Misplaced Pages

#890109

114-590: [REDACTED] Look up hi:सँवरिया  or hi:सरवरिया in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Savaria may refer to: Savaria or Sabaria, the Roman name of the city of Szombathely , Hungary Sarvaiya , a Rajput clan of India Sabariya , a Dravidian clan of Chhattisgarh Saawariya , a 2007 Bollywood film by Sanjay Leela Bhansali See also [ edit ] Savaari (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

228-747: A double line of bishops for the same cities, all competing for the loyalty of the people. Augustine was distressed by the ongoing schism, but he held the view that belief cannot be compelled, so he appealed to the Donatists using popular propaganda, debate, personal appeal, General Councils, appeals to the emperor and political pressure, but all attempts failed. The Donatists fomented protests and street violence, accosted travelers, attacked random Catholics without warning, often doing serious and unprovoked bodily harm such as beating people with clubs, cutting off their hands and feet, and gouging out eyes while also inviting their own martyrdom. By 408, Augustine supported

342-634: A general or official persecution. According to the Collectio Avellana , on the death of Pope Liberius in 366, Damasus, assisted by hired gangs of "charioteers" and men "from the arena", broke into the Basilica Julia to violently prevent the election of Pope Ursicinus . The battle lasted three days, "with great slaughter of the faithful" and a week later Damasus seized the Lateran Basilica , had himself ordained as Pope Damasus I , and compelled

456-447: A mass killing is the persecution in Lyon in which Christians were purportedly mass-slaughtered by being thrown to wild beasts under the decree of Roman officials for reportedly refusing to renounce their faith according to Irenaeus . In the 3rd century, Emperor Severus Alexander 's household contained many Christians, but his successor, Maximinus Thrax , hating this household, ordered that

570-554: A mediumwave broadcasting station operated on 1251 kHz with 25 kW, which uses as antenna two 60 metres tall free-standing radio towers insulated against ground. It is the only mediumwave broadcasting station in Hungary using free-standing self radiating towers. Szombathely is home to the basketball team Falco KC , 2019 champion of the Nemzeti Bajnokság I/A , the country's top basketball league. Falco plays its home games at

684-629: A neutral, moderate position (the orthodox), and those who were anti-martyrdom (the Gnostics ). The category of voluntary martyr began to emerge only in the third century in the context of efforts to justify flight from persecution. The condemnation of voluntary martyrdom is used to justify Clement fleeing the Severan persecution in Alexandria in 202 AD, and the Martyrdom of Polycarp justifies Polycarp's flight on

798-469: A part, and were henceforth known as the community of Szombathely. When the Jews of Hungary were emancipated by the law of 1840, the city allowed them to live there. In the unrest of the revolution of 1848, many Jews were attacked and their places looted ; they were threatened with expulsion. The authorities intervened and restored peace. The community quickly developed in the city. The first Jewish elementary school

912-652: A peace treaty of 562 between Khosrow and his Roman counterpart Justinian I ( r.  527–565 ), Persia's Christians were granted the freedom of religion; proselytism was, however, a capital crime. By this time the Church of the East and its head, the Catholicose of the East , were integrated into the administration of the empire and mass persecution was rare. The Sassanian policy shifted from tolerance of other religions under Shapur I to intolerance under Bahram I and apparently

1026-481: A policy of forced conversion". Pagans remained in important positions at his court. He outlawed the gladiatorial shows, destroyed some temples and plundered more, and used forceful rhetoric against non-Christians, but he never engaged in a purge. Maxentius' supporters were not slaughtered when Constantine took the capital; Licinius' family and court were not killed. However, followers of doctrines which were seen as heretical or causing schism were persecuted during

1140-457: A return to the policy of Shapur until the reign of Shapur II . The persecution at that time was initiated by Constantine 's conversion to Christianity which followed that of Armenian king Tiridates in about 301. The Christians were thus viewed with suspicions of secretly being partisans of the Roman Empire. This did not change until the fifth century when the Church of the East broke off from

1254-738: A serious opponent. The use of the double expression may be indicative of the Greek-speaking Christians deported by Shapur I from Antioch and other cities during his war against the Romans. Constantine 's efforts to protect the Persian Christians made them a target of accusations of disloyalty to Sasanians. With the resumption of Roman-Sasanian conflict under Constantius II , the Christian position became untenable. Zoroastrian priests targeted clergy and ascetics of local Christians to eliminate

SECTION 10

#1732845170891

1368-404: A stubborn refusal to obey or comply with authority. Candida Moss asserts that De Ste. Croix's judgment of what values are worth dying for is modern, and does not represent classical values. According to her there was no such concept as "quasi-volunteer martyrdom" in ancient times. In the reign of the emperor Decius ( r.  249–251 ), a decree was issued requiring that all residents of

1482-469: A unique historical situation" and is therefore context dependent, while others see it as inconsistent with his other teachings. His authority on the question of coercion was undisputed for over a millennium in Western Christianity , and according to Brown "it provided the theological foundation for the justification of medieval persecution." Callinicus I , initially a priest and skeuophylax in

1596-496: A whole in the Roman Empire. Only one martyr is known by name from the reign of Licinius, who issued the Edict of Milan jointly with his ally, co- augustus , and brother-in-law Constantine, which had the effect of resuming the toleration of before the persecution and returning confiscated property to Christian owners. The New Catholic Encyclopedia states that "Ancient, medieval and early modern hagiographers were inclined to exaggerate

1710-492: Is András Nemény (MSZP). The local Municipal Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections , is made up of 21 members (1 Mayor, 14 Individual constituencies MEPs and 6 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances: List of City Mayors from 1990: Near Szombathely, there is since 1955 at 47°12′02″N 16°39′43″E  /  47.20056°N 16.66194°E  / 47.20056; 16.66194  ( Szombathely Mediumwave Transmitter )

1824-508: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Szombathely The name Szombathely is from the Hungarian szombat , "Saturday" and hely , "place", referring to its status as a market town, and the medieval markets held on Saturday every week. Once a year during August they hold a carnival to remember the history of "Savaria". The Latin name Savaria or Sabaria comes from Sibaris ,

1938-724: Is recorded in the trial proceedings of Phileas of Thmuis , bishop of Thmuis in Egypt 's Nile Delta , which survive on Greek papyri from the 4th century among the Bodmer Papyri and the Chester Beatty Papyri of the Bodmer and Chester Beatty libraries and in manuscripts in Latin , Ethiopic , and Coptic languages from later centuries, a body of hagiography known as the Acts of Phileas . Phileas

2052-560: The Acts of the Apostles , a year after the Roman Crucifixion of Jesus , Stephen was stoned for his transgressions of the Jewish law . And Saul (also known as Paul ) acquiesced, looking on and witnessing Steven's death. Later, Paul begins a listing of his own sufferings after conversion in 2 Corinthians 11: "Five times I received from the Jews the forty lashes minus one. Three times I

2166-484: The praefectus urbi Viventius and the praefectus annonae to exile Ursicinus. Damasus then had seven Christian priests arrested and awaiting banishment, but they escaped and "gravediggers" and minor clergy joined another mob of hippodrome and amphitheatre men assembled by the pope to attack the Liberian Basilica , where Ursacinus's loyalists had taken refuge. According to Ammianus Marcellinus , on 26 October,

2280-451: The 10 Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus . Augustine did not see these early persecutions in the same light as that of fourth century heretics. In Augustine's view, when the purpose of persecution is to "lovingly correct and instruct", then it becomes discipline and is just. Augustine wrote that "coercion cannot transmit the truth to the heretic, but it can prepare them to hear and receive

2394-534: The 6th SS Panzer and 6th Armies were pushed back by an assault from the east across the Raba River by the 46th and 26th Armies of the USSR and the 3rd Ukrainian Front . Soviet forces took control of Szombathely on 29 March 1945. After the war the city grew, absorbing many nearby villages ( Gyöngyöshermán , Gyöngyösszőlős , Herény , Kámon , Olad , Szentkirály , Zanat and Zarkaháza ). The government of Hungary

SECTION 20

#1732845170891

2508-506: The Arena Savaria . Szombathely is twinned with: Persecution of Christians The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day . Christian missionaries and converts to Christianity have both been targeted for persecution, sometimes to the point of being martyred for their faith , ever since

2622-630: The Church of the Theotokos of Blachernae , became patriarch of Constantinople in 693 or 694. Having refused to consent to the demolition of a chapel in the Great Palace , the Theotokos ton Metropolitou , and having possibly been involved in the deposition and exile of Justinian II ( r.  685–695, 705–711 ), an allegation denied by the Synaxarion of Constantinople , he was himself exiled to Rome on

2736-733: The Church of the West . Zoroastrian elites continued viewing the Christians with enmity and distrust throughout the fifth century with threat of persecution remaining significant, especially during war against the Romans. Zoroastrian high priest Kartir , refers in his inscription dated about 280 on the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht monument in the Naqsh-e Rostam necropolis near Zangiabad, Fars , to persecution ( zatan – "to beat, kill") of Christians ("Nazareans n'zl'y and Christians klstyd'n "). Kartir took Christianity as

2850-405: The Edict of Thessalonica , establishing Nicene Christianity as the state religion and as the state church of the Roman Empire on 27 February 380. After this began state persecution of non-Nicene Christians, including Arian and Nontrinitarian devotees. When Augustine became coadjutor Bishop of Hippo in 395, both Donatist and Catholic parties had, for decades, existed side-by-side, with

2964-506: The Franks defeated these peoples and occupied the city. Charlemagne visited the city where St. Martin was born. King Arnulf of the Franks gave the city to the archbishop of Salzburg in 875. It is likely that the castle was built around this time, using the stones from the Roman baths. Around 900, they were succeeded by Hungarians , who became the dominant population. In 1009, Stephen I gave

3078-466: The Great Fire of Rome , and while it is generally believed to be authentic and reliable, some modern scholars have cast doubt on this view, largely because there is no further reference to Nero's blaming of Christians for the fire until the late 4th century. Suetonius mentions punishments inflicted on Christians, defined as men following a new and malefic superstition, but does not specify the reasons for

3192-608: The Habsburgs in the early 18th century. During the rebellion, the city residents supported the prince. The city was occupied by Habsburg armies in 1704, freed in November 1705, then occupied alternately by the two armies over the next years. In June 1710, more than 2,000 people died in a plague , and on May 3, 1716, the city was destroyed by a fire. After such losses throughout the region, the Habsburg Crown recruited Germans to resettle

3306-783: The Hamidian massacres , the Armenian genocide , the Assyrian genocide , the Greek genocide , and the Diyarbekir genocide , and atheist states such as those of the former Eastern Bloc . The persecution of Christians has continued to occur during the 21st century . Christianity is the largest world religion and its adherents live across the globe. Approximately 10% of the world's Christians are members of minority groups which live in non-Christian-majority states. The contemporary persecution of Christians includes

3420-579: The Macarian campaign against the Donatists from 346 – 348 which only succeeded in renewing sectarian strife and creating more martyrs. Donatism continued. The fourth century was dominated by its many conflicts defining orthodoxy versus heterodoxy and heresy. In the Eastern Roman empire, known as Byzantium, the Arian controversy began with its debate of Trinitarian formulas which lasted 56 years. As it moved into

3534-788: The Taliban in Afghanistan , the Islamic State as well as the United Wa State Army and participants in the Kachin conflict in Myanmar . Early Christianity began as a sect among Second Temple Jews . Inter-communal dissension began almost immediately. According to the New Testament account, Saul of Tarsus prior to his conversion to Christianity persecuted early Judeo-Christians . According to

Savaria - Misplaced Pages Continue

3648-620: The United States Department of State , because of their governments' engagement in, or toleration of, "severe violations of religious freedom". The same report recommends that Afghanistan , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Bahrain , the Central African Republic, Cuba , Egypt , Indonesia , Iraq , Kazakhstan , Malaysia , Sudan , and Turkey constitute the US State Department's "special watchlist" of countries in which

3762-540: The Antiochenes to Maximinus, requesting that the Christians there be expelled. Among the Christians known to have died in this phase of the persecution are the presbyter Lucian of Antioch , the bishop Methodius of Olympus in Lycia , and Peter , the patriarch of Alexandria . Defeated in a civil war by the augustus Licinius ( r.  308–324 ), Maximinus died in 313, ending the systematic persecution of Christianity as

3876-635: The Arian Christian Auxentius of Milan . When Constantius returned to Rome in 357, he consented to allow the return of Liberius to the papacy; the Arian Pope Felix II , who had replaced him, was then driven out along with his followers. The last emperor of the Constantinian dynasty , Constantine's half-brother 's son Julian ( r.  361–363 ) opposed Christianity and sought to restore traditional religion, though he did not arrange

3990-661: The Armenian War , pays a tribute to the battles waged to defend Christianity. Another revolt was waged from 481 to 483 which was suppressed. However, the Armenians succeeded in gaining freedom of religion among other improvements. Accounts of executions for apostasy of Zoroastrians who converted to Christianity during Sasanian rule proliferated from the fifth to early seventh century, and continued to be produced even after collapse of Sasanians. The punishment of apostates increased under Yazdegerd I and continued under successive kings. It

4104-482: The Christian sect called Donatists appealed to Constantine to solve a dispute. He convened a synod of bishops to hear the case, but the synod sided against them. The Donatists refused to accept the ruling, so a second gathering of 200 at Arles, in 314, was called, but they also ruled against them. The Donatists again refused to accept the ruling, and proceeded to act accordingly by establishing their own bishop, building their own churches, and refusing cooperation. This

4218-431: The Christians "freedom of action". The Great Persecution, or Diocletianic Persecution, was begun by the senior augustus and Roman emperor Diocletian ( r.  284–305 ) on 23 February 303. In the eastern Roman empire, the official persecution lasted intermittently until 313, while in the western Roman empire the persecution went unenforced from 306. According to Lactantius 's De mortibus persecutorum ("on

4332-560: The Church and execute James the Just , then leader of Jerusalem's Christians . The New Testament states that Paul was himself imprisoned on several occasions by the Roman authorities, stoned by the Pharisees and left for dead on one occasion, and was eventually taken to Rome as a prisoner. Peter and other early Christians were also imprisoned, beaten and harassed. The First Jewish Rebellion , spurred by

4446-849: The Decian persecution. In 257 however, Valerian began to enforce public religion. Cyprian of Carthage was exiled and executed the following year, while Pope Sixtus II was also put to death. Dionysius of Alexandria was tried, urged to recognize "the natural gods" in the hope his congregation would imitate him, and exiled when he refused. Valerian was defeated by the Persians at the Battle of Edessa and himself taken prisoner in 260. According to Eusebius, Valerian's son, co- augustus , and successor Gallienus ( r.  253–268 ) allowed Christian communities to use again their cemeteries and made restitution of their confiscated buildings. Eusebius wrote that Gallienus allowed

4560-734: The Latin name of the river Gyöngyös (German Güns ). The root of the word is the Proto-Indo-European word *seu , meaning "wet". The Austrian overflowing of the Gyöngyös/Güns is called Zöbern , most probably a derivation of its Latin name. The city is known in Croatian as Sambotel , in Slovene as Sombotel and in Yiddish as סאמבאטהעלי ( Sombathely ). The German name, Steinamanger , means "stone on

4674-524: The Neronian persecution. In the first two centuries Christianity was a relatively small sect which was not a significant concern of the Emperor. Rodney Stark estimates there were fewer than 10,000 Christians in the year 100. Christianity grew to about 200,000 by the year 200, which works out to about 0.36% of the population of the empire, and then to almost 2 million by 250, still making up less than 2% of

Savaria - Misplaced Pages Continue

4788-743: The Persian conquest in AD 614, a riot occurred in Jerusalem, and the Jewish governor of Jerusalem Nehemiah was killed by a band of young Christians along with his "council of the righteous" while he was making plans for the building of the Third Temple . At this time the Christians had allied themselves with the Eastern Roman Empire . Shortly afterward, the events escalated into a full-scale Christian rebellion, resulting in

4902-578: The Roman emperor Constantius II ( r.  337–361 ), Shapur imposed a tax to cover the war expenditure, and Shemon Bar Sabbae , the Bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon , refused to collect it. Often citing collaboration with the Romans, the Persians began persecuting and executing Christians. Passio narratives describe the fate of some Christians venerated as martyrs; they are of varying historical reliability, some being contemporary records by eyewitnesses, others were reliant on popular tradition at some remove from

5016-517: The Roman killing of 3,000 Jews, led to the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD , the end of Second Temple Judaism (and the subsequent slow rise of Rabbinic Judaism ). Claudia Setzer asserts that, "Jews did not see Christians as clearly separate from their own community until at least the middle of the second century" but most scholars place the "parting of the ways" much earlier, with theological separation occurring immediately. Second Temple Judaism had allowed more than one way to be Jewish. After

5130-399: The West, the center of the controversy was the "champion of orthodoxy", Athanasius . In 355 Constantius, who supported Arianism, ordered the suppression and exile of Athanasius, expelled the orthodox Pope Liberius from Rome, and exiled bishops who refused to assent to Athanasius's exile. In 355, Dionysius , bishop of Mediolanum ( Milan ) was expelled from his episcopal see and replaced by

5244-408: The account of Eusebius, an unnamed Christian man (named by later hagiographers as Euethius of Nicomedia and venerated on 27 February) tore down a public notice of an imperial edict while the emperors Diocletian and Galerius were in Nicomedia ( İzmit ), one of Diocletian's capitals; according to Lactantius, he was tortured and burned alive. According to Lactantius, the church at Nicomedia ( İzmit )

5358-442: The area's first orphanage. In forty years, the population quadrupled. During the mayoralty of Tóbiás Brenner, this prosperity continued. A museum, public bath, monasteries, and several new downtown mansions were built. A school of music and an orchestra were founded. After the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost many of its western territories to Austria. Only 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the new state border, Szombathely ceased to be

5472-478: The area, including Bishop St. Quirinus and St. Rutilus. The emperor reorganised the colonies and made Savaria the capital of the province Pannonia Prima . This era was the height of prosperity for Savaria: its population grew, and new buildings were erected, among them theatres and churches. St. Martin of Tours was born here. After the death of Emperor Valentinian III , the Huns invaded Pannonia . Attila 's armies occupied Savaria between 441 and 445. The city

5586-505: The bishop Cyprian of Carthage fled his episcopal see to the countryside. The Christian church, despite no indication in the surviving texts that the edict targeted any specific group, never forgot the reign of Decius whom they labelled as that "fierce tyrant". After Decius died, Trebonianus Gallus ( r.  251–253 ) succeeded him and continued the Decian persecution for the duration of his reign. The accession of Trebonianus Gallus's successor Valerian ( r.  253–260 ) ended

5700-469: The burning of a Zoroastrian fire temple by a Christian priest, and further persecutions occurred in the reign of Bahram V ( r.  420–438 ). Under Yazdegerd II ( r.  438–457 ) an instance of persecution in 446 is recorded in the Syriac martyrology Acts of Ādur-hormizd and of Anāhīd . Some individual martyrdoms are recorded from the reign of Khosrow I ( r.  531–579 ), but there were likely no mass persecutions. While according to

5814-412: The centre of Western Hungary. Trying to regain the throne of Hungary, Charles IV visited the city, where he was greeted with enthusiasm, but he failed to regain power. Between the world wars, Szombathely prospered. Many schools were founded, and between 1926 and 1929, the most modern hospital of the Transdanubian region was built. During World War II, as with many other towns in the region, Szombathely

SECTION 50

#1732845170891

5928-456: The circulation of official anti-Christian pronouncements, the issuing of an official ban against Christians attending synagogue, a prohibition against reading Christian writings, and the spreading of the curse against Christian heretics: the Birkat haMinim . The first documented case of imperially supervised persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire begins with Nero (54–68). In the Annals , Tacitus states that Nero blamed Christians for

6042-414: The city to the newly founded Diocese of Győr . The city suffered during the war between King Sámuel Aba and Holy Roman Emperor Henry III , between 1042 and 1044. Szombathely was destroyed during the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241–1242 but was rebuilt shortly after. It was granted Free royal town status in 1407. In 1578, it became the capital of Vas comitatus. The city prospered. In 1605 it

6156-404: The city was destroyed by fire. During the revolution in 1848–49 , Szombathely supported the revolution. There were no battles in the immediate area because the city remained under Habsburg rule. The years after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 brought prosperity. A railway line reached the city in 1865, and in the 1870s Szombathely became a major railway junction. In 1885 the city annexed

6270-455: The coldest month is −0.2 °C (31.6 °F) in January. The annual precipitation is 612.6 millimetres (24.12 in), of which July is the wettest with 77.0 millimetres (3.03 in), while January is the driest with only 23.9 millimetres (0.94 in). The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from −29.0 °C (−20.2 °F) on February 11, 1929 to 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) on August 8, 2013. The current mayor of Szombathely

6384-418: The community and its first rabbi was Ludwig Königsberger (d. 1861); he was succeeded in turn by Leopold Rockenstein , Joseph Stier ( [1] ), and Béla Bernstein (called in 1892; [2] ). A small Orthodox congregation , numbering about 60 or 70 members, separated from the main body in 1870. From 1896 to 1898 Pál Jungreis was rabbi of the Orthodox community but his convictions were not tolerated so Márk Benedikt

6498-481: The deaths of the persecutors"), Diocletian's junior emperor, the caesar Galerius ( r.  293–311 ) pressured the augustus to begin persecuting Christians. Eusebius of Caesarea 's Church History reports that imperial edicts were promulgated to destroy churches and confiscate scriptures, and to remove Christian occupants of government positions, while Christian priests were to be imprisoned and required to perform sacrifice in ancient Roman religion . In

6612-402: The depopulated areas, particularly along the Danube River . They were valued for their farming abilities. The Crown allowed them to keep their language and religion. As a result, the city had a German majority for a long time. With increased population, the city began to prosper again. With the support of Ferenc Zichy , Bishop of Győr , a high school was built in 1772. The Diocese of Szombathely

6726-438: The emergence of Christianity. Early Christians were persecuted at the hands of both Jews , from whose religion Christianity arose , and the Romans who controlled many of the early centers of Christianity in the Roman Empire . Since the emergence of Christian states in Late Antiquity , Christians have also been persecuted by other Christians due to differences in doctrine which have been declared heretical . Early in

6840-742: The empire should perform sacrifices, to be enforced by the issuing of each person with a libellus certifying that they had performed the necessary ritual. It is not known what motivated Decius's decree, or whether it was intended to target Christians, though it is possible the emperor was seeking divine favors in the forthcoming wars with the Carpi and the Goths . Christians that refused to publicly offer sacrifices or burn incense to Roman gods were accused of impiety and punished by arrest, imprisonment, torture or execution. According to Eusebius, bishops Alexander of Jerusalem , Babylas of Antioch , and Fabian of Rome were all imprisoned and killed. The patriarch Dionysius of Alexandria escaped captivity, while

6954-429: The empire's overall population. According to Guy Laurie , the Church was not in a struggle for its existence during its first centuries. However, Bernard Green says that, although early persecutions of Christians were generally sporadic, local, and under the direction of regional governors, not emperors, Christians "were always subject to oppression and at risk of open persecution." Trajan 's policy towards Christians

SECTION 60

#1732845170891

7068-482: The events. An appendix to the Syriac Martyrology of 411 lists the Christian martyrs of Persia , but other accounts of martyrs' trials contain important historical details on the workings of the Sassanian Empire's historical geography and judicial and administrative practices. Some were translated into Sogdian and discovered at Turpan . Under Yazdegerd I ( r.  399–420 ) there were occasional persecutions, including an instance of persecution in reprisal for

7182-464: The faith, had their private property confiscated and many were expelled. Yazdegerd II had ordered all his subjects to embrace Mazdeism in an attempt to unite his empire ideologically. The Caucasus rebelled to defend Christianity which had become integrated in their local culture, with Armenian aristocrats turning to the Romans for help. The rebels were however defeated in a battle on the Avarayr Plain . Yeghishe in his The History of Vardan and

7296-440: The fall of the Temple in 70 AD) as a result of Jewish persecution and hatred. Steven D. Katz says "there can be no doubt that the post-70 situation witnessed a change in the relations of Jews and Christians". Judaism sought to reconstitute itself after the disaster which included determining the proper response to Jewish Christianity. The exact shape of this is not directly known but is traditionally alleged to have taken four forms:

7410-412: The fall of the Temple, one way led to rabbinic Judaism, while another way became Christianity; but Christianity was "molded around the conviction that the Jew, Jesus of Nazareth, was not only the Messiah promised to the Jews, but God's son, offering access to God, and God's blessing to non-Jew as much as, and perhaps eventually more than, to Jews". While Messianic eschatology had deep roots in Judaism, and

7524-516: The first great age of persecution, in which the Devil was considered to have used open violence to dissuade the growth of Christianity, at an end. The orthodox catholic Christians close to the Roman state represented imperial persecution as an historical phenomenon, rather than a contemporary one. According to MacMullan, the Christian histories are colored by this "triumphalism". Peter Leithart says that, "[Constantine] did not punish pagans for being pagans, or Jews for being Jews, and did not adopt

7638-406: The former Jewish temple has been adapted for use as a concert hall. A memorial outside commemorates the Jews deported in World War II. Szombathely's climate is classified as humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) closely bordering on an oceanic climate ( Köppen Cfb ). The annual average temperature is 10.6 °C (51.1 °F), the hottest month in July is 21.0 °C (69.8 °F), and

7752-399: The fourth century , the empire's official persecutions were ended by the Edict of Serdica in 311 and the practice of Christianity legalized by the Edict of Milan in 312. By the year 380, Christians had begun to persecute each other. The schisms of late antiquity and the Middle Ages – including the Rome–Constantinople schisms and the many Christological controversies – together with

7866-452: The government allows or engages in "severe violations of religious freedom ". Much of the persecution of Christians in recent times is perpetrated by non-state actors which are labelled "entities of particular concern" by the US State Department, including the Islamist groups Boko Haram in Nigeria , the Houthi movement in Yemen , the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province in Pakistan , al-Shabaab in Somalia ,

7980-422: The green" (Stein am Anger). The name was coined by German settlers who encountered the ruins of the Roman city of Savaria. The Slovak name, Kamenec, also stems from the root 'stone' ( kameň = stone), similar to the German variant. Szombathely is the oldest recorded city in Hungary . It was founded by the Romans in 45 AD under the name of Colonia Claudia Savariensum (Claudius' Colony of Savarians), and it

8094-468: The idea of the suffering servant, known as Messiah Ephraim, had been an aspect since the time of Isaiah (7th century BCE), in the first century, this idea was seen as being usurped by the Christians. It was then suppressed, and did not make its way back into rabbinic teaching till the seventh century writings of Pesiqta Rabati. The traditional view of the separation of Judaism and Christianity has Jewish-Christians fleeing, en masse , to Pella (shortly before

8208-508: The later Protestant Reformation provoked severe conflicts between Christian denominations . During these conflicts, members of the various denominations frequently persecuted each other and engaged in sectarian violence . In the 20th century, Christian populations were persecuted, sometimes, they were persecuted to the point of genocide , by various states, including the Ottoman Empire and its successor state Turkey , which committed

8322-599: The later part of his reign however, suppressing missionary activities. Bahram V continued and intensified their persecution, resulting in many of them fleeing to the eastern Roman empire . Bahram demanded their return, beginning the Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422 . The war ended with an agreement of freedom of religion for Christians in Iran with that of Mazdaism in Rome. Meanwhile, Christians suffered destruction of churches, renounced

8436-464: The leaders of the church. A Syriac manuscript in Edessa in 411 documents dozens executed in various parts of western Sasanian Empire. In 341, Shapur II ordered the persecution of all Christians. In response to their subversive attitude and support of Romans, Shapur II doubled the tax on Christians. Shemon Bar Sabbae informed him that he could not pay the taxes demanded from him and his community. He

8550-450: The leaders of the churches should be put to death. According to Eusebius, this persecution sent Hippolytus of Rome and Pope Pontian into exile, but other evidence suggests that the persecutions were local to the provinces where they occurred rather than happening under the direction of the Emperor. According to two different Christian traditions, Simon bar Kokhba , the leader of the second Jewish revolt against Rome (132–136 AD), who

8664-589: The nearby villages Ó-Perint and Szentmárton and increased its area. In the 1890s, when Gyula Éhen was the mayor, the city underwent significant infrastructure development: roads were paved, a sewage system built, and the tram line was built to connect the rail station, the downtown, and the Calvary Church. Private and public interests built the City Casino, the Grand Hotel (Kovács Szálló, later Hotel Savaria), and

8778-485: The number of martyrs. Since the title of martyr is the highest title to which a Christian can aspire, this tendency is natural". Attempts at estimating the numbers involved are inevitably based on inadequate sources. The Christian church marked the conversion of Constantine the Great as the final fulfillment of its heavenly victory over the "false gods". The Roman state had always seen itself as divinely directed, now it saw

8892-795: The official state persecution mostly occurring in countries which are located in Africa and Asia because they have state religions or because their governments and societies practice religious favoritism. Such favoritism is frequently accompanied by religious discrimination and religious persecution . According to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom 's 2020 report, Christians in Burma , China , Eritrea , India , Iran , Nigeria , North Korea , Pakistan , Russia , Saudi Arabia , Syria , and Vietnam are persecuted; these countries are labelled "countries of particular concern" by

9006-483: The persecution in which James the Great lost his life, Saint Peter narrowly escaped and the rest of the apostles took flight. After Agrippa's death in 44, the Roman procuratorship began (before 41 they were Prefects in Iudaea Province) and those leaders maintained a neutral peace, until the procurator Porcius Festus died in 62 and the high priest Ananus ben Ananus took advantage of the power vacuum to attack

9120-461: The philosophical and theological disputes during his reign. Sebeos claimed he had converted to Christianity on his deathbed. John of Ephesus describes an Armenian revolt where he claims that Khusrow had attempted to impose Zoroastrianism in Armenia. The account, however, is very similar to the one of Armenian revolt of 451. In addition, Sebeos does not mention any religious persecution in his account of

9234-531: The pope's mob killed 137 people in the church in just one day, and many more died subsequently. The Roman public frequently enjoined the emperor Valentinian the Great to remove Damasus from the throne of Saint Peter, calling him a murderer for having waged a "filthy war" against the Christians. In the 4th century, the Terving king Athanaric in c.  375 ordered the Gothic persecution of Christians . Athanaric

9348-547: The punishment; he simply lists the fact together with other abuses put down by Nero. It is widely agreed on that the Number of the beast in the Book of Revelation , adding up to 666, is derived from a gematria of the name of Nero Caesar, indicating that Nero was viewed as an exceptionally evil figure. Several Christian sources report that Paul the Apostle and Saint Peter both died during

9462-416: The reign of Constantine, the first Christian Roman emperor, and they would be persecuted again later in the 4th century. The consequence of Christian doctrinal disputes was generally mutual excommunication, but once Roman government became involved in ecclesiastical politics, rival factions could find themselves subject to "repression, expulsion, imprisonment or exile" carried out by the Roman army. In 312,

9576-501: The return of Justinian to power in 705. The emperor had Callinicus immured . He is said to have survived forty days when the wall was opened to check his condition, though he died four days later. Violent persecutions of Christians began in earnest in the long reign of Shapur II ( r.  309–379 ). A persecution of Christians at Kirkuk is recorded in Shapur's first decade, though most persecution happened after 341. At war with

9690-432: The revolt of 571. A story about Hormizd IV 's tolerance is preserved by the historian al-Tabari . Upon being asked why he tolerated Christians, he replied, "Just as our royal throne cannot stand upon its front legs without its two back ones, our kingdom cannot stand or endure firmly if we cause the Christians and adherents of other faiths, who differ in belief from ourselves, to become hostile to us." Several months after

9804-467: The same grounds. "Voluntary martyrdom is parsed as passionate foolishness" whereas "flight from persecution is patience" and the result a true martyrdom. Daniel Boyarin rejects use of the term "voluntary martyrdom", saying, "if martyrdom is not voluntary, it is not martyrdom". G. E. M. de Ste. Croix adds a category of "quasi-voluntary martyrdom": "martyrs who were not directly responsible for their own arrest but who, after being arrested, behaved with"

9918-411: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Savaria . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savaria&oldid=1184644232 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

10032-649: The state's use of force against them. Historian Frederick Russell says that Augustine did not believe this would "make the Donatists more virtuous" but he did believe it would make them "less vicious". Augustine wrote that there had, in the past, been ten Christian persecutions, beginning with the Neronian persecution, and alleging persecutions by the emperors Domitian , Trajan , "Antoninus" ( Marcus Aurelius ), "Severus" ( Septimius Severus ), and Maximinus ( Thrax ), as well as Decian and Valerianic persecutions, and then another by Aurelian as well as by Diocletian and Maximian. These ten persecutions Augustine compared with

10146-448: The town only during the day, and then only without their families. They lived outside in their own community, known as a shtetl . By the beginning of the nineteenth century, only three or four Jewish families lived in the city. The residents of the shtetl Stein-am-Anger dwelt in the outlying districts (now united into one municipality). They separated in 1830 from the community of Rechnitz (Rohonc), of which they had previously formed

10260-571: The truth". He said the church would discipline its people out of a loving desire to heal them, and that, "once compelled to come in, heretics would gradually give their voluntary assent to the truth of Christian orthodoxy." He opposed the severity of Rome and the execution of heretics. It is his teaching on coercion that has literature on Augustine frequently referring to him as le prince et patriarche de persecuteurs (the prince and patriarch of persecutors). Russell says Augustine's theory of coercion "was not crafted from dogma, but in response to

10374-452: The violence on Christians was selective and especially carried out on elites, it served to keep Christian communities in a subordinate and yet viable position in relation to Zoroastrianism. Christians were allowed to build religious buildings and serve in the government as long as they did not expand their institutions and population at the expense of Zoroastrianism. Khosrow I was generally regarded as tolerant of Christians and interested in

10488-504: The way to execution. Ignatius casts his own martyrdom as a voluntary eucharistic sacrifice to be embraced. "Many martyr acts present martyrdom as a sharp choice that cut to the core of Christian identity – life or death, salvation or damnation, Christ or apostacy..." Subsequently, the martyr literature has drawn distinctions between those who were enthusiastically pro-voluntary-martyrdom (the Montanists and Donatists ), those who occupied

10602-551: Was a defiance of imperial authority, and it produced the same response Rome had taken in the past against such refusals. For a Roman emperor, "religion could be tolerated only as long as it contributed to the stability of the state". Constantine used the army in an effort to compel Donatist' obedience, burning churches and martyring some from 317 – 321. Constantine failed in reaching his goal and ultimately conceded defeat. The schism remained and Donatism continued. After Constantine, his youngest son Flavius Julius Constans , initiated

10716-414: Was appointed rabbi. [3] According to the 1910 census, 10.1% of the city's population, or 3125 people, were Jewish by religion. By then they were merchants and professionals, an integral part of the city's culture. In World War II, during the occupation of Hungary by Nazi Germany , 4228 Jews were deported (July 4–6, 1944) from Szombathely to Auschwitz . The community was essentially destroyed. Since 1975,

10830-406: Was approached by a group of Christians demanding to be executed. The proconsul obliged some of them and then sent the rest away, saying that if they wanted to kill themselves there was plenty of rope available or cliffs they could jump off." Such enthusiasm for death is found in the letters of Saint Ignatius of Antioch , who was arrested and condemned as a criminal before writing his letters while on

10944-541: Was beaten with rods, once I was stoned ..." In 41 AD, Herod Agrippa , who already possessed the territory of Herod Antipas and Philip (his former colleagues in the Herodian Tetrarchy ), obtained the title of King of the Jews , and in a sense, re-formed the Kingdom of Judea of Herod the Great ( r.  37–4 BC ). Herod Agrippa was reportedly eager to endear himself to his Jewish subjects and continued

11058-463: Was completed, with financial assistance from European Union funds. 28 June 2014 from the highway is also available in the city, having opened the M86 motorway. In 1567, Emperor Maximilian II granted the town the privilege of allowing none but Catholics to dwell within its walls. By the 17th and 18th centuries, although the municipal authorities rented shops to Jews, the latter were permitted to remain in

11172-508: Was condemned at his fifth trial at Alexandria under Clodius Culcianus , the praefectus Aegypti on 4 February 305 (the 10th day of Mecheir ). In the western empire, the Diocletianic Persecution ceased with the usurpation by two emperors' sons in 306: that of Constantine, who was acclaimed augustus by the army after his father Constantius I ( r.  293–306 ) died, and that of Maxentius ( r.  306–312 ) who

11286-501: Was destroyed by an earthquake in 456. The city remained inhabited throughout the Middle Ages . Its city walls were restored, and new buildings were constructed using the stones from the remains of Roman buildings. Much of the Latin population moved away, mostly to Italy , while new settlers, mostly Goths and Longobards , arrived. In the 6th–8th centuries, the city was inhabited by Pannonian Avars and Slavic tribes . In 795,

11400-547: Was destroyed, while the Optatan Appendix has an account from the praetorian prefecture of Africa involving the confiscation of written materials which led to the Donatist schism . According to Eusebius's Martyrs of Palestine and Lactantius's De mortibus persecutorum , a fourth edict in 304 demanded that everyone perform sacrifices, though in the western empire this was not enforced. An "unusually philosophical" dialogue

11514-566: Was dominated by the Soviet Union. During the revolution in 1956 , the city was occupied by the Soviet army. In the 1970s, the city was industrialized, and many factories were built. In the 1980s, the city prospered, and several new public buildings were built. These included the County Library, public indoor swimming pools, and a gallery. In 2006, the refurbishing of the city centre's main square

11628-733: Was elevated to augustus by the Roman Senate after the grudging retirement of his father Maximian ( r.  285–305 ) and his co- augustus Diocletian in May 305. Of Maxentius, who controlled Italy with his now un-retired father, and Constantine, who controlled Britain , Gaul , and Iberia , neither was inclined to continue the persecution. In the eastern empire however, Galerius, now augustus , continued Diocletian's policy. Eusebius's Church History and Martyrs of Palestine both give accounts of martyrdom and persecution of Christians, including Eusebius's own mentor Pamphilus of Caesarea , with whom he

11742-576: Was enforcing Diocletian's persecution in his territories in Anatolia and the Diocese of the East in response to petitions from numerous cities and provinces, including Antioch , Tyre , Lycia , and Pisidia . Maximinus was also encouraged to act by an oracular pronouncement made by a statue of Zeus Philios set up in Antioch by Theotecnus of Antioch , who also organized an anti-Christian petition to be sent from

11856-464: Was founded in 1777 by Maria Theresa . The new bishop of Szombathely, János Szily , did much for the city: he had the ruins of the castle demolished and had new buildings constructed, including a cathedral, the episcopal palace complex, and a school (opened in 1793). In 1809, Napoleon 's armies occupied the city and held it for 110 days, following a short battle on the main square. In 1813, a cholera epidemic claimed many lives. In 1817, two-thirds of

11970-404: Was founded in 1846, and was organized as a normal school in 1905, with four grades and about 230 pupils. The first synagogue was built by the former lord of the town, Duke Batthyányi , who sold it to the Jews. In 1880 the community supported building a large temple , one of the most beautiful in Hungary. Designed by Ludwig Schöne, it combined Oriental and Romantic elements. The founder of

12084-449: Was imprisoned during the persecution. When Galerius died in May 311, he is reported by Lactantius and Eusebius to have composed a deathbed edict – the Edict of Serdica – allowing the assembly of Christians in conventicles and explaining the motives for the prior persecution. Eusebius wrote that Easter was celebrated openly. By autumn however, Galerius's nephew, former caesar , and co- augustus Maximinus Daia ( r.  310–313 )

12198-666: Was martyred and a forty-year-long period of persecution of Christians began. The Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon gave up choosing bishops since it would result in death. The local mobads – Zoroastrian clerics – with the help of satraps organized slaughters of Christians in Adiabene , Beth Garmae , Khuzistan and many other provinces. Yazdegerd I showed tolerance towards Jews and Christians for much of his rule. He allowed Christians to practice their religion freely, demolished monasteries and churches were rebuilt and missionaries were allowed to operate freely. He reversed his policies during

12312-424: Was no different from the treatment of other sects; that is, they would only be punished if they refused to worship the emperor and the gods, but they were not to be sought out. James L. Papandrea says there are ten emperors generally accepted to have sponsored state-sanctioned persecution of Christians, though the first empire-wide government-sponsored persecution was not until Decius in 249. One early account of

12426-408: Was normative for apostates who were brought to the notice of authorities to be executed, although the prosecution of apostasy depended on political circumstances and Zoroastrian jurisprudence. Per Richard E. Payne, the executions were meant to create a mutually recognised boundary between interactions of the people of the two religions and preventing one religion challenging another's viability. Although

12540-588: Was occupied by the armies of István Bocskai . During the Ottoman occupation of Hungary , the Ottomans invaded the area twice, first in 1664, when they were defeated at the nearby town of Szentgotthárd . Nearly twenty years later, they invaded again in 1683, during the Battle of Vienna . The city walls protected Szombathely both times. A peaceful period followed the retreat of the Turks until Prince Rákóczi's rebellion against

12654-410: Was perturbed by the spread of Gothic Christianity among his followers, and feared for the displacement of Gothic paganism . It was not until the later 4th century reigns of the augusti Gratian ( r.  367–383 ), Valentinian II ( r.  375–392 ), and Theodosius I ( r.  379–395 ) that Christianity would become the official religion of the empire with the joint promulgation of

12768-472: Was proclaimed Messiah, persecuted the Christians: Justin Martyr claims that Christians were punished if they did not deny and blaspheme Jesus Christ, while Eusebius asserts that Bar Kokhba harassed them because they refused to join his revolt against the Romans. Some early Christians sought out and welcomed martyrdom. According to Droge and Tabor, "in 185 the proconsul of Asia, Arrius Antoninus,

12882-599: Was strategic due to the railway, junction, marshalling yards, local aerodrome, and barracks. The town formed part of the logistical military infrastructure supporting Axis forces. In 1944 and 1945, the town and locality were bombed by day on several occasions by aircraft of the US 15th Air Force ; at night, bombing runs were made by aircraft from the Royal Air Force 205 Group. These aircraft operated from bases in Italy. On 28 March 1945,

12996-532: Was the capital of the Pannonia Superior province of the Roman Empire . It lay close to the important " Amber Road " trade route. The city had an imperial residence, a public bath and an amphitheatre . In 2008, remains of a mithraeum were discovered. Emperor Constantine the Great visited Savaria several times. He ended the persecution of Christians , which previously claimed the lives of many people in

#890109