The Sammarinese Communist Party ( Italian : Partito Comunista Sammarinese , abbreviated PCS ) was a Marxist political party in the small European republic of San Marino . It was founded in 1921 as a section of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI). The organization existed for its first two decades as an underground political organization.
20-512: Between 1945 and the spring of 1957 the PCS governed the country in coalition with the Sammarinese Socialist Party (PSS). The communist-socialist coalition lost power in the events known as Fatti di Rovereta . The PCS returned to membership in a governing parliamentary coalition in 1978, with its adherents remaining as part of the leadership group until 1992. In 1991, with the fall of
40-469: A 10-member Executive Committee from its ranks to handle daily party governance. The General Secretary of the organization from its 1940 reformation until the early 1970s was Ermenegildo Gasperoni. In 1973, Gasperoni was moved into the more ceremonial role of party chairman, with Umberto Barulli (1921–1993) taking the helm as General Secretary. Barulli was replaced in turn as General Secretary by Gilberto Ghiotti in 1984, with Ghiotti remaining in power until
60-718: A 1978 interview, he said that San Marino ought to stop 'living as a parasite on Italy'. Barulli represented the Sammarinese Communist Party at different international events. He represented the Sammarinese communists as a guest of honour at the tenth anniversary jubilee celebrations of the People's Republic of China in 1959. Barulli visited the 25th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1976, and gave
80-623: A 1986 corruption scandal shattered the Socialists, with the Communists remaining in government through an unlikely coalition with the center-right Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) until 1992. At the national election held on May 29, 1988, the PCS garnered 28.7% of the votes cast, winning 18 of 60 seats on the General Council. The PCS was governed by a 17-member Central Committee, elected at periodic party congresses. This body selected
100-510: A Communist Party as a participant in a governing coalition. A scheduled election held on May 29, 1983 saw the PCs receiving 24.3% of the vote cast for the General Council (parliament), thereby electing 15 Communists to the body. These were joined by 9 Socialists, and 8 members of the SUP — a total of 32 of the 60 seats as part of a new Communist-Socialist unity government. This government remained in power until
120-477: A recognized independent member of the international communist movement, sending delegations to international conferences in 1957, 1959, and 1960 and to the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in October 1961. With the split of the world communist movement into pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese factions during the 1960s, the PCS remained firmly pro-Soviet. In national elections held on September 8, 1974 ,
140-616: A speech at the event. During a visit to the Soviet Union in January 1983, Barulli and the Sammarinese Communist Party chairman Ermenegildo Gasperoni were awarded with the Order of Friendship of Peoples at a ceremony in the Kremlin . Barulli served as one of the two Captains Regent (i.e. the head of state of San Marino) for one term between April and September 1988, along with Rosolino Martelli . At
160-584: A split of communist hard-liners who formed the Sammarinese Communist Refoundation (RCS). With the renaming of the organization at the 12th Party Congress of April 1990, the name of the official organ was changed from La Scintilla to Progresso . The party's former hammer-and-sickle logo was dropped at this time, replaced by a drawing of a dove by Pablo Picasso . Sammarinese Socialist Party The Sammarinese Socialist Party ( Italian : Partito Socialista Sammarinese , PSS)
180-752: The Sammarinese Communist Party , Barulli served as head of state of San Marino in 1988. Prior to his political career, Barulli worked at the Ansaldo factory in Genoa , Italy . Barulli was the general secretary of the Sammarinese Communist Party between 1973 and 1984. Prior to his appointment as party general secretary, he served as deputy general secretary. As a leader of the Communist Party, Barulli advocated for Sammarinese economic self-sufficiency, arguing that dependency on tourism would be reduced whilst industries and agricultural sectors would be developed. In
200-472: The Soviet Union , the PCS formally renounced communism and relaunched itself Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS). San Marino is a European microstate , considered the third smallest in Europe with an area of just 61 square kilometers (24 square miles). Despite its small size and tiny population, the tiny nation — wholly surrounded by Italy — was the home of a communist political party from 1921,
220-563: The Communist Party of San Marino, (Partito Communista di San Marino) , or PCS. The organization was established as a section of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI). The party's first two decades were spent in the political underground, as San Marino was dominated — as was Italy — by the fascist movement in the form of the Sammarinese Fascist Party , which held all 60 of the seats in the country's unicameral parliament from
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#1732848024312240-634: The PCS received 3,246 votes (23% of those cast) and won 16 seats to the Great and General Council — a gain of 1 seat from the previous election, held in 1969. In 1978 the PCS returned to government as part of a coalition with the Socialist Party and a new organization formed three years earlier, the Unitary Socialist Party (PSU). This made San Marino in 1978 the only country in Western Europe with
260-641: The PCS was the newspaper La Scintilla , a publication which was not produced on a regular chronological basis. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, in parallel to the transformation of PCI into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS) in Italy, the PCS formally renounced communism and remade itself as the Sammarinese Democratic Progressive Party (PPDS). This change was followed by
280-492: The coalition lost its majority when a socialist deputy crossed over to the opposition, reducing the number of pro-coalition deputies to 29. The tenure of the assembly ended on October 1, 1957, placing the government in constitutional limbo. The Christian Democratic deputies refused to attend session; instead, they occupied a factory in Rovereta and set up a provisional government there. The Italian and U.S. government pledged support to
300-595: The election of 1923 until the end of the Second World War in 1945. The party was refounded in 1940 under the leadership of Ermenegildo Gasperoni (1906–1994). The PCS was a governing party of San Marino in coalition with the Socialist Party of San Marino (PSSM) from 1945 until March 1957. Following events in the Eastern Bloc in 1956, some of the socialist deputies abandoned the coalition. On September 18, 1957,
320-547: The end of the party in 1990. The PCS was the chief sponsor of two subsidiary organizations, the Federation of Communist Women of San Marino and the Communist Youth Federation of San Marino. Party membership in 1965 was estimated at 960 out of a total national population of about 17,000. In 1976 total membership was estimated by another scholar at about 300 from a national population of 19,000. The official organ of
340-576: The junior partner in a coalition with the PDCS until 2005, when it merged with the post-communist Party of Democrats to form a united social-democratic party, the Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD). This led to the split of the centrist wing of the party which formed the New Socialist Party (NPS). Umberto Barulli Umberto Barulli (1921 – 1993 ) was a Sammarinese politician. A leader of
360-694: The moderates of the party to split and form the Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party (PSDIS) in 1957. Later the PSS distanced itself from the PCS and entered in coalition with the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party (PDCS) and PSDIS, which was re-united with the PSS in the early 1990s. In the 2001 general election the PSS won 24.2% and 15 seats of 60 in the Grand and General Council and governed as
380-589: The provisional government, whilst the communist-socialist coalition (with support of Italian communists) sought to resist the attempt to establish a provisional government. After the failed attempt at a coup in 1957, the PCS remained an opposition party in San Marino, excluded from the government coalition. The new non-communist government won reelection in September 1959, with the PCS's parliamentary delegation falling to 16 members, joined by 8 Socialists. The PCS remained
400-625: Was a socialist and, later, social-democratic political party in San Marino . Its Italian counterpart was the Italian Socialist Party and its international affiliation was with the Socialist International . There was a previous party of the same name existing from 1892 until 1926 when it was banned during Fascist rule. In the 1940s and 1950s the party was closely linked to the Sammarinese Communist Party (PCS) and this led
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