110-985: The Carnegie Library at Adams and Columbus Ave. in Sandusky, Ohio , also known as the Sandusky Public Library , was built in 1901. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It was designed by architect Albert D'Oench . Fundraising for a library was begun in 1886 by a Library Funding Association. It is a 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 -story building. It was designed by New York City firm D'Oench and Yost ( Albert D'Oench and Joseph W. Yost ). Yost worked in Columbus, Ohio before moving to New York City and joining D'Oench. The building has elements of Jacobean Revival style including steep triangular gables, rectangular windows divided by stone mullions , bay windows, and towers with curved roofs. This article about
220-493: A Tree City USA . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 21.91 square miles (56.75 km ), of which 9.73 square miles (25.20 km ) is land and 12.18 square miles (31.55 km ) is water. Sandusky occupies the defunct township Portland and borders the following townships: Sandusky has a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfa ), typical of
330-465: A council–manager government ; there are seven city commissioners elected as a legislature and a mayor who serves as the council's president. All are elected for four-year terms. The council employs a city manager for administration. John Orzech is the current city manager and Richard R. Brady is the president of the City Commission. Sandusky is represented by Marcy Kaptur (D-Toledo) in the house. In
440-506: A plantation there which served as his home and base of operations from about 1745 until 1751. In April 1745 the Seneca protected Croghan from capture, but elsewhere French-allied Natives robbed a canoe-load of Croghan's furs. Croghan was adopted by the Seneca and in 1746, according to his testimony before the Lords of Trade in 1764, was one of their hereditary sachems among the 50 chiefs comprising
550-522: A 1718 map by Guillaume DeLisle. The name "L.(Lac) Sandoski" appears on a 1733 map. Sandusky Bay was also called Lac Ondaské , in another French transliteration of the Wyandot. The river and bay gave rise to a number of eponymous forts and settlements along their shores. These consisted of the short-lived English trading post Fort Sandusky north of the bay, the French Fort Sandoské that replaced it,
660-532: A November, 1778 trial, Croghan was not allowed to return to the frontier. His death in 1782, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War, received little if any notice. Although often quoted by historians, the story of Croghan's 30 years as the pivotal figure in Ohio Country history is only found in the handful of biographies. Little is known of Croghan's early life, including the names of his parents. He
770-462: A borderland negotiator for Johnson, who died a British loyalist in 1774. While working to keep the Ohio Indians neutral during the Revolutionary War, Croghan served as Pittsburgh 's president judge for Virginia and chairman of its Committee of Safety. General Edward Hand , the local military commander, banished Col. Croghan from the frontier in 1777 on suspicion of treason. Despite his acquittal in
880-572: A grand council that included Chief Pontiac . The principals journeyed to Detroit, where Croghan conducted an even larger conference that brought the Potawatomi , Ojibway , Wyandot, and Wea tribes into the British economic orbit, with Pontiac "playing an important part in the proceedings." At the time, Croghan was celebrated as a national hero for negotiating with Pontiac and ending the Indian war. Croghan led
990-750: A group of speculators, including Benjamin Franklin and his son William Franklin , in pursuing land in the Ohio Country, the Illinois Country, and New York. On September 6, 1765, Croghan was awarded a grant of 10,000 acres (40 km ). By Spring 1766 Croghan resumed his mission to the Illinois tribes on the Mississippi. Seventeen bateaux left Pittsburgh on June 18, one carrying Croghan and his party, another carrying Captain Harry Gordon and Ensign Thomas Hutchins on
1100-458: A letter to British General Thomas Gage complaining of the agent. Although Bouquet soon recanted, saying that Croghan was the best person to pacify Illinois Country , his ill-considered and untrue characterization of Croghan has endured. From 1764 onward, despite continual provocations, the tribes were kept at peace on the frontier, largely due to the herculean efforts of Croghan. The exceptions were isolated incidents and Dunmore's War in 1774 on
1210-508: A male householder with no wife present, and 42.1% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93. The median age in the city was 38.5 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.2% were from 25 to 44; 27.7% were from 45 to 64; and 15% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of
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#17328593847051320-506: A merchant, Nicholas Croghan (likely a brother of George); an aunt, Mrs. Smallman; and George's grandfather Edmund Croghan. Within a few years Croghan became one of Pennsylvania's leading fur traders . A key to his success was establishing trading posts in Native American villages, as the French traders did, and learning their languages and customs. At the time, the usual British practice
1430-581: A neighbor of the Boone family and co-founder of Amity village. He was employed by the governor of then British Pennsylvania as a trader and interpreter, speaking several Indian languages, especially Iroquois. He moved to the Pennsylvania frontier in January 1712 and could easily have made it to Lake Erie by 1718 to establish a trading post. One genealogical line of his descendants is actually called "Sandusky." This area
1540-560: A property in Erie County, Ohio on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Sandusky, Ohio Sandusky ( / s æ n ˈ d ʌ s k i / san- DUSS -kee ) is a city in and the county seat of Erie County, Ohio , United States. Situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie , Sandusky is located roughly midway between Toledo (45 miles (72 km) west) and Cleveland (50 miles (80 km) east). According to 2020 census ,
1650-1348: A river mapping expedition, two carrying provisions for Fort Chartres , and thirteen carrying Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan trade goods. They traveled north from the Ohio River on the Mississippi to reach the former colonial French settlement of Fort Chartres. During his August conferences there, Croghan successfully negotiated with 22 tribes, soon augmented by three Indian nations under French influence. Weak from malaria , Croghan accompanied Gordon and Hutchins to New Orleans. From there he sailed for New York with stops at Mobile, Pensacola, Havana, and Charleston. His ship reached New York on January 10, 1767, and two days later Croghan joined Samuel Wharton in urging Gen. Gage to establish an Illinois colony. When Gage refused, Croghan publicly resigned as Deputy Indian agent. Laid low by illness, he spent February recuperating at Monckton Hall near Philadelphia. In March he went to New York to visit with Sir William Johnson, who convinced him to withdraw his resignation. Sent to Fort Pitt in May, Croghan defused an Indian war over squatters and illegal trade. Governor John Penn detained Croghan in Philadelphia on his return east, with questions about
1760-489: A similar "thrashing" for Gen. John Forbes advance forces nearing Fort Duquesne, unaware that Major James Grant had been defeated five days earlier. Claiming to be one himself, Croghan used his influence on the Indians at Easton, Pennsylvania, where the treaty that stripped the French of their local allies was negotiated, assuring Forbes' success. He then joined Forbes on November 20 with fifteen Indian scouts in his usual role at
1870-577: A year earlier. General Braddock alienated the other friendly Indians, yet Montour and the handful with Croghan attended the gravely wounded general. Teamsters Daniel Boone and Daniel Morgan fled on horseback as Croghan pressed Braddock to relinquish command and, despite the general's refusal, apparently took charge. He got Braddock off the battlefield with the help of Braddock's aide, the 23-year-old Washington. Washington's account differs and his biographer James Flexner does not mention Croghan being present. Captains Croghan and Montour were there, outranked
1980-597: Is a private charter school in downtown Sandusky. Monroe Prep is located in the former Monroe Elementary, which served students in Kindergarten through 6th grade as a part of the Sandusky City Schools District. It is located on E. Monroe St. on Sandusky's East Side. Sandusky is served by the Sandusky Library, which also operates a branch on Kelleys Island. Sandusky (along with nearby Port Clinton and
2090-455: Is an alternative school for students who struggle in mainstream classrooms. Sandusky Career Center offers vocational programs for adults, now located at the former Venice Elementary School. Alternatively, St. Mary Central Catholic High School , a private Roman Catholic school associated with Holy Angels Church, St. Mary's Church, and Sts. Peter & Paul Church, focuses on giving students a faith-centered learning environment. Monroe Prep Academy
2200-452: Is more stable, generally humid with thunderstorms . Fall usually is the driest season with many clear warm days and cool nights. The highest recorded temperature in Sandusky of 105 °F (41 °C) was set on July 14, 1936, and the lowest recorded temperature of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19, 1994. Historically, the Wyandot used the term andoske to refer to the river,
2310-845: Is the headwater of the Susquehanna River . He built a six-chimney "hutt" and had Croghan Forest's 100,000 acres (400 km ) surveyed in September 1768 prior to final discussions by Sir Johnson with the Six Nations of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix. As noted above, before completion of the Fort Stanwix Treaty in November 1768, the Six Nations sold Croghan 127,000 acres (510 km ) in New York bordering Lake Otsego , plus numerous tracts for his friends. At
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#17328593847052420-632: The Great Miami River , where Croghan built a stockade and trading post. Aided by local Iroquois chiefs Tanacharison (Half King) and Scarouady sent to oversee the Mingo and dependent Ohio Country nations, Croghan organized the Ohio Confederation of the region's tribes in 1748; they lit a "council fire on the Ohio River, independent of the Six Nations." Greenwood believes this was Croghan's initiative, as shown by earlier and subsequent events. At
2530-598: The Lake Erie Islands - known in the region collectively as " Vacationland ") is served by a daily newspaper, the Sandusky Register . The Vacationland region–which encompasses Sandusky–has one locally targeted television station, religiously oriented WGGN-TV channel 52. Sandusky's location between Toledo and Cleveland means that the city is also served by stations (albeit at a fringe level) in both of those markets as well. There are 14 local radio stations serving
2640-537: The Montreal Campaign which resulted with the French capitulation to the British. Soon after Croghan accompanied Major Rogers on an expedition to Detroit which was also captured. During 1761 and 1762, Croghan negotiated preliminary treaties with thirteen western tribes on behalf of the British Crown, gaining their acceptance of its assumption of rule in areas ceded by the French. These treaties were formalized in
2750-662: The Underground Railroad , as some would travel across Lake Erie to reach freedom in Canada. Although Ohio was a free state, they felt at risk from slavecatchers because of bonuses offered under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . As depicted in Harriet Beecher Stowe 's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1855), many refugee slaves seeking to get to Canada made their way to Sandusky, where they boarded boats crossing Lake Erie to
2860-768: The 1740s, he helped negotiate new treaties and alliances for the British with Native Americans. Croghan was appointed in 1756 as Deputy Indian Agent with chief responsibility for the Ohio region tribes. He assisted Sir William Johnson , British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, who was based in New York and had strong alliances with the Iroquois. Beginning in the 1740s and following this appointment, Croghan amassed hundreds of thousands of acres of land in today's western Pennsylvania and New York by official grants and from Native American purchases. Beginning in 1754, he
2970-633: The 1760s. Croghan is a corruption and Anglicization of an older native Irish surname Mac Conchruacha Apparently Croghan's father died young and his widowed mother married again, to Thomas Ward. Croghan emigrated as a young man from Dublin, Ireland to the province of Pennsylvania in 1741. His mother and step-father, his half-brother Edward Ward, and cousin Thomas Smallman also emigrated, the men working for him in America. Among relatives remaining in Ireland were
3080-585: The British Fort Sandusky on the south shore of the bay, the American Fort Sandusky (later Fort Stephenson ) upriver at Lower Sandusky (now known as Fremont, Ohio ), as well as the Wyandot Indian village of Upper Sandusky farther upriver. Another, less accepted etymologic version claims that the city's name goes back to a Polish–American trader and frontiersman named Anthony Sadowski ,
3190-579: The Crown after the American Revolutionary War . Brant's sister Molly was a long-term consort of Sir William Johnson , so Croghan was doubly connected to influential British and Mohawk families in the East. Elizabeth Brant, a daughter of Joseph Brant and Catherine ( Adonwentishon ) Crogan, married William Johnson Kerr, a grandson of Sir William Johnson and Molly Brant. Britain's blockade of French ports made
3300-584: The French reached the Forks of the Ohio early that spring, Croghan's half-brother Ensign Edward Ward was in charge of the garrison and forced to surrender. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) in North America, or French and Indian War as this front was known in the colonies, unofficially began in 1754 with the Battle of Jumonville Glen and effectively ended in 1760 with the British capture of Montreal. French forces occupied
3410-697: The French, they encouraged French-allied Native Americans to attack him. The British trader quickly took advantage of wartime conditions, establishing new posts at the Wyandot village of Sandusky and the Miami village of Pickawillany, tribes that had previously traded with the French. His partnership with Trent was temporarily suspended when the latter joined the military to serve in King George's War (1744–48). The two men bought property on Conedogwinet Creek in present-day Cumberland County, Pennsylvania . Croghan developed
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3520-564: The French, who had learned about their culture and with whom they had relations for a long time, they resented the patronizing and insulting treatment by Amherst and his officers. They complained he treated them like slaves and dogs. They joined Pontiac's War to expel the British from their territory. When Indian attacks engulfed Ohio Country in 1763, Croghan was in Philadelphia advising Governor Hamilton on Indian affairs and selling real estate. He galloped to Lancaster where word reached him that his business partner Col. Clapham had been killed in
3630-467: The General's aide, and worked together to save Braddock, with Croghan the more likely leader in the emergency. It was a familiar role, one Croghan assumed on the Pennsylvania frontier a year earlier, and during the almost continuous crises in Ohio Country before and after until 1777. In 1755, friendly Indians again sought refuge at Augwick. Croghan fortified it as Fort Shirley , one of four forts he built on
3740-627: The Indian uprising, set sail on the Britannia. The ship wrecked off the Normandy coast in January 1764. He survived, visiting Normandy historical sites on his journey to Le Havre, where he crossed the Channel to London. While in London, Croghan was described as "the personification of wealth and power." The Lords of Trade declined Croghan's request to transfer his Indian grant of 200,000 acres (810 km ) from
3850-664: The Indians had granted to Croghan at the Forks of the Ohio, they requested that the Crown grant Croghan as much land elsewhere. Sir William Johnson was censured by the Crown for aiding Croghan's private land dealings, and the government refused to ratify these private requests. Facing bankruptcy, Croghan "drew bills payable on Samuel Wharton in London" for thousands of pounds in order to patent his New York land. Crippled with gout and hounded by creditors, Croghan sought refuge in Croghan Forest, which totaled more than 250,000 acres (1,000 km ). Its remote setting did not protect him when
3960-401: The Indians to accompany the survey of borders between the colonies by Mason and Dixon , to settle the borders of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia (now West Virginia). He said of Croghan: "It would be very difficult to manage this business without his assistance." The Indians halted the survey before it was completed, in what was a vain attempt by Croghan to protect his 1749 grant by
4070-570: The Midwestern United States, with warm summers and cold winters. Winters tend to be cold, with an average January high temperature of 32 °F (0 °C), and an average January low temperature of 19 °F (−7 °C), with considerable variation in temperatures. Sandusky averages 23.3 inches (59 cm) of snow per winter. Summers tend to be warm with an average July high temperature of 82 °F (28 °C), and an average July low temperature of 66 °F (19 °C). Summer weather
4180-492: The Northern District. His second wife was a Mohawk woman, Catherine ( Takarihoga ), daughter of Mohawk chief Nickus Peters (Karaghaigdatie). Their daughter Catherine ( Adonwentishon ) Croghan (1759-1837) would assume her mother's hereditary role as head of the Turtle clan. She later was the third wife of Joseph Brant , the prominent Mohawk war leader who led his people during their migration and settlement in Canada on lands granted by
4290-406: The Ohio Confederation in communications to and from Pennsylvania, and authorized him to receive its gifts for the tribes. His biographer Wainwright says this suggests that he organized his own appointment. When the year ended with 21-year-old George Washington making his diplomatic journey to the French at Fort Le Boeuf , Croghan, about 35, had been operating in Ohio Country for twelve years, and
4400-449: The Ohio Confederation to permit Virginia's Ohio Company to build it and settle the region. Late in 1753 Virginia sent George Washington to the Ohio Country, who would eventually end Croghan's influence there. Braddock's Defeat in 1755 and French control of Ohio Country, which they called the Illinois Country, indicating the area of their greater settlement, found Croghan building forts on the Pennsylvania frontier. Following which he manned
4510-654: The Ohio Country Indians. His success in that role should surprise no one. The French attacked pro-British tribes left hanging by the peace without arms and ammunition to defend themselves. Celeron de Bienville led a 1749 expedition to claim the Ohio Valley for France and drive out the English traders; Governor James Hamilton (Pennsylvania) , sent Croghan to Logstown to investigate. Days before Celeron reached Logstown, its chiefs sold Croghan 200,000 acres (810 km ) in
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4620-472: The Ohio Country and expelled or arrested British fur traders. By the end of May, Croghan and Montour were in Winchester, Virginia , where Governor Dinwiddie commissioned them as captains under Col. George Washington. Croghan was to supply flour for the expedition and advise Washington on Indian affairs. Washington alienated his Indian allies during a crucial conference at Gist's plantation and blamed Croghan for
4730-486: The Ohio Indians before a peace was established under a new treaty and as a Crown Indian agent, Croghan was prohibited from engaging in Indian trade. Without the trade and gifts, no peace treaty was possible and Croghan was quick to point out the threat to British rule. Despite Black Boy opposition, Croghan accumulated enough goods to open trade with the Ohio Indians in Pittsburgh; he set off for Illinois Country . His party
4840-418: The Ohio River near its confluence in today's western Pennsylvania, to inform the recently allied tribes of the Ohio Confederation gathered at their capital that Britain had signed a peace treaty with France ending the war. As a result, the English had no more war supplies for them and he distributed gifts instead. Pennsylvania approved Weiser's recommendation that the colony appoint Croghan as its negotiator with
4950-475: The Ohio Valley. These were the languages of the two major nations of Native Americans in the region. Croghan also learned Native American customs, rapidly adopting the practice of exchanging gifts when he met with the people. He established his first trading base and wintered in a mostly Seneca village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River on Lake Erie . (This area later developed as Cleveland, Ohio .) During
5060-646: The Ohio to the Mohawk River valley, refused to compensate traders for war losses, or to permit an Illinois colony. But the Lords agreed to free the Indian Department from military control and to consider moving the Proclamation Line of 1763 , which was intended to prevent westward settlement by British colonists and keep peace with Native Americans, from the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio River. As
5170-547: The Onondaga Council two decades earlier. That these men were members of the tribes they represented cannot be overemphasized in understanding their roles in American history. Early in 1747, Seneca and Wyandot warriors murdered five French traders at the Wyandot village of Sandusky . This was the start of a regional Indian revolt against the French fomented by Croghan. The Wyandot chief Nicholas Orontony led it at first. He
5280-669: The Sandusky/Vacationland market. Music stations include WCPZ 102.7 FM ( hot AC ), WMJK 100.9 FM ( country ), WOHF 92.1 FM ( classic hits ), WFRO-FM 99.1 FM ( AC ), and WLEC 1450 AM / 93.5 FM ( oldies / sports / full service ), all owned by BAS Broadcasting, based in nearby Fremont . WKFM 96.1 FM (country), WLKR-FM 95.3 ( Adult album alternative ) and WLKR 1510 AM / 92.9 FM (classic hits) are all owned by Elyria-Lorain Broadcasting Co., another nearby locally based company. Also in
5390-468: The Senate, the city is represented by Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) and J.D. Vance (R-Ohio). Sandusky Public Schools enroll 3,775 students in public primary and secondary schools. Sandusky City Schools operates six public schools. Sandusky Early Learning Academy, constructed on the grounds of the former Hancock Elementary School, serves Pre-K and Kindergarten students. Sandusky Primary School, constructed on
5500-521: The Seneca for 200,000 acres from being included in Pennsylvania. A hard year for Croghan's Indian diplomacy followed: the Black Boys' pledged in March to kill Croghan on his way to an Indian conference in Pittsburgh, and hostile Lord Hillsborough was appointed in London to the government portfolio for American affairs. Croghan established a quiet retreat at his large parcel of land at Lake Otsego . Its outlet
5610-434: The September 1761 conference at Detroit, which was presided over by Sir William Johnson. Croghan countered Seneca efforts to enlist the western Indians in an anti-British alliance; as he had in 1748, he organized the western groups into a confederacy independent of the Six Nations. General Jeffery Amherst did not understand Native American culture, calling the practice of gift giving foolish, akin to bribery. He considered
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#17328593847055720-557: The Shawnee, when the former Indian agent worked to keep the Delaware and other Indian nations neutral. Seen as a 1765 prelude to the Revolutionary War, Croghan's first shipment of Indian presents and trade goods to Pittsburgh provoked armed rebellion by frontiersmen led by James Smith . Played by John Wayne in Hollywood's 1939 version of the incident, Allegheny Uprising, Smith's hatred of Indians
5830-471: The Six Nations' Onondaga Council. Already on it was William Johnson , the future British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District, Croghan's superior. Their principal French competitor for influence among the Native Americans in the Ohio region was Philippe-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire , son of the French fur trader Louis-Thomas Chabert de Joncaire (1670–1740), another Seneca appointee to
5940-443: The area, excluding 2 square miles (5.2 km ) at the Forks of the Ohio reserved for construction of a British fort.(A map accompanying the text for the first Pennsylvania Croghan historical marker may be found on the Critical Comments page of the ohiocountry.us website). Biographer Wainwright said gaining this huge amount of land was "a momentous event in his [Croghan's] life," a gross understatement of its impact on history, namely
6050-402: The average family size was 2.99. In the city the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 21.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males. The median income for a household in the city
6160-401: The bay, and the general area where the city of "Sandusky" later developed. This practice was also used by French and English settlers in the area. Often in historical documents, the word "Sandusky" is used without clarification as to which specific site or location is being referred to. Historical references to "Sandusky" might mean any one of the following locations, depending also on the date of
6270-608: The brink of Lake Erie, lay there that night, and had no choice but to wait there next day, until a steamboat bound for Buffalo appeared. The town, which was sluggish and uninteresting enough, was something like the back of an English watering-place out of the season. By 1880, Sandusky had risen to a population of 16,000. There were then 20 churches and three newspapers in the community. The city boasted 29 businesses with at least 10 employees. Products being produced included lime, railroad locomotives and cars, carriages, wheels, crayons, chalk, beer, paper, baskets, and tools. By 1886 Sandusky
6380-410: The center of Ohio's wine industry. The presence of limestone was also important in its development. It was also a key location for ice harvesting in the 19th century. Lumber transport, stone quarrying and, in the early 20th century, manufacturing, have all contributed to the city's economic development. Prior to the abolition of slavery in the United States , Sandusky was a stop for refugee slaves on
6490-478: The city had a population of 25,095, and the Sandusky metropolitan area had 115,986 residents. Sandusky was established in the early 19th century and developed as a port city at the head of Sandusky Bay . It is home to Cedar Point , one of the most popular amusement parks in the world, as well as water parks including Cedar Point Shores , Castaway Bay , Great Wolf Lodge , and Kalahari . The headquarters of Cedar Fair Entertainment Company were located in
6600-412: The city in 1842, and briefly wrote of it in his subsequent travelogue, American Notes . Said Dickens, who rode the newly constructed MR&LE railroad from Tiffin : At two o'clock we took the railroad; the travelling-on which was very slow, its construction being indifferent, and the ground wet and marshy; and arrived at Sandusky in time to dine that evening. We put up at a comfortable little hotel on
6710-399: The city of Sandusky, starting in 1818, on the southeast shore of Sandusky Bay, followed settlement of the war of 1812. Part of the city quickly enveloped the site of an earlier small village named Portland (established about 1816). Sandusky was incorporated as a city in 1824. Eventually the city of Sandusky encompassed most of the entire township that had been called Portland. Some of the city
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#17328593847056820-439: The city until it merged with Six Flags , who retains some administrative offices in Sandusky. The accepted etymology is that the name "Sandusky" is derived from the Wyandot word saundustee , meaning "water" or andusti , "cold water." In his 1734 history of New France , Charlevoix transliterated the word as "Chinouski." Sandusky Bay , formed at the mouth of the Sandusky River , is identified as "Lac (Lake) Sandouské" on
6930-599: The city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 27,844 people, 11,851 households, and 7,039 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,770.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,069.7/km ). There were 13,323 housing units at an average density of 1,325.7 units per square mile (511.9 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 74.50% White , 21.08% African American , 0.29% Native American , 0.26% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.97% from other races , and 2.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.09% of
7040-420: The colony tried to protect the natives, but were permitted in Virginia. By 1750 he and Montour were aiding the Virginia Commonwealth, guiding its scout Christopher Gist on a tour of Ohio Indian villages. Croghan had already informed Pennsylvania Governor Hamilton that the Ohio Confederation wanted a British fort at the Forks of the Ohio. During a Logstown conference at the end of May 1751, he formally recorded
7150-415: The conference, a French force led by Charles Langlade made a Raid on Pickawillany , killing a few British traders and 13 Miami, including Old Briton. Early in the spring of 1753, Canada's Governor Duquesne "opened his campaign to drive the English out of the Ohio Valley." That October during a conference held at Carlisle, Pennsylvania , Scarouady officially appointed Croghan as the representative of
7260-487: The cost of maintaining peace with the Indians exorbitant, and cut Indian Department expenses to the bone. By stopping gift giving, he insulted the Native Americans. (Croghan covered some expenses and wrote that he served "the King for nothing"). Amherst also severely limited the gunpowder and lead available to the Indians, thinking it would forestall future uprisings. But the friendly Native Americans needed these supplies to hunt and acquire game for survival, as well as to trade
7370-418: The early years, Croghan's primary business partner was William Trent , also a trader. The son of the founder of Trenton, New Jersey , Trent likely supplied capital to acquire trade goods and set up their business. Croghan married in the 1740s and had a daughter, Susannah Croghan. He later married again, while serving as Deputy Indian agent to Sir William Johnson , British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in
7480-496: The farthest frontier post in present-day New York as Deputy Indian agent under Sir William Johnson , called the "Mohawk Baron" for his extensive landholdings and leadership with the Mohawk and other Iroquois. Croghan briefly lived until 1770 on a quarter of a million New York acres. He resigned as Indian agent in 1771 to establish Vandalia , a fourteenth British colony to include parts of present-day West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and eastern Kentucky, but continued to serve as
7590-431: The few French trade goods reaching Ohio Country prohibitively expensive; this resulted in a bonanza for the Pennsylvania British traders that alarmed the French. They knew that Native American trade and diplomacy were closely linked, and Croghan's activities from his base on the Cuyahoga River threatened French influence among the regional natives. As Croghan expanded his trading network westward toward Detroit , then held by
7700-497: The frontier. In 1756, he relocated to the western edge of the New York frontier, beginning a 15-year career as Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs under Sir William Johnson . Johnson appointed him to deal with the Susquehanna and Allegheny Indians. With Montour at his side and in command of 100 Indians on an overlooking hilltop, Croghan witnessed in July 1758 General James Abercrombie 's calamitous frontal assault on Fort Ticonderoga . Afterward Croghan wrote Johnson that he feared
7810-602: The garrison of seven soldiers under Captain Lewis Ourry. A few weeks later Indians attacked fifteen men mowing Croghan's fields within a mile of the fort, scalping two. Croghan refused Bouquet's order to march with his column when it left Bedford on July 27. Instead on August 2 he set out for Philadelphia to pursue private interests. Denied leave by General Amherst to travel to London, Croghan resigned as Deputy Indian agent, angering Amherst. The general sailed to London on his own business. Croghan, accompanied by two officers recently besieged in Ft. Detroit and recalled to testify about
7920-495: The governing body of the Iroquois, and remained so until he was banished from the frontier in 1777 during the American Revolutionary War. Emigrating from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1741, he had become an important trader by going to the villages of Indigenous Peoples, learning their languages and customs, and working on the frontier where previously mostly French had been trading. During and after King George's War of
8030-440: The grounds of the former Ontario Elementary School, serves 1st and 2nd grade students. Sandusky Intermediate School serves grades 3rd through 6th. Sandusky Middle School, serves grades 7th and 8th, which moved to Sandusky High School after the closing of Adams Junior High (formerly served 7th grade) and Jackson Junior High (formerly served 8th grade). Sandusky High School serves 9th through 12th grade students. Sandusky Digital Academy
8140-662: The head of the military column, likely the first to see that the French had burned Fort Duquesne to prevent it being used by the British. Forbes assigned Croghan and Montour to bring in the regional Delaware warriors for a peace treaty with the British. Still under Col. Henry Bouquet's command early in 1759, Croghan gathered intelligence about the French force at Venango, "700 troops and about 950 Indians." About to overwhelm Pittsburgh in July, these French forces were ordered to relieve Fort Niagara, where they were ambushed and defeated by Sir William Johnson. The following year Croghan took part in
8250-399: The large conference, attended by more than 3100 Iroquois, the Six Nations demanded (on his part) that the Crown recognize these and other pre-treaty sales. They also asked that a grant by them of 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km ) on the Ohio to Trent and his associates be made part of the treaty. Third, they wanted to ensure that should Pennsylvania seize the 200,000 acres (810 km ) which
8360-471: The late 20th century, Battery Park Marina was developed on the original site of the MR&;LE Railroad after restructuring of the industry reduced traffic on the line. The tracks that ran through downtown Sandusky have since been removed. Most of the downtown industrial area is also being redeveloped for other purposes, including mainly marina dockage. The National Arbor Day Foundation has designated Sandusky as
8470-524: The market are WNZN 89.1 FM ( urban gospel ) and WGGN 97.7 FM ( Contemporary Christian - sister station of the aforementioned WGGN-TV). George Croghan George Croghan (c. 1718 – August 31, 1782) was an Irish-born fur trader in the Ohio Country of North America (current United States) who became a key early figure in the region. In 1746 he was appointed to the Onondaga Council ,
8580-453: The months waiting on the Lords dragged by, a planned trip to Ireland to claim the estate of his grandfather, Edmund Croghan, was put aside, significant for showing that Croghan's extreme ethnic pride and possible homesickness were now secondary to his life in America. Upon Croghan's return, Sir William Johnson ordered him to accompany Col. Bouquet's expedition against the Ohio tribes, but furnishing newly purchased Monckton Hall near Philadelphia
8690-565: The otherwise unlikely penetration of Virginia into Ohio Country. Virginia's Ohio Company, which acted on behalf of the Commonwealth, sent agents Col. Thomas Cresap and Hugh Parker into the region, who made overtures to the Miami at Pickawillany. In a November,1749 letter to Pennsylvania's governor, Croghan offered to oppose them. Not long thereafter he learned that his 200,000 acres (810 km ) in Indian grants were against Pennsylvania statutes, as
8800-402: The park has the third-largest collection of roller coasters at 17, behind only Six Flags Magic Mountain . Cedar Point is also the only park in the world to have six roller coasters with heights of over 200 feet (61 m), and numerous Cedar Point roller coasters have set world records, the most notable of these being Magnum XL-200 , Millennium Force , and Top Thrill Dragster each setting
8910-554: The popular village known as Put-in-Bay ), Middle Bass Island and North Bass Island . Themed parties are a common occurrence in the summer season throughout Sandusky and on the neighboring islands, such as "Island Fest", "Rock on the Dock", and "Christmas in July"; thousands of residents and tourists join in the festivities annually. In 2008, the residents of Sandusky hosted their first annual "Barge Party", where boats from as far as Toledo and Cleveland came to dock up their boats together at
9020-408: The population. There were 11,851 households, out of which 28.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.7% were married couples living together, 16.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and
9130-538: The port of Amherstburg in Ontario . Sandusky's original plat was designed by surveyor Hector Kilbourne according to a modified grid plan , known today as the Kilbourne Plat. Kilbourne later became the first Worshipful Master of the first Sandusky Masonic Lodge, known as Science Lodge #50, still in operation on Wayne Street. His design featured a street grid with avenues cutting diagonally to create patterns reminiscent of
9240-731: The record for the tallest full-circuit roller coaster at one point, and GateKeeper having the highest (from ground level) inversion of any roller coaster from 2013 to 2019, and today having the fourth-highest inversion. Cedar Fair operates two water parks in Sandusky: Cedar Point Shores , an outdoor park adjacent to Cedar Point that opened in 1988, and Castaway Bay , an indoor park and resort opened in 2004. Another indoor water park, Great Wolf Lodge , opened in Sandusky in 2001 and features restaurants, arcades, spas, and other children's activities. Kalahari Resorts opened an African safari-themed indoor water park in 2005 that
9350-407: The reference. List of locations, with approximate dates of usage: As of the census of 2010, there were 25,793 people, 11,082 households, and 6,415 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,650.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,023.5/km ). There were 13,386 housing units at an average density of 1,375.7 units per square mile (531.2 units/km ). The racial makeup of the city
9460-707: The region's initial attack, their Sewickley Creek trading post burned along with Croghan Hall near Pittsburgh, and that Fort Pitt was under siege. General Amherst in New York ordered Croghan to Fort Pitt to investigate the causes of the uprising and Col. Bouquet to relieve it with a few hundred men. Croghan provided Bouquet with the latest intelligence from Carlisle. At Shippensburg he helped calm fearful residents by recruiting and arming 25 men to garrison Fort Lyttleton , abandoned in 1759. He also hired locals to carry ammunition and supplies from Fort Loudon to Bedford. He reached Bedford on June 12 and, believing further travel west too dangerous, he fed starving families and bolstered
9570-628: The request and sent Andrew Montour to the Pennsylvania Assembly to confirm it. Montour, however, denied that the Indians wanted a fort, claiming that it was all Croghan's idea. The colony's plans for a fort evaporated as Pennsylvania "defaulted its leadership in the West to Virginia's Ohio Company." Croghan protested and among other things had Montour retract his testimony before the Pennsylvania Assembly, but no one believed it. Evidence of
9680-452: The same time Croghan brought the Miami into an alliance with Great Britain, formalized in a July, 1748 treaty at Lancaster, Pennsylvania . Andrew Montour , a conference interpreter, became Croghan's closest associate until his death in 1772. The other interpreter, Conrad Weiser , had been appointed as British Indian agent for Pennsylvania. Weiser held a conference in August 1748 at Logstown, on
9790-765: The sandbar, just inside Sandusky Bay. The barge party ensues twice every year, typically in late June and late July. Sandusky is home to several museums and historic homes. These include the Cooke-Dorn House historic site which was the home of Eleutheros Cooke , the Follett House Museum which was the home of Oran Follett , the Maritime Museum of Sandusky, the Merry-Go Round Museum, and the Ohio Veterans Home Museum. Sandusky operates under
9900-507: The skins and furs for necessities. Amherst ignored Croghan's intelligence that as a result, an Indian war was imminent. The French had released all claims and trade relations to the British in the Treaty of Paris for all lands from the Allegheny to the Ohio River and Mississippi, most of which had already been sparsely settled by the British. After having achieved relatively amicable relations with
10010-510: The state legislature and Sandusky was designated the county seat. This led to the foundation of a court house and Sandusky becoming a regional government center. In 1846 Sandusky had a population of approximately 3,000 people. At that point Sandusky had two railroads and was also a main focus of lake traffic. The town then consisted of many stores, two printing offices, two machine shops, two banks, six churches, one high school, and several iron furnaces. The English author Charles Dickens visited
10120-582: The subsequent defeat at Fort Necessity . The Half King and Queen Aliquippa took their people to Croghan's plantation on Aughwick Creek , seeking refuge. The Half-King became fatally ill and died that October, followed by the Queen in late December. During the Braddock Expedition in 1755, Croghan, assisted by Montour, led eight Indian scouts, the same group who had been with the Half King at Jumonville Glen
10230-456: The symbols of Freemasonry . On September 17, 1835, Sandusky was the site of groundbreaking for the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad , which brought change to the town. Industrial areas developed near the railroad and goods were transported through the port. The coal docks located west of downtown still use a portion of the original MR&LE right-of-way. In 1838, Erie County, Ohio was formed by
10340-522: The top employers in the city are: Sandusky has a tourism industry led by the Cedar Point amusement park , as well as various water parks and neighboring islands. It is also noted for being the location of the fictional "Callahan Auto Parts" in the 1995 comedy film Tommy Boy . Cedar Point is a 364-acre (147 ha) amusement park located on a peninsula on Lake Erie . America's second-oldest theme park and popularly known as "America's Roller Coast",
10450-415: The treason charge that ended Croghan's career was trumped up by his enemies. Western Pennsylvania became the focal point in August 1749 when Croghan purchased 200,000 acres from the Iroquois, exclusive of two square miles at the Forks of the Ohio for a British fort. Croghan soon learned that his three deeds would be invalidated if part of Pennsylvania, sabotaged that colony's effort to erect the fort, and led
10560-510: The underhanded charade is found in the Native American conference held in June 1752 at Logstown (the Treaty of Logstown ), with Croghan serving on the Indian Council and Andrew Montour acting as translator. The Ohio Confederation gave Virginia's Ohio Company permission to build a fort and settle one hundred families on 500,000 acres (2,000 km ) in today's Western Pennsylvania. Immediately after
10670-401: Was $ 31,133, and the median income for a family was $ 37,749. Males had a median income of $ 31,269 versus $ 21,926 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,111. About 12.2% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.7% of those under age 18 and 10.2% of those age 65 or over. According to Sandusky's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report,
10780-413: Was 70.4% White , 22.0% African American , 0.4% Native American , 0.6% Asian , 1.1% from other races , and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.9% of the population. There were 11,082 households, of which 29.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.9% were married couples living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had
10890-478: Was a center of trading and fortifications since the 18th century: the English, French, and Americans had trading posts and forts built on both the north and south sides of Sandusky Bay. George Croghan was one of the more prominent men who operated in this area in the 18th century. A federal fur trade factory was established in 1808 but was lost at the beginning of the War of 1812 . Development by European Americans of
11000-432: Was a higher priority. He assigned the negotiations to his assistant, Alexander McKee . Col. Bouquet, traveling east after his victorious 1764 Ohio campaign, was outraged to learn in a letter from Croghan to McKee that the Indian Department was now independent of local military control. Further incensed when the report was confirmed, Bouquet called Croghan "illiterate, imprudent [or "impudent," sources vary], and ill bred" in
11110-523: Was a rival of George Washington for influence in Ohio Country and remained far more powerful there for more than 20 additional years. During the American Revolutionary War in 1777, he was falsely accused of treason. He was acquitted the following year but patriot authorities did not allow him back in the Ohio territory. Ohio's recorded history begins with Croghan's actions in the mid-1740s as fur trader, Iroquois sachem, and go-between for Pennsylvania, according to historian Alfred A. Cave . Cave concludes that
11220-538: Was attacked near the mouth of the Wabash River by eighty Kickapoo and Mascouten warriors. Two of Croghan's men and three Indians were killed, Croghan tomahawked, the camp plundered and the survivors marched to Vincennes and eventually Ouiatenon . In a conference on July 13, Croghan reconciled the Ottawa , Piankashaw, Miami, Ouiatenon, Mascouten, and Kickapoo Indians to British rule, a peace confirmed shortly afterward in
11330-408: Was born in Ireland around 1718. The best evidence for Croghan's age is found in the treasonous Filius Gallicae letters, written early in 1756 by an otherwise anonymous author. "France's friend" claimed to be nearly 38 years old, among other self-descriptions that pointed to Croghan, but a secret British investigation exposed the fraud. Croghan testified to his Irish origins in meetings in London in
11440-417: Was built on land formerly occupied by a Native American man named Ogontz, and therefore the city is said to have been built on "Ogontz' place". Sandusky's rise in the 19th century was heavily influenced by its location at the head of Sandusky Bay. This made it a key point both for the movement of goods and for the movement of people. The mild climate caused by its proximity to Lake Erie also caused it to become
11550-465: Was followed by Memeskia (or "Old Briton" as Croghan named him), known by the French as La Demoiselle , who was a Piankeshaw Miami chief. Unsuccessful in driving out the French, the participating bands became more closely aligned with the British. Reports claimed that Croghan had encouraged the uprising so that the Natives would trade with him and not the French. Old Briton relocated to Pickawillany on
11660-540: Was long standing. At nineteen, as a captive in Fort Duquesne, Smith was traumatized by the screams of Braddock's captured soldiers being slowly tortured to death by Indian allies of the French. There were two justifications for leading the Black Boys in the attack on the British convoy, burning most of Croghan's gifts, and threatening his life if he ever returned to Cumberland County. Pennsylvania had proscribed trade with
11770-682: Was the center of wood wheel manufacture in the United States. It was also the location of the Ohio State Fish hatchery and the Ohio Soldiers and Sailor's Home. The city developed as a center of paper-making. With a mill in the industrial area near the lake, the Hinde & Dauch Paper Company was the largest employer in the city in the early 1900s. As the 20th century progressed, the economy of Sandusky came to focus mainly on tourism and fishing. Since
11880-430: Was the largest of its kind at one time. Its hotel is the largest in the state of Ohio . The resort also features an 215,000-square-foot (20,000 m ) convention center. May through August every year, Sandusky residents and incoming tourists flock to the neighboring islands north of the city, with many transportation options leaving right from downtown. The islands include Kelleys Island , South Bass Island (host of
11990-463: Was the leading figure among its British traders, Native American tribes and bands, and colonial agents. Soon after Washington returned from delivering Virginia Governor Dinwiddie 's summons to the French, Croghan was in Ohio Country gathering intelligence for Pennsylvania, helping to build the Ohio Company stockade commanded by William Trent , and supplying the Indians with food, rum, and weapons. When
12100-575: Was to set up a post at a site for their own convenience, generally at a major crossroads, and wait for Native Americans to come to them. Croghan learned at least two Native languages, Delaware (an Algonquian language common to the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic region) and probably Seneca (an Iroquoian language spoken by the westernmost Seneca nation of the Iroquois), whose territory extended into what colonists called Pennsylvania. They also had hunting grounds in
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