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47-706: (Redirected from Saviour Church ) Saviour's Church may refer to: Saviour Church, Moscow Kremlin Church of the Savior on Blood , a Russian Orthodox church in St. Petersburg, Russia Saviour Church on Sennaya Square , a Russian Orthodox church in St. Petersburg, Russia Saviour's Church, Baku , a Lutheran church in Baku, Azerbaijan See also [ edit ] Church of Our Saviour (disambiguation) St Saviour's Church Topics referred to by

94-414: A Baltic-German Lutheran family). Perhaps not surprisingly, the church's construction ran well over budget, having been estimated at 3.6 million rubles but ending up costing over 4.6 million. The walls and ceilings inside the church are completely covered in intricately detailed mosaics – the main pictures being biblical scenes or figures – but with very fine patterned borders setting off each picture. In

141-556: A baldachin, as it always is. A number of other Baroque ciboria, and secular architectural canopies, copied this conceit, for example Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The voluted top of the Bernini baldachin was also copied by a number of French architects, often producing structures around an altar with no actual canopy or roof, just columns arrayed in an approximate curve (a "rotunda altar"), with only an architrave and volutes above. Examples are at

188-617: A ciborium, from which hung the vessel in which the consecrated host was kept", the vessel sometimes being in the form of a dove. Early depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art , showing the Communion of the Apostles , show them queueing to receive the bread and wine from Christ, who stands under or beside a ciborium, presumably reflecting contemporary liturgical practice. An example of this type

235-579: A full-time place of worship. The Church of the Saviour on Blood is a museum of mosaics. In the pre-Revolution period it was not used as a public place of worship. The church was dedicated to the memory of the assassinated tsar and only panikhidas (memorial services) took place. The church is now one of the main tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg. In 2005, the State Museum of St. Isaac's Cathedral began

282-566: A structure, often called an aedicula ("little house"), which term is reserved in modern architectural usage to a niche-like structure attached to a wall, but was originally used more widely. Examples can be seen on many coins, the Missorium of Theodosius I , the Chronography of 354 , and other Late Antique works. The Holy of holies of the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem , a room whose entrance

329-582: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Church building disambiguation pages Church of the Savior on Blood The church was erected on the site where Narodnaya Volya members assassinated Emperor Alexander II in March 1881. The church was funded by the Romanov imperial family in honor of Alexander II, and the suffix "on [Spilled] Blood" refers to his assassination. Construction began in 1883 during

376-575: Is in mosaic in the apse of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv , under a very large standing Virgin. According to the 8th-century saint and Patriarch Germanus I of Constantinople : "The ciborium represents here the place where Christ was crucified; for the place where He was buried was nearby and raised on a base. It is placed in the church in order to represent concisely the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection of Christ. It similarly corresponds to

423-484: Is often considered more correct for examples in churches. Really a baldachin (originally an exotic type of silk from Baghdad) should have a textile covering, or at least, as at Saint Peter’s in Rome, imitate one. There are exceptions; Bernini's structure in Saint Peter's, Rome is always called the baldachin. Early ciboria had curtains hanging from rods between the columns, so that the altar could be concealed from

470-475: Is often unclear. Altar-curtains survived the decline of the ciborium in both East and West, and in English are often called riddels (from French rideau , a word once also used for ordinary domestic curtains). A few churches have "riddle posts" or "riddel posts" around the altar, which supported the curtain-rails, and perhaps a cloth stretched above. Such an arrangement, open above, can be seen in folio 199v of

517-981: The Basilica di San Nicola in Bari . By the Romanesque , gabled forms, as at Sant'Ambrogio , or ones with a flat top, as at the Euphrasian Basilica (illustrated) or St Mark's, Venice , are more typical. In Gothic architecture the gabled form already used at Sant'Ambrogio returns, now with an elaborate spire-like pinnacle. Probably the most elaborate is the one in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, designed by Arnolfo di Cambio and later painted by Barna da Siena . The columns here and at San Paolo Fuori le Mura are still re-used classical ones, in porphyry at San Paolo and Sant'Ambrogio ( Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna has its porphyry columns, with no canopy surviving). Most of

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564-490: The Griboedov Canal ; paved roads run along both sides of the canal . On March 13, 1881 ( Julian date : March 1), as Alexander II's carriage passed along the embankment, a grenade thrown by an anarchist conspirator exploded. The tsar, shaken but unhurt, got out of the carriage and started to remonstrate with the presumed culprit. A second conspirator took the chance to throw another bomb, killing himself and mortally wounding

611-656: The Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry . Late medieval examples in Northern Europe were often topped by angels, and the posts, but not the curtains, were revived in some new or refitted Anglo-Catholic churches by Ninian Comper and others around 1900. In earlier periods the curtains were closed at the most solemn part of the Mass , a practice that continues to the present day in the Coptic and Armenian churches. A comparison to

658-508: The Visigoths in the 5th century and now replaced by a large Gothic structure (see below). This is described as a fastigium in the earliest sources, but was probably a ciborium. Like most major early examples it was "of silver", whose weight is given, presumably meaning that decorated silver plaques were fixed to a wood or stone framework. No early examples in precious metal have survived, but many are recorded in important churches. Possibly

705-405: The 129th anniversary of Alexander II's assassination. Ciborium (architecture) In ecclesiastical architecture , a ciborium ( Greek : κιβώριον; lit.   ' ciborion ' ) is a canopy or covering supported by columns, freestanding in the sanctuary , that stands over and covers the altar in a church . It may also be known by the more general term of baldachin , though ciborium

752-612: The Romanesque small columns below a neo-classical architrave and pediment . Westminster Cathedral , a neo-Byzantine building, has a splayed version of 1894, with extra flanking columns, which within that context is "resolutely modernistic". The Gothic style of ciborium was also borrowed for some public monuments like the Albert Memorial in London, as it had been in the Middle Ages for

799-621: The West often placed a circular canopy over four columns, with tiers of little columns supporting two or more stages rising to a central finial , giving a very open appearance, and allowing candles to be placed along the beams between the columns. The example by the Cosmati in the gallery is similar to another 12th-century Italian ciborium now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and that in

846-601: The aftermath of the Russian Revolution , the church was ransacked and looted, badly damaging its interior. The Soviet government closed the church in 1932. During the Second World War when many people were starving due to the Siege of Leningrad by Nazi German military forces, the church was used as a temporary morgue for those who died in combat and from starvation and illness. The church suffered significant damage. After

893-498: The altar are also found. The word may also be used of some large sculptural structures that stand behind an altar, often offering no canopy or covering as such, for example at Siena Cathedral . These may be free-standing, or built against a wall, and usage here overlaps with the terms tabernacle and retable . The typical Gothic form of canopied niche to enclose a statue may be regarded as a "reduced form of ciborium". A very famous ciborium that apparently did not stand over an altar

940-919: The ark of the covenant of the Lord in which, it is written, is His Holy of Holies and His holy place. Next to it God commanded that two wrought Cherubim be placed on either side (cf Ex 25:18) —for KIB is the ark, and OURIN is the effulgence, or the light, of God." ( Τὸ κιβώριόν ἐστι ἀντὶ τοῦ τόπου ἔνθα ἐσταυρώθη ὁ Χριστός· ἐγγὺς γὰρ ἦν ὁ τόπος καὶ ὑπόβαθρος ἔνθα ἐτάφη· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ ἐν συντομίᾳ ἐκφέρεσθαι τὴν σταύρωσιν, τὴν ταφὴν καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἐν τῇ Ἐκκλησίᾳ τέτακται. Ἔστι δὲ καὶ κατὰ τὴν κιβωτὸν τῆς διαθήκης Κυρίου, ἐν ᾗ λέγεται Ἅγια Ἁγίων καὶ ἁγίασμα αὐτοῦ· ἐν ᾗ προσέταξεν ὁ Θεὸς γενέσθαι δύο χερουβὶμ ἑκατέρωθεν τορευτά· τὸ γὰρ ΚΙΒ ἐστὶ κιβωτός, τὸ δὲ ΟΥΡΙΝ φωτισμὸς Θεοῦ, ἢ φῶς Θεοῦ .) Examples in Orthodox manuscripts mostly show rounded dome roofs, but surviving early examples in

987-666: The biblical Veil of the Temple was intended. The small domed structures, usually with red curtains, that are often shown near the writing saint in early Evangelist portraits , especially in the East, represent a ciborium, as do the structures surrounding many manuscript portraits of medieval rulers. A single curtain hung, usually on a wall, behind an altar, is called a dossal . Ciboria, often much smaller, were sometimes also erected to cover particular objects, especially icons and reliquaries , and smaller ciboria that stood on, rather than over,

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1034-403: The church, at one side of the nave, with doors or walls in precious metal all around it. It was hexagonal and made of or covered with silver; inside there was a couch or bed. The roof had flat triangular panels rising shallowly to a central point. It was rebuilt at least once. A medium-sized 13th-century ciborium in a corner of San Marco, Venice , known as the capitello ('little chapel'),

1081-710: The churches at Val-de-Grâce ( François Mansart and Jacques Lemercier , 1660s) and Saint-Louis-des-Invalides Cathedral ( Jules Hardouin Mansart , 1706) in Paris, Angers Cathedral , Verdun Cathedral , Notre-Dame de Mouzon in Mouzon , Saint-Sauveur in Rennes , and the Saint-Sauveur Basilica in Dinan . These are usually called baldachins (not at Angers), and many have certainly departed from

1128-418: The congregation at points in the liturgy . Smaller examples may cover other objects in a church. In a very large church, a ciborium is an effective way of visually highlighting the altar, and emphasizing its importance. The altar and ciborium are often set upon a dais to raise it above the floor of the sanctuary. A ciborium is also a covered, chalice -shaped container for Eucharistic hosts . In Italian

1175-456: The desperate days of 1187. Ciboria were placed over the shrines of martyrs , which then had churches built over them, with the altar over the spot believed to be the site of the burial. They also served to shelter the altar from dust and the like from high ceilings that could only rarely be reached. Possibly the earliest important example over an altar was in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome, also donated by Constantine, looted by

1222-605: The dome of the architectural feature, though the Grove Dictionary of Art , the Catholic Encyclopedia and other sources are somewhat dubious about this etymology, which goes back to at least the Late Antique period. An alternative is to derive the word from cibes ('food'). Both senses of the word were in use in classical times. The word baldachin derives from a luxurious type of cloth from Baghdad , from which name

1269-655: The earliest ciborium to survive largely complete is one in Sant'Apollinare in Classe in Ravenna (not over the main altar), which is dated to 806-810, though the columns of the example at Sant'Ambrogio appear to date from the original 4th-century church. The ciborium commissioned by Justinian the Great for Hagia Sophia in Constantinople and described by Paulus Silentarius is now lost. It

1316-576: The floor of the shrine. Architecturally, the cathedral differs from Saint Petersburg's other structures. The city's architecture is predominantly Baroque and Neoclassical , but the Savior on Blood harks back to medieval Russian architecture in the spirit of romantic nationalism . It intentionally resembles the 17th-century Yaroslavl churches and the celebrated St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow . The church contains over 7500 square meters of mosaics —according to its restorers, more than any other church in

1363-535: The later Middle Ages. They enjoyed something of a revival after the Renaissance once again opened up the view of the sanctuary, but never again became usual even in large churches. Bernini 's enormous ciborium in Saint Peter's, Rome is a famous exception; it is the largest in existence, and always called a baldachin. Many other elaborate aedicular Baroque altar surrounds that project from, but remain attached to,

1410-509: The outdoor Scaliger Tombs in Verona . For other post-Renaissance versions, many variations of the basic square four-column plan, see the next section. The word ciborium , in both senses, is said to derive from the cup-shaped seed vessel of the Egyptian water-lily nelumbium speciosum , which is supposed to have been used as a cup itself, and to resemble both the metal cup shape and, when inverted,

1457-533: The recreation of the Holy Gates (permanently lost in the 1920s during the Soviet period). Entirely produced with enamels and based on the pictures and lithographies of the time, the new Holy Gates were designed by V. J. Nikolsky and S. G. Kochetova and reified by the famous enamel artist L. Solomnikova and her atelier. Orthodox bishop Amvrosij of Gatchina celebrated the consecration of these new Holy Gates on 14 March 2012,

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1504-469: The reign of Alexander III , two years after the assassination of his father Alexander II. The church was consecrated as a memorial to his father. Estimates suggest that the construction cost 4.5 million rubles. The construction was completed during the reign of Nicholas II in 1907. Funding was provided by the Imperial family with the support of many private donors. The church is prominently situated along

1551-434: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Saviour's Church . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saviour%27s_Church&oldid=874250298 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1598-471: The surviving early examples are in stone in basilica churches, especially in Rome and other parts of Italy; it is unclear how common examples, perhaps in wood, once were in smaller churches. Images and documentary mentions of early examples often have curtains called tetravela hung between the columns; these altar-curtains were used to cover and then reveal the view of the altar by the congregation at points during services — exactly which points varied, and

1645-573: The traditional form of the ciborium. There is a Rococo German example at Worms Cathedral ; many German Rococo churches used similar styles that were engaged with the apse wall, or partly so. In addition, according to the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia articles on "Baldachin" and "Ciborium", the Catholic Church opted, apparently in the 20th century, to use officially ciborium only for the vessel and baldachin for all architectural forms. Architectural historians generally prefer to use ciborium at

1692-406: The tsar had been driving could be included within the walls of the church. An elaborate shrine, in the form of a ciborium , was constructed at the end of the church opposite the altar, on the exact place of Alexander's assassination. It is embellished with topaz , lazurite and other semi-precious stones, making a striking contrast with the simple cobblestones of the old road, which are exposed in

1739-462: The tsar. The tsar, bleeding heavily, was taken back to the Winter Palace , where he died a few hours later. A temporary shrine was erected on the site of the attack while plans and fundraising for a more permanent memorial were undertaken. In order to build a permanent shrine on the exact spot where the assassination took place, it was decided to narrow the canal so that the section of road on which

1786-498: The wall behind, and have pairs of columns on each side, may be thought of as hinting at the ciborium without exactly using its form. The Gothic Revival saw the true free-standing ciborium return to some popularity: the Votive Church, Vienna has a large Gothic example designed in 1856, and Ninian Comper built a number, including one for Pusey House . Peterborough Cathedral has a neo-Gothic example, and Derby Cathedral one with

1833-507: The war, it was used as a warehouse for vegetables, leading to the sardonic name of Saviour on Potatoes . In July 1970, management of the church passed to Saint Isaac's Cathedral and it was used as a museum. The proceeds from the Cathedral funded the restoration of the church. It was reopened in August 1997, after 27 years of restoration, but has not been reconsecrated and does not function as

1880-409: The word is derived, in English as baudekin and other spellings. Matthew Paris records that Henry III of England wore a robe "de preciosissimo baldekino" at a ceremony at Westminster Abbey in 1247. The word for the cloth became the word for the ceremonial canopies made from the cloth. Bernini's St. Peter's baldachin imitates in bronze a cloth canopy above, and thus has some claim to be called

1927-443: The word is often used for the tabernacle on the altar, which is not the case in English. The ciborium arose in the context of a wide range of canopies, both honorific and practical, used in the ancient world to cover both important persons and religious images or objects. Some of these were temporary and portable, including those using poles and textiles, and others permanent structures. Roman emperors are often shown underneath such

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1974-474: The world. This record may be surpassed by the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , which houses 7700 square meters of mosaics. The interior was designed by some of the most celebrated Russian artists of the day—including Viktor Vasnetsov , Mikhail Nesterov and Mikhail Vrubel – but the church's chief architect, Alfred Alexandrovich Parland , was relatively little-known (born in Saint Petersburg in 1842 in

2021-493: Was a key sight for pilgrims, often shown in art, for example in the Monza Ampullae . This structure, erected under Constantine the Great , may itself have been important in spreading the idea of ciboria over altars. The later structure now in its place is far larger, with solid stone walls; the silver plaques covering the old structure were apparently used to make coins to pay the army defending Jerusalem against Saladin in

2068-404: Was also of silver, nielloed , surmounted by "a globe of pure gold weighing 118 pounds, and golden lilies weighing 4 pounds [each], and above these a golden cross with precious and rare stones , which cross weighed 80 pounds of gold". The roof had eight panels rising to the globe and cross. The Early Medieval Eastern Orthodox church "directed that the eucharist be celebrated at an altar with

2115-581: Was covered by the parochet , a curtain or "veil", was certainly regarded as a precedent by the church; the naos containing the cult image in an Egyptian temple is perhaps a comparable structure. The free-standing domed ciborium-like structure that stood over what was thought to be the site of Jesus's tomb within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem was called the aedicula (or edicule), and

2162-537: Was one that apparently functioned as a quasi-reliquary shrine or symbolic tomb for the missing remains of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki in Hagios Demetrios , the large and important church erected in Thessaloniki over the mass grave in which he was traditionally buried. This appears, from various accounts of miracles associated with it, and depictions in mosaic , to have been a free-standing roofed structure inside

2209-419: Was used for the display of important icons and relics in the Middle Ages. Ciboria are now much rarer in churches in both East and West, as the introduction of other structures that screened the altar, such as the iconostasis in the East and rood screen and pulpitum in the West, meant that they would be little seen, and smaller examples often conflicted with the large altarpieces that came into fashion in

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