquiescence of the commune, then, when they failed to re-elect him in 1262, he effected a coup d'état and was acclaimed capitano del popolo ("people's captain"), at

1656-504: The death of the Duke of Milan , Gian Galeazzo Visconti , in 1402, Francesco II da Carrara endeavored to expand into the Veneto and capture cities held by Visconti troops. These designs alarmed Venice, which allied with Milan to counter the common threat posed by the Carrarese state, and for the first time adopted a policy of direct intervention in the affairs of its hinterland . The war began with

1702-460: The dismissal of Malatesta and the appointment of Paolo Savelli as Venetian captain-general. Venice recovered quickly, and in October launched attacks in three directions simultaneously: Verona was placed under siege, Rovigo in the Polesine was captured, and Savelli launched a campaign that by late December bought his troops to gates of Padua itself. The Venetian advance was not unopposed, however, as

1748-528: The end, by decree of the Council of Ten , the three remaining members of the Carrara family were judged to be too dangerous to be left alive: Francesco Novello was strangled on 17 January 1406, and his two sons followed a few days later. This drastic act was unusual, as the Venetians normally pensioned off the ruling families of cities that submitted to them; however the Carrara were perceived as traitors, having been once allies of Venice and honoured with entry into

1794-536: The head of the commune's troops. In 1277 Mastino was killed by a faction of the nobles. The reign of his son Alberto as capitano (1277–1302) was an incessant war against the counts of San Bonifacio , who were aided by the House of Este . Of his three sons, Cangrande I inherited the podestà position in 1308, only the last shared the government (1308) and made a name as warrior, prince and patron of Dante , Petrarch and Giotto . By war or treaty he brought under his control

1840-427: The local Guelph party, he captured Brescia on 21 August 1403, only to be forced to abandon the city to the advancing Visconti troops within a month. Francesco proposed an alliance to the Milanese regent, Caterina Visconti , in exchange for Vicenza , Feltre , Belluno and Bassano , but the proposal failed due to the opposition of the powerful Visconti condottiero , Jacopo dal Verme . Rebuffed, Francesco took to

1886-568: The major powers that might have intervened on behalf of Francesco Novello and threatened Venice's rear—the King of Germany, the Habsburg Dukes of Austria, and the King of Hungary—were otherwise occupied, leaving the Carrarese lordship isolated, apart from the alliance with Ferrara. The first battle of the war, at Limena on 25 September 1404, was a victory for the Paduan–Ferrarese forces, leading to

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1932-571: The offensive. Not even the unravelling of the anti-Visconti league of Italian lords following the withdrawal of the Pope and the King of Germany, Rupert , which effectively left him alone to face the might of Milan, gave him pause. In late 1403, the lord of Padua turned his sights on Verona and Vicenza , and secured the support of his son-in-law, Niccolò III d'Este , ruler of Ferrara. The prospect of such an expansion of Carrarese power alarmed Venice, whose policy up to this point had been one of maintaining

1978-689: The salt monopoly, and the Republic of Florence , which resented the Scaliger annexation of Lucca , that Florence had claimed for itself. After the first victories of the anti-Scaliger coalition, it was joined by Milan , Mantua , and Ferrara , who all had reasons to fear Scaliger ambitions. The turning point of the war was the end of Scaliger dominion over Padua in 1337, which became a separate, Venetian-influenced lordship under Marsilio da Carrara . The peace treaty, concluded at Venice on 24 January 1339, deprived Mastino II of most of his recent gains, reducing Scaliger domains to Verona and Vicenza . The annexation of Mestre and Treviso to Venice, however, marked

2024-562: The smaller lordships into its own clients. The situation lasted until the sudden death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti in September 1402. Up until that point, the Venetian Senate was deliberating sending troops to aid the Carrarese lordship against the Duke of Milan, who had recently triumphed in battle over his enemies at Casalecchio . Francesco Novello immediately exploited the weakened position of

2070-411: The state treasury. He also killed his other brother, Paolo Alboino . Fratricide among the Scaligeri continued when Antonio (1375–1387), Cansignorio's natural son, slew his brother Bartolomeo. This aroused the indignation of the people, who deserted him when Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan made war on him. Having exhausted all his resources, he fled from Verona at midnight (19 October 1387), thus ending

2116-473: The strategic fortress at Castelcaro Basso  [ sh ] fell to the Venetians, opening the Paduan heartland up to direct attack. On 22 June, the citizens of Verona rose in revolt, forcing its governor, Francesco Novello's son Jacopo, to seek refuge in the citadel, and to accept the city's surrender to the besieging Venetian forces. The city was occupied the next day, and the formal surrender took place at Venice on 12 July. The surrender of Verona left

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