51-1080: Samuel Brown may refer to: Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer) (1776–1852), English pioneer suspension bridge engineer and inventor Samuel Brown (engineer) (1799–1849), English inventor of early internal combustion engine Samuel Brown (Wisconsin politician) (1804–1874), American pioneer and politician in Milwaukee, Wisconsin Samuel Robbins Brown (1810–1880), American missionary to China Samuel Gilman Brown (1813–1885), American educator Samuel Morison Brown (1817–1856), Scottish chemist, poet and essayist Samuel S. Brown (1842–1905), American businessman, racehorse owner/breeder, racetrack owner Samuel Brown (mayor) (1845–1909), mayor of Wellington, New Zealand Samuel McConnell Brown (1865–1923), Australian politician Samuel Brown (Alberta politician) (1872–1962), provincial politician from Alberta, Canada Samuel Ashley Brown (1923–2011), English professor at
102-563: A whodunit by Dorothy L. Sayers , initially published in the US as Suspicious Characters , sees Lord Peter Wimsey , on holiday in Kirkcudbright , investigating the death of an artist living at Gatehouse of Fleet ; the book contains some remarkable descriptions of the countryside. S R Crockett , a bestselling writer of historical romances active before the First World War, set several novels in
153-523: A church or monastery at Whithorn , Wigtownshire , which remained an important place of pilgrimage until the Reformation . A Brythonic speaking kingdom dominated Galloway until the late 7th century when it was absorbed by the English kingdom of Bernicia . English prevalence was supplanted by Britons and Norse-Gaelic ( Gall-Ghàidheal ) peoples between the 9th and the 11th century. This can be seen in
204-524: A copy of the Wycliffe Bible was circulating in Galloway around 1520, and secret groups (proto-conventicles) gathered to hear a man named Alexander Gordon preach from it. With the end of the monasteries, the large ecclesiastical landholdings created under the medieval Lordship of Galloway were broken up amongst hundreds of small landowners. In the case of Dundrennan Abbey , much of the abbey's lands came into
255-569: A crannog, the Black Loch of Myrton site was later recharacterized as a "lochside village". Promontory forts are highly topographically-defined sites, which in Galloway generally occupy coastal promontories overlooking the Solway Firth. Investigation of one such site at Carghidown revealed a "sporadically occupied refuge" according to Toolis, who also notes that "hardly any promontory forts occupy strongly defensive locations or have immediate access to
306-473: A gradual incorporation of Galloway into Scotland. Scotland's legal system was administered as a system of three provinces, each with a justiciar (high official). The Justiciar of Galloway was one of these, along with justiciars for Lothian and "Scotia" (lands north of the Forth and Clyde). Additionally, Whithorn remained an important cultural centre; medieval kings of Scots made pilgrimages there. Folklore holds that
357-623: A higher tensile strength for his iron chains. One of his homes was close to the Brighton project, at 48 Marine Parade, now known as Chain Pier House. In 1827, Brown purchased Netherbyres, a country house near Eyemouth in Berwickshire , south-east Scotland. He had the existing house demolished and a new house built (c.1836), which he later sold on 5 March 1852, days before his death. On 14 August 1822 Brown married Mary Horne from Edinburgh. Brown
408-692: A larger works (a nail works previously operated by William Crawshay Brown), establishing the Newbridge Chain & Anchor Works (Pontypridd) at Ynysangharad, beside the Glamorganshire Canal , in Pontypridd , south Wales , close to large reserves of iron and coal . His firm went on to supply all the chain to the Royal Navy until 1916, and made the chains for Brunel 's SS Great Eastern , famously photographed by Robert Howlett . He took out
459-560: A mixture of dairy-focused pastoral transhumance and intensive agriculture, with pockets of arable land being intensively cultivated by some peasants, while others migrated between upland and lowland pastures with their herds. Landowners such as Sir John Murray, the earl of Annandale , received large land grants in Ulster which were only suitable for pasture. In order for their tenants in Ireland to pay rent, an export market had to be created, which
510-593: A number of Iron Age and Roman period sites indicate the Scottish Southern Uplands as a possible ore source for the lead material, though it is unclear how early extraction of lead could have taken place in Galloway specifically. Metallurgical testing done on three lead beads recovered from the Carghidown site (dated to c. 360 BC–AD 60 ) indicated a closer affinity to the Southern Uplands than to
561-553: A patent for chain-making in 1816, and patented wrought iron chain links suitable for a suspension bridge in 1817. In the same year, others built Dryburgh Bridge , the first chain-supported bridge in Britain. Brown had been experimenting with a chain-supported suspension bridge already, building a 32m span test structure in 1813. "When he was thinking about how to build a bridge across the River Tweed, Sir Samuel Brown stopped while observing
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#1732851537823612-638: A period of Scottish allegiance, a Galloway contingent followed David, King of Scots , in his invasion of England and led the attack in his defeat at the Battle of the Standard (1138). Alan died in 1234, leaving three daughters and an illegitimate son, Thomas ( Tomás mac Ailein ). Alexander II of Scotland , Galloway's suzerain, planned to divide Galloway between Alan's three daughters and their husbands (all Norman noblemen) and to exclude Thomas under Norman feudal law. However, Thomas considered himself Alan's heir under
663-667: A region in southwestern Scotland comprising the historic counties of Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire . It is administered as part of the council area of Dumfries and Galloway . Galloway is bounded by sea to the west and south, the Galloway Hills to the north, and the River Nith to the east; the border between Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire is marked by the River Cree . The definition has, however, fluctuated greatly in size over history. A native or inhabitant of Galloway
714-803: A sample from the Isle of Man . The area around Whithorn, containing both the Carghidown and Rispain Camp sites, appears to have become a local power centre. The Carghidown site is located only a short distance to the east along the coast from St Ninian's Cave , while the Rispain Camp site is several miles inland. Following the start of the Roman conquest of Britain , the Roman general Gnaeus Julius Agricola campaigned northward, reaching Scotland around AD 79. A possible comment about "trackless wastes" may have referred to Galloway, but this
765-634: A spider's web. Right at this time he discovered the suspension bridge." —Charles Bender, 1868. Brown was also invited to participate in abortive proposals for a suspension bridge at Runcorn . In September 1818, he submitted drawings for Union Bridge over the River Tweed , which was completed in 1820 and survives. Brown went on to build several further chain bridges, as well as the Trinity Chain Pier in Newhaven, Edinburgh (opened in 1821 and destroyed in
816-633: A steam tanker See also [ edit ] Samuel Browne (disambiguation) Sam Brown (disambiguation) Sam Browne (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Samuel Brown . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Brown&oldid=1248669326 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
867-483: A storm in 1898) and the Chain Pier at Brighton (1823–1896). Most of his designs used an unstiffened bridge deck, before it became clear that this form was vulnerable to wind forces and unstable under concentrated loads . His designs were reviewed by eminent engineers including John Rennie and Thomas Telford , and generally approved. Brown's designs were significantly less conservative than his contemporaries, adopting
918-644: Is called a Gallovidian. The region takes its name from the Gall-Gàidheil , or "stranger Gaels", a people of mixed Gaelic and Norse descent who seem to have settled here in the 10th century. Unlike other regions of the Scottish Lowlands , Galloway remained a Gàidhealtachd area for much longer and a distinct local dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language survived into at least the 18th-century. A hardy breed of black, hornless cattle named Galloway cattle
969-547: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Samuel Brown (Royal Navy officer) Captain Sir Samuel Brown of Netherbyres KH FRSE (1776 – 13 March 1852) was an early pioneer of chain design and manufacture and of suspension bridge design and construction. He is best known for the Union Bridge of 1820, the first vehicular suspension bridge in Britain. Brown
1020-604: Is native to the region, in addition to the more distinctive Belted Galloway or "Beltie". Galloway comprises the part of Scotland lying southwards from the Southern Upland watershed and westward from the River Nith . Traditionally it has been described as stretching from "the braes of Glenapp to the Nith". The valleys of three rivers, the Urr Water , the Water of Ken and River Dee , and
1071-634: Is thought that the Iron Age inhabitants of the Barsalloch Fort site were the Novantae people. The Rispain Camp site is also associated with the Novantae. In the west, the city of Rerigonium (literally 'very royal place'), shown on Ptolemy 's map of the world, is a strong contender for the site of Pen Rhionydd , referred to in the Welsh Triads as one of the 'three thrones of Britain' associated with
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#17328515378231122-663: Is unclear. The source of this comment is the version of Tacitus' Agricola which is contained in the Codex Aesinas . The Codex Aesinas is a composite work produced in the 15th century, which is based on a now-lost 9th century work, the Codex Hersfeldensis , which contained portions of the Agricola . The interpretation of "trackless wastes" is based on material thought to derive from the 9th century codex, with an original Latin in avia primum transgressus ("first crossing into
1173-686: The Church of Scotland , ultimately triggered the Presbyterian backlash of the 17th-century Bishops' Wars , which saw the appearance of the Covenanters as a religious, political, and military force. The Covenanters began as participants in conventicles , which, similarly to the use of Mass stones by the equally illegal Catholic Church in Scotland , were unsanctioned secret religious services that took place outdoors, in barns, or in granaries. The Covenanter movement
1224-527: The Highlands . This area is known as the Galloway Hills . Historically Galloway has been known both for horses and for cattle rearing, and milk and beef production are both still major industries. There is also substantial timber production and some fisheries . The combination of hills and high rainfall make Galloway ideal for hydroelectric power production, and the Galloway Hydro Power scheme
1275-539: The Cree, all running north–south, provide much of the good arable land , although there is also some arable land on the coast. Generally however the landscape is rugged and much of the soil is shallow. The generally south slope and southern coast make for mild and wet climate, and there is a great deal of good pasture. The northern part of Galloway is exceedingly rugged and forms the largest remaining wilderness in Britain south of
1326-468: The Gaelic system of tanistry . In the ensuing Galloway revolt of 1234–1235 , an army of Galwegian rebels ambushed Alexander's royal army and nearly inflicted a defeat before relief forces arrived to support the king. The rebels retreated to Ireland, and Alexander left Walter Comyn, Lord of Badenoch to subdue Galloway; Comyn sacked its abbeys before fleeing when faced with the return of the rebels. The rebellion
1377-656: The Grim , Earl of Douglas . In 1369, he received the part of Galloway east of the River Cree , where he appointed a steward to administer the area, which became known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright . The following year, he acquired the part of Galloway west of the Cree, which continued to be administered by the king's sheriff, and so became known as the Shire of Wigtown . The two parts of Galloway thereafter were administered separately, becoming separate counties . The High Medieval period saw
1428-660: The Neolithic; these include the Drumtroddan standing stones , the Torhousekie stone circle , and the Cairnholy chambered cairn. There is also evidence of one of the earliest pit-fall traps in Europe which was discovered near Glenluce , Wigtownshire . The Iron Age is where prehistoric archaeological remains and recorded history overlap for Galloway. Galloway's Iron Age sites are similar to
1479-496: The University of South Carolina Samuel Brown (Oregon politician) (1821–1886), American pioneer and politician Samuel Lombard Brown (1858–1939), Irish politician and barrister Samuel Brown (cricketer) (1857–1938), English cricketer Samuel J. Brown (1917–1990), United States Air Forces fighter pilot Samuel Joseph Brown Jr. (1907–1994), African American watercolorist, printmaker, and educator SS Samuel Q. Brown ,
1530-507: The candidates for the Scottish Crown. Consequently, Scotland's Wars of Independence were disproportionately fought in Galloway. There were a large number of new Gaelic placenames being coined post 1320 (e.g. Balmaclellan ), because Galloway retained a substantial Gaelic speaking population for several centuries more. Following the Wars of Independence, Galloway became the fief of Archibald
1581-543: The century after Agricola's campaign, Ptolemy's work is a Roman perspective on Britain following the conquest, and not necessarily a reflection of pre-Roman social or ethnic groups. Ptolemy listed two peoples as inhabitants of the area around Galloway: the Novantae in the west (associated with Wigtownshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and southern Ayrshire) and the Selgovae in the east (primarily associated with modern-day Dumfriesshire). It
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1632-757: The context of both the vacuum left by Northumbria being filled by the resurgent Cumbric Britons and the influx of the Norse into the Irish Sea , including settlement in the Isle of Man and in the now English region of western Cumbria immediately south of Galloway. If it had not been for Fergus of Galloway who established himself in Galloway in the mid-twelfth century, the region would rapidly have been absorbed by Scotland. This did not happen because Fergus, his sons, grandsons and great-grandson Alan, Lord of Galloway , shifted their allegiance between Scottish and English kings. During
1683-457: The discovery of such sites eliciting antiquarian interest. For example, the Black Loch of Myrton site (which likely dates to around the 5th century BC) was discovered due to loch-draining activities in the area of the Maxwell family estate during the 19th century. The site received the attention of a local antiquarian, Sir Herbert Maxwell , who conducted a basic excavation. Initially thought to be
1734-485: The hands of the family of its last abbot, Edward Maxwell. Following the death of the pre-Reformation Bishop of Galloway in 1575, there were disputes over who would be bishop, and the see was vacant for a considerable period of time in the late 16th century due to opposition to episcopal polity by the Presbyterian faction within the Church of Scotland . The Anglo-Scottish Union of the Crowns took place in 1603, leading to
1785-650: The last recorded speaker. In modern times, Stranraer was a major ferry port, but the company have now moved to Cairnryan . Galloway has been the setting of a number of novels, including Walter Scott 's Guy Mannering . Other novels include the historical fiction trilogy by Liz Curtis Higgs, Thorn in My Heart , Fair is the Rose , and Whence Came a Prince . Richard Hannay flees London to lie low in Galloway in John Buchan 's novel The Thirty-nine Steps . Five Red Herrings ,
1836-416: The legendary King Arthur , and may also have been the caput of the sub-Roman Brythonic kingdom of Rheged . Rerigonium 's exact position is uncertain except that it was 'on Loch Ryan ', close to modern day Stranraer ; it is possible that it is the modern settlement of Dunragit ( Dun Rheged ). According to tradition, before the end of Roman rule in Britain , St. Ninian established
1887-724: The next 100 years. By 1811, he was promoted to commander (in 1842 he accepted the rank of retired captain), and his chains were introduced to hold ships' anchors . He retired from the Navy in May 1812. Just four years later, the Royal Navy standardized on iron chain instead of hemp for all new vessels of war. He established a company (known as Samuel Brown & Co and also Brown Lenox & Co ) with his cousin Samuel Lenox, based initially at Millwall in east London from 1812 and then, from 1816 at
1938-407: The relatively low occurrence of rotary querns at sites in the area. Roughly contemporary with the Rispain Camp site, a cluster of roundhouses at Dunragit (dating to the early centuries AD) was revealed to contain examples of native (i.e. non-Roman) pottery. Certain households in Galloway seem to have taken social prominence later in the Iron Age. Lead items appear; isotope analysis of goods at
1989-479: The rest of Scotland. Its distinctive type sites consist of crannogs , promontory forts, and duns . Galloway has a preponderance of crannog-type sites compared to certain other regions of Scotland. This is due largely to the region's geography favouring lochs (or now-former lochs), as well as a bias toward higher survival rates of undisturbed sites available for archaeological investigation due to loch-draining taking place later in Galloway than in other regions, with
2040-487: The sea." While many surviving sites represent sporadically-occupied locations or individual households, there are also examples of multiple-household settlements. One of these is the Rispain Camp site near Whithorn, which contained a form of bread wheat unique amongst Iron Age sites in Galloway. This is a possible indication that Rispain Camp had different agricultural practices than elsewhere in Galloway, especially given
2091-655: The supremacy of the Stuart dynasty in Britain and Ireland. James , the Stuart monarch of both Scotland and England, heavily policed the activities of the riding clans of the nearby Scottish Borders , leading to a large number of Borderers emigrating or being transported to Ireland or to the American colonies. The Plantation of Ulster began around this time. Attempts beginning under James VI to enforce Caesaropapism , episcopal polity , high church Anglicanism , and Laudianism within
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2142-538: The trackless wastes") having been corrupted into annonave prima transgressus , which is grammatically incorrect in Latin. The interpretation that this passage refers to Galloway is based on contextual information, as the work later refers to "the part of Britain that faces Ireland", which is seen as referring to southwestern Scotland. In the 2nd century, the Alexandrian geographer Ptolemy produced his Geographia , which
2193-713: The year 1667. It was in this year that the importation of Irish cattle to England was banned. However, the importation of Scottish cattle was not banned; this created a new opportunity for Galloway landowners to profit from illicit Irish cattle. By this time, a number of prominent individuals associated with the Stuart monarchy held lands in both Galloway and in Ulster, facilitating the illicit trade, which "may have been tolerated for political reasons". Many of these landowners were also Episcopalians . Galwegian Gaelic seems to have lasted longer than Gaelic in other parts of Lowland Scotland , and Margaret McMurray (d. 1760) of Carrick (outside modern Galloway) appears to have been
2244-687: Was appointed to HMS Imperieuse , followed by periods of service aboard HMS Flore and HMS Ulysses . During his service, he carried out tests on wrought iron chain cables, using them as rigging for HMS Penelope in 1806 on a voyage to the West Indies . This so impressed the Admiralty that on his return in 1808 it immediately ordered four vessels of war to be fitted with chain cables. In 1808 Brown took out patents for twisted open chain links, joining shackles and swivels. His shackle and swivel designs were scarcely improved on for
2295-461: Was begun in 1929. Since then, electricity generation has been a significant industry. More recently wind turbines have been installed at a number of locations on the watershed, and a large offshore wind-power plant is planned, increasing Galloway's 'green energy' production. It is thought that aspects of the Barsalloch Fort site in Galloway date to the Mesolithic period . A number of sites date to
2346-592: Was born in London, the son of William Brown of Borland, Galloway , Scotland and Charlotte Hogg. He joined the Royal Navy in 1795, serving initially on the Newfoundland and North Sea stations. He served as lieutenant on HMS Royal Sovereign (1803) and in 1805 joined HMS Phoenix as first lieutenant. During his service on Phoenix he took part in the capture of the French frigate Didon . The following year he
2397-401: Was elected a member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 7 February 1831. In 1838, Brown was knighted by Queen Victoria . He died, aged 75, at Vanbrugh Lodge, Blackheath, London on 13 March 1852 and was buried at West Norwood Cemetery . Galloway Galloway ( Scottish Gaelic : Gall-Ghàidhealaibh [ˈkal̪ˠaɣəl̪ˠu] ; Scots : Gallowa ; Latin : Gallovidia ) is
2448-440: Was eventually ended with the return of royal forces. The result was a partition of Galloway, serving to fragment it administratively, though some ecclesiastical (the bishopric) and judicial (the office of Justiciar of Galloway ) offices survived further into the High Medieval period and beyond. Alan's eldest daughter, Derbhorgail (Latinized as Dervorguilla), married John de Balliol , and their son (also John ) became one of
2499-401: Was particularly popular in the southwest of Scotland. Covenanters had skirmishes with government troops in Galloway, some of which featured the "Galloway flail", a variant of the agriculturally-derived melee weapon . Galloway's agricultural economy was indirectly affected by the 17th-century Plantation of Ulster. Peasants in Galloway had, dating back to the Middle Ages, traditionally practiced
2550-417: Was soon sanctioned by the Scottish Privy Council, for Irish cattle to be exported to England via Galloway. Some landowners used the cattle trade in the 17th century as a way to grow their landholdings, as the system of a large number of small landholders began to consolidate into larger estates. The Irish cattle trade increased until up to 10,000 head of cattle per year were being exported through this route in
2601-416: Was written c. AD 150 . This work included Britain. No surviving copies of the Geographia exist which are older than the 13th century, creating the possibility that details may have been lost or distorted. Ptolemy credited much of his work to a now-lost atlas by Marinus of Tyre , a previous geographer whose work is thought to have been created around AD 114. Though it would have been written within
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