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58-618: In 1398, Prince Yuri of Zvenigorod asked Savva , or Sabbas, one of the first disciples of Sergius of Radonezh , to come to his capital city and set up a monastic abode. At first, only one wooden church, dedicated to the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary , was established on the high Storozhi hill above the Moskva River . Saint Sabbas sought solitude and prayed in a small cave, dug with his own hands. With time more and more monks settled in

116-424: A wort concentrate. The concentrate is warmed up and mixed with a water and sugar solution to create wort with a sugar concentration of 5–7% and pasteurized to stabilize it. After that, the wort is pumped into a fermentation tank, where baker's yeast and lactic acid bacteria culture is added, and the solution is fermented for 12–24 hours at 12 to 30 °C (285 to 303 K; 54 to 86 °F). Only around 1% of

174-448: A bottle of kvass shortly before handing it to someone else who is going to drink it; the sudden "shooting out" of the beverage onto the person opening the bottle is a source of entertainment for the youth of Zaława and a well-known prank during regional festivities. In Tolstoy's War and Peace , French soldiers are aware of kvass on entering Moscow, enjoying it but referring to it as "pig's lemonade". In Sholem Aleichem 's Motl, Peysi

232-517: A chunk of bread below the armpit, a goatskin of kvass and the peasant is ready for the fields. Into a hot drought. In the Polish village of Zaława , there is a customary game known as wulkan ('volcano') that is associated with the beverage. The fermentation of sugars makes kvass slightly carbonated, thus, when shaken or heated, it can cause the liquid to suddenly and rapidly rise out of an open vessel. Playing wulkan consists of vigorously shaking

290-558: A fruity odour; carvone (2.28×10 PAU) originating from caraway fruits used as an ingredient in rye bread; and ethyl octanoate (1.03×10 PAU), which has an odour of fruit and fat. Traditional kvass made from rye wholemeal bread has been found to have, on average, twice the dietary fibre content, 60% more antioxidant activity (due to the addition of caramel and citric acid to the bread), and three times less reducing sugar content than industrially produced kvass. Historically, alcohol by volume (ABV) of kvass varied depending on

348-422: A growing need to supply large numbers of people with foodstuff for extended periods of time, kvass became commercialized; more than 150 kvass varieties, such as apple, pear, mint, lemon, chicory, raspberry, and cherry were recorded. As commercial kvass producers began selling it in barrels on the streets, domestic kvass-making started to decline. For example, in the year ended 30 June 1912, there were 17 factories in

406-482: A mixture of rye flour and rye malt was ubiquitous in parts of Eastern Finland and was heated in the oven. It was called kalja (which can also be used to refer to small beer ) or vaasa (in Eastern Finnish ), while nowadays the drink is often known as kotikalja ( lit.   ' home kalja ' ) and is available in many work canteens, gas stations, and lower-end restaurants. Traditionally, kalja

464-919: A result, since then a number of different flavours of not-pasteurised kvass, fermented using sourdough starter culture, have also become available in the UK in 2023. In recent years, kvass has also become more popular in Serbia . In 2017, a version of kvass from carrots or beets was developed in California by the producer Biotic Ferments. Naturally fermented kvass contains 5.9%±0.02 carbohydrates, of which 5.7%±0.02 are sugars (mostly fructose , glucose , and maltose ), as well as 0.71±0.09, 1.28±0.12, and 18.14±0.48 mg/100 g of thiamine , riboflavin , and niacin respectively. In addition to that, 19 different aroma volatile compounds have also been identified in naturally fermented kvass, most notably 4-penten-2-ol (10.05×10 PAU), which has

522-528: A traditional version of kvass exist. Some of them originate from eastern Poland; others from more central regions include adding honey for flavour. Although commercial kvass is much easier to find in Polish shops, Polish manufacturers of more natural and healthier variants of kvass have become increasingly popular both within and outside of the country's borders. A less healthy alternative of quick-to-make variants using kvass concentrate can also be purchased in shops. One colloquial Polish name for kwas chlebowy

580-490: A variety of kvass tasting and entertainment festivals. The largest show takes place in the city of Lida . Kvass may have appeared in Poland as early as the 10th century, it quickly became a trendy beverage thanks to it easy and cheap method of production as well as its thirst-quenching and digestion-aiding qualities. By the time of Władysław II Jagiełło 's rule, kvass was universal. It was at first commonly drunk by peasants in

638-703: A wide variety of bread and pastries to visitors. Two canteens for visitors are also operated by the monastery, one right outside the walls of the main monastery complex and another on the road to the skete , serving both the monastery's own products and commercial foods and drinks. Director Andrei Tarkovsky filmed the first and final scenes of his 1972 film Solaris at a dacha near the Monastery of St. Savva of Storozhi. Yuri of Zvenigorod Yury Dmitrievich ( Russian : Юрий Дмитриевич ; 1374 – 1434), also known as George II of Moscow , Yury of Zvenigorod and Jurij Zwenihorodski ( Russian : Юрий Звенигородский ),

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696-556: Is wiejska oranżada ('rural orangeade'). In some Polish villages, such as Zaława and its surroundings, kvass was traditionally produced on every farm. In Latvian , kvass was also called dzersis . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the street vendors disappeared from the streets of Latvia due to new health laws that banned its sale on the street. Economic disruptions forced many kvass factories to close. The Coca-Cola Company moved in and began quickly dominating

754-531: Is also an old Polish folk rhyming song. It shows the history of kvass in the country as having been drunk by generations of Polish reapers as a thirst-quenching beverage used during periods of hard work during the harvest season, long before it became popular as a medicinal drink among the szlachta . The song goes as follows: Od dawien dawna słynie napój zdrowy: kwas chlebowy, pajda chleba za pazuchę, bukłak kwasu i chłop gotów w pole. W gorącą posuchę. A healthy drink has long been renowned: bread kvass,

812-503: Is also used by families as the basis for many dishes. Traditional cold summertime soups of Russian cuisine , such as okroshka , botvinya , and tyurya , are based on kvass. The name of Kvasir , a wise being in Norse mythology , is possibly related to kvass. There is a Russian expression, Перебиваться с хлеба на квас (literally 'to clamber from bread to kvass'), which means 'to live from hand to mouth' or to 'scrape by' referring to

870-750: Is designated as a "kvass (malt) beverage". In 2014, Latvian kvass producers won seven medals at the Russian Beverage exposition in Moscow, with Ilgezeem 's Porter Tanheiser kvass winning two gold medals. In 2019, Iļģuciema kvass ranked second in the Most Loved Latvian Beverage Brand Top, and first in the subsequent 2020 top. In Lithuania, kvass is known as gira and is widely available in bottles and drafts. The first written records of kvass and kvass recipes in Lithuania appeared in

928-407: Is filled and sold in 1–3-litre plastic bottles and has a shelf life of 4–6 weeks. Kvass is usually 0.5–1.0% alcohol by weight, but may sometimes be as high as 2.0%. The exact origins of kvass are unclear, and whether it was invented by Slavic people or any other Eastern European ethnicity is unknown, although some Polish sources claim that kvass was invented by Slavs. Kvass has existed in

986-454: Is known in Polish as kwas chlebowy ( [kvas xlɛbɔvɨ] ). Commercial bottled versions of the drink are the most common variant, as some companies specialise in manufacturing a more modern version of the drink (some variants are manufactured in Poland whilst others are imported from its neighbouring countries, Lithuania and Ukraine being the most popular source). However, old recipes for

1044-429: Is produced from wort concentrate combined with various grain mixtures. It is a popular drink in Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, as well as some parts of Finland, Sweden, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and China. The word kvass is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European base * kwh₂et- ('to become sour'). In English it was first mentioned in a text around 1553 as quass . Nowadays,

1102-489: The Bright Week Wednesday, Yury again entered Moscow, where he captured Vasily's family and treasury. He was preparing a new campaign against Vasily when he died suddenly, on 5 July 1434, succeeded by his eldest son, Vasily Kosoy. Kvas Kvass is a fermented , cereal-based, low-alcoholic beverage of cloudy appearance and sweet-sour taste. Kvass originates from northeastern Europe, where grain production

1160-567: The Governorate of Livonia , producing a total of 437,255 gallons of kvass. In the 1890s, the first scientific studies into the production of kvass were conducted in Kiev, and in the 1960s, commercial mass production technology of kvass was further developed by chemists in Moscow. Although the massive flood of western soft drinks after the fall of the USSR , such as Coca-Cola and Pepsi substantially shrank

1218-539: The Saeima (parliament) adopted quality and classification requirements for kvass, defining it as "a beverage obtained by fermenting a mixture of kvass wort with a yeast of microorganism cultures to which sugar and other food sources and food additives are added or not added after the fermentation" with a maximum ABV of 1.2 percent, and differentiating it from an unfermented non-alcoholic mixture of grain product extract, water, flavourings, preservatives, and other ingredients, which

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1276-514: The malting process, and modern kalja is made from dark rye malt, sugar, and baker's yeast. Kvass was also made in Sweden, where it was known as bröddricka ( lit.   ' bread drink ' ). However, it was very likely limited only to areas where rye bread was the standard bread as opposed to crispbread , which was more common in Western Sweden and did not go stale. Bröddricka

1334-471: The 16th century. Many restaurants in Vilnius make their own kvass, which they sell on the premises. Some brands of mass-produced Lithuanian kvass are also sold on the Polish market. Strictly speaking, gira can be made from anything fermentable—such as caraway tea, beetroot juice, or berries—but it is made mainly from black bread, or barley or rye malt. In Estonia, kvass is known as kali . Initially, it

1392-927: The Moscow soft drink market fell from 37% to 32%. Meanwhile, kvass's share more than doubled over the same time period, reaching 16% in 2007. In response, Coca-Cola launched its own brand of kvass in May 2008. This is the first time a foreign company has made an appreciable entrance into the Russian kvass market. Pepsi has also signed an agreement with a Russian kvass manufacturer to act as a distribution agent. The development of new technologies for storage and distribution, and heavy advertising, have contributed to this surge in popularity; three new major brands have been introduced since 2004. Market shares for Russia (2014) Belarus has several breweries producing kvass: Alivaria Brewery , Babrujski Brovar  [ be ; be-tarask ] , and Krinitsa  [ be ; be-tarask ] . It also has

1450-473: The Polish industry during World War II , kvass lost popularity following the aftermath of the war. It also gradually lost favour throughout the 20th century upon introducing mass-produced soft drinks and carbonated water into the Polish market. In the early 21st century, kvass experienced a renaissance in Poland due to the heightened interest in healthy diets, natural products, and traditions. Kvass can be found in some supermarkets and grocery stores, where it

1508-662: The Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery was called the Tzar Road or The Road Of God Blessed Tzars, nowadays it is known as Rublevskoe shosse. During the Napoleonic Wars , on September 12, 1812, the Italian corps of viceroy Eugene Bograne defeated Wintzingerode 's squadron of light cavalry under the monastery walls. The skirmish is described in the memoirs of Prince Sergey Volkonsky and Count Alexander von Benckendorff . According to

1566-449: The Tsarina's palace located in the monastery complex. These deal with several subjects of local history, the life of the nobility and royal family, and religious icons from the 17th to the early 20th century. Not unlike Western European monasteries, the Savvino-Storozhevsky monastery has a brewery, selling kvas and sbiten to the public as well as operating a bakery which produces and sells

1624-615: The appanage of his deceased younger brother, Peter of Dmitrov . This decision did not fully satisfy Vasily, who took Dmitrov by force and expelled Yury's governor from the town in 1432. In response, Yury rallied his forces and advanced on Pereslavl-Zalessky . Vasily II was defeated on the bank of the Klyazma River and fled to Kostroma . After that, Yury entered Moscow in triumph and proclaimed himself Grand Duke. Instead of imprisoning his nephew, Yury allowed him to settle in Kolomna and rule

1682-541: The banks of the Kus River. The grand prince was informed that Yury's troops had been seen among his enemies and decided to punish him for this treachery. In winter 1434, he set Galich ablaze, but Yury had escaped northward to Belozersk . On 16 March, the armies of the uncle and the nephew clashed between Rostov and Pereslavl. Vasily's army was roundly defeated and he sought refuge in Nizhny Novgorod . On 31 March 1434, on

1740-517: The celebration of Vladimir the Great 's baptism in 988, when kvass along with mead and food was given out to the citizens of Kiev . Kvass-making remained a daily household activity well into the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, with military engagement, increasing industrialization, and large-scale projects, such as the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway creating

1798-505: The company was already producing 5,000 tons of kvass a year, making up 90% of the local market. In 2011, it moved its kvass factory to Tianjin , increasing its sales to 20,000 tons in the first year. Following the influx of immigrants in the UK due to the 2004 enlargement of the European Union , several stores selling cuisine and beverages from Eastern Europe were established, many of which stock imported (primarily pasteurised) kvass. As

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1856-462: The daughter of Yury of Smolensk , Yury had three sons — Vasily Kosoy , Dmitry Shemyaka , and Dmitry Krasny . The marriage to Anastasia made him the brother-in-law of Švitrigaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania . At his father's death, Yury received in appanage the towns of Zvenigorod , Ruza , and Galich . Upon his brother's death, Yury immediately asserted his claim to the throne of Muscovy against that of Vasily's son, Vasily II . He referenced

1914-637: The early 1650s. Alexis had the churches encircled with stone walls and towers, patterned after those of the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra . Particularly noteworthy is a large belfry, erected in four bays in 1650 and crowned with three tents and a clocktower. A new 'gate church' was built by Ivan Sharutin in 1650 and consecrated to the feast of the Holy Trinity in 1652. In 1650 the Church of the Transfiguration

1972-417: The eastern parts of the country, but eventually the drink spread to the szlachta . One example of this is kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński , an old type of Polish kvass that is still sold as a contemporary brand. Its origins can be traced back to the 1500s, when Jan Sapieha  [ pl ] founded the town of Kodeń on land granted by the Polish king . He then bought the mills and 24 villages of

2030-403: The extract is fermented out into ethanol , carbon dioxide , and lactic acid . Afterwards, the kvass is cooled to 6 °C (279 K; 43 °F), clarified through either filtration or centrifugation , and adjusted for sugar content, if necessary. Initially, it was filled in large containers from which the kvass was sold on streets, but now, the vast majority of industrially produced kvass

2088-448: The frugal practice amongst the poor peasants of making kvass from stale leftovers of rye bread . Another kvass-related term in Russian is " kvass patriotism  [ ru ] " (квасной патриотизм) dating back to an 1823 letter by the Russian poet Pyotr Vyazemsky who defined it as "unqualified praise of everything that is your own". In the Polish language , several traditional sayings that reference kwas chlebowy exist. There

2146-486: The grain solids were filtered out through lautering . In Eastern Finland, the mixture was formed into large loaves and briefly baked for the crust to turn brown. The porridge or pieces of the malt bread were mixed into a wooden cask with water and fermented for one or two days with a previous batch, a sourdough starter, spontaneously or in more recent times with commercial baker's yeast. In the early 20th century, with sugar becoming more readily available, it started replacing

2204-430: The ingredients, microbial flora, as well as temperature and length of fermentation, but nowadays it is usually not higher than 1.5%. The wide availability and consumption of kvass, including by children of all ages, together with the lacking indication of ABV for kvass on the labels and in advertisements, has been named a possible contributor to chronic alcoholism in the former Soviet Union . Apart from drinking, kvass

2262-636: The interior was painted in 1656. A magnificent iconostasis in five tiers and the Stroganov school royal doors were installed in 1652. In 15-17th centuries the monastery served as a military picket , defending the Grand Duchy of Moscow on the West. In 1650, the pious Tsar Alexis selected the Zvenigorod monastery as his suburban residence. An ashlar residence for the tsar and a smaller palace for his wife date from

2320-611: The local legend, Eugene Bograne stayed at the Sentry Tabernacle of the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery. St. Sabba visited Prince Eugene in a dream, promising him a safe return home if his soldiers would not plunder the monastery. Eugene Bograne spared the monastery and indeed returned home safely. In May 1918, when the Bolsheviks tried to seize the relics of St. Savva, several persons were shot dead. The monastery

2378-609: The market share of kvass in Russia, in recent years it has regained its original popularity, often marketed as a national soft drink or " patriotic " alternative to the famous Coca-Cola drink. For example, the Russian company Nikola has promoted its brand of kvass with an advertising campaign emphasizing " anti-cola-nisation ." Moscow-based Business Analytica reported in 2008 that bottled kvass sales had tripled since 2005 and estimated that per capita kvass consumption in Russia would reach three litres in 2008. Between 2005 and 2007, cola's share of

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2436-579: The more recent interwar period, when the Polish state regained independence as the Second Polish Republic . In interwar Poland, kvass was brewed and sold in mass numbers by magnates of the Polish drinks market like the Varsovian brewery Haberbusch i Schiele or the Karpiński company. Kvass remained particularly popular in eastern Poland. However, with the collapse of many prewar businesses and much of

2494-947: The name of the drink is almost the same in most languages: in Polish : kwas chlebowy ( lit.   ' bread kvass ' , to differentiate it from kwas , 'acid', originally from kwaśny , 'sour'); Belarusian : квас , kvas ; Russian : квас , kvas ; Ukrainian : квас/хлібний квас/сирівець , kvas / khlibny kvas / syrivets ; Latvian : kvass ; Romanian : cvas ; Hungarian : kvasz ; Serbian : квас/kvas ; Chinese: 格瓦斯/克瓦斯 , géwǎsī / kèwǎsī ; Eastern Finnish : vaasa . Non- cognates include Estonian kali , Finnish kalja , Latvian dzersis ( lit.   ' beverage ' ), Latgalian dzyra ( lit.   ' beverage ' , similar to Lithuanian gira ), Lithuanian gira ( lit.   ' beverage ' , similar to Latvian dzira ), and Swedish bröddricka ( lit.   ' bread drink ' ). In

2552-456: The new abode. In 1402 Yury Dmitrievich granted it several villages, vast land and forest tenures. St. Savva of Storozhi was interred in the white stone cathedral of the Virgin's Nativity in 1407. This diminutive, roughly hewn church still stands, although its present-day exquisite look is the result of a 1970s restoration campaign. The frescoes in the altar date back to the 1420s, but the rest of

2610-590: The northeastern part of Europe, where grain production is thought to have been insufficient for beer to become a daily drink. It has been known among the Early Slavs since the 10th century. Likely invented in the Kievan Rus' and known there since at least the 10th century, kvass has become one of the symbols of East Slavic cuisine. The first written mention of kvass is found in the Primary Chronicle , describing

2668-548: The old house law of the House of Rurik , whereby the senior throne in the dynasty passed from brother to brother, rather than from father to son. He also interpreted in his favour the testament of Dmitry Donskoy , written at the time when Vasily had been unmarried and childless. In 1430, Yury and his nephew decided that the issue would be settled in the Golden Horde . The Khan supported the claim of Vasily II, but allowed Yury to take

2726-520: The revolution had the old icon screens of five levels. Only a few fragments of the original frescoes have survived the Soviet period. The monastery is a well known touristic attraction on top of being a site of pilgrimage, and is readily accessible from Moscow by a combination of railroad and bus transport. A hotel run by the monastery offers accommodation to pilgrims and tourists wishing to remain overnight. The local Zvenigorod museum operates exhibitions within

2784-657: The soft drink market. In 1998, the local soft drink industry adapted by selling bottled kvass and launching aggressive marketing campaigns. This surge in sales was stimulated by the fact that kvass sold for about half the price of Coca-Cola. In just three years, kvass constituted as much as 30% of the soft drink market in Latvia, while the market share of Coca-Cola fell from 65% to 44%. The Coca-Cola Company had losses in Latvia of about $ 1 million in 1999 and 2000. Coca-Cola responded by purchasing kvass manufacturers and producing kvass at their own soft drink plants. On 30 September 2010,

2842-701: The surrounding areas from their previous landowners. Then, the taste of kvass became known among the Polish szlachta , who used it for its supposed healing qualities. Throughout the 19th century, kvass remained popular among Poles who lived in the Congress Poland of Imperial Russia and in Austrian Galicia , especially the inhabitants of rural areas. Up until the 19th century, recipes for local variants of kvass remained well-guarded secrets of families, religious orders , and monasteries. The beverage production in Poland on an industrial scale can be traced back to

2900-526: The town as his appanage. This show of magnanimity cost him dearly, as scores of Muscovite boyars and noblemen fled to Vasily's court in Kolomna. This shift in momentum impelled Yury to conclude a treaty with Vasily, whereby the uncle renounced his claims to Moscow, promised to deny assistance to his sons, and exchanged Dmitrov for other territories. Vasily returned to Moscow, while Yury withdrew to Galich. The following year, Kosoy and Shemyaka defeated Vasily II on

2958-536: The traditional method, either dried rye bread or a combination of rye flour and rye malt is used. The dried rye bread is extracted with hot water and incubated for 12 hours at room temperature, after which bread yeast and sugar are added to the extract and fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F). Alternatively, rye flour is boiled, mixed with rye malt, sugar, and baker's yeast and then fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F). The simplest industrial method produces kvass from

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3016-540: Was built by Princess Sophia . She also ordered to establish the refectory and in 1686-1687 rebuilt the Tzar Alexis' palace. Since the times of Tsar Alexis the monastery was one of the most important religious places in Russia. All the following tzars and tzarines, and later — emperors and empresses, came here to pray and receive a blessing before the ceremony of crowning. The road from the Moscow Kremlin to Zvenigorod and

3074-464: Was considered insufficient for beer to become a daily drink. The first written mention of kvass is found in Primary Chronicle , describing the celebration of Vladimir the Great 's baptism in 988. In the traditional method, kvass is made from a mash obtained from rye bread or rye flour and malt soaked in hot water, fermented for about 12 hours with the help of sugar and bread yeast or baker's yeast at room temperature. In industrial methods, kvass

3132-399: Was made from either brewer's spent grain or wort left to ferment in a closed container, but later, special kvass bread ( kaljaleib ) or industrially produced malt concentrate started to be used. Nowadays, kali generally is industrially produced with the use of pasteurization , the addition of preservatives , and artificial carbonation . In Finland, a fermented drink made from

3190-481: Was ransacked and pillaged, including the tomb of Saint Savva, made of gold plated silver, then the monks were chased out and finally the cathedral was left to ruin. In 1941 the 35-ton main bell was destroyed. In 1985, the compound was assigned to the Danilov Monastery in Moscow. St. Savva's relics were returned to the monastery in 1998. Both major churches used to be entirely covered with frescoes and until

3248-616: Was still being made in Öland farms up until 1935. In the mid-19th century, kvass was introduced in Xinjiang , where it became known as kavas ( Chinese : 格瓦斯 ; pinyin : géwǎsī ) and eventually became one of the region's signature drinks. It is usually consumed cold together with barbecue . In 1900, Russian merchant Ivan Churin founded Harbin Churin Food ( 秋林 Qiulin ) in Harbin , offering kvass and other specialities, and by 2009,

3306-545: Was the second son of Dmitry Donskoy . He was the Duke of Zvenigorod and Galich from 1389 until his death. During the reign of his brother Vasily I , he took part in the campaigns against Torzhok (1392), Zhukotin (1414), and Novgorod (1417). He was the chief orchestrator of the Muscovite Civil War against his nephew, Vasily II , in the course of which he twice took Moscow , in 1433 and 1434. By his wife, Anastasia,

3364-400: Was usually made in households once a week from a mixture of malted and unmalted rye grains. Other grains, such as oats or barley, were also sometimes used; occasionally, leftover potatoes or pieces of bread were added. Everything was mixed with water in a metal cauldron or a clay pot and kept warm in the oven or by the stove for at least six hours for the mixture to darken and sweeten. Sometimes,

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