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22-577: The party was founded on 10 August 1922 and led by Giuliano Gozi , a Sammarinese World War I veteran who volunteered in the Royal Italian Army . The Sammarinese party was modelled directly on the National Fascist Party of the surrounding Kingdom of Italy . Gozi came from a distinguished family and held the posts of Secretary for Foreign Affairs (in San Marino, the foreign secretary leads

44-407: A Sammarinese politician is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gold Medal of Military Valor The Gold Medal of Military Valor ( Italian : Medaglia d'oro al valor militare ) is an Italian medal established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia for deeds of outstanding gallantry in war by junior officers and soldiers. The face of the medal displayed

66-510: A country of mostly farmers into one of factory workers. In April 1923, Gozi was elected as the first Fascist Captain Regent . After the October elections, both Captains-Regent were Fascists and remained so in subsequent elections for the next two decades as all other political parties were banned in 1926 effectively making San Marino a one-party state . However, independent politicians continued to form

88-558: A majority in the Grand and General Council until 1932. In addition, the party was split between Gozi's faction and Ezio Balducci 's faction, forcing them to look to the Italian party for guidance and mediation. In 1932, Balducci's faction started a rival newspaper, La Voce del Titano . The next year he was accused of plotting a coup and arrested by Italian authorities after fleeing to Rome . Balducci and other alleged conspirators were purged from

110-618: The Allied Victory Medal . The Sammarinese Grand and General Council appointed Gozi as Secretary for Foreign Affairs . He was effectively the leader of San Marino until he left this post in 1943. On 10 August 1922 Gozi founded the Sammarinese Fascist Party , and by the time of the 1923 general election , the party had become the sole legal party. In 1939 he signed the Convention of friendship and good neighborliness with

132-637: The Battle of Mondovì . Although at the time the Medal was exclusively awarded for personal bravery, King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia ordered the regiment's standard to be decorated with two medals for saving his army from Napoleon 's attack. Until 1859, when the rules for awarding the Gold Medal were expanded to include cities and military units, only the "Cuneo" Brigade was awarded a Special Gold Medal of Military Valor by King Charles Felix of Sardinia for suppressing

154-731: The First Italian War of Independence . Vicenza is also the only city to be awarded the medal twice: the second time for its participation in the Italian resistance movement during World War II . The latest city to be awarded was Varzi for the creation and defence of the Partisan Republic of Alto Tortonese between September and December 1944. Examples: A full list of regions, provinces and cities, which were awarded for their bravery can be found at it:Città decorate al valor militare per la guerra di liberazione . The University of Padua

176-711: The Revolution of 1821 . The first unit to be awarded the Gold Medal after 1859 was the French Imperial 3rd Zouaves Regiment for its conduct in the Battle of Palestro . The latest unit awarded the Gold Medal was the Jewish Brigade in 2017 for the brigade's service during the Italian Campaign of World War II . The following list contains only the military units, which were awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor twice. In total 112 gold medals were awarded to units of

198-700: The University of Bologna 1914–1915. When Italy entered World War I in 1915, he joined the Royal Italian Army . In November 1915 he was deployed as a member of the Alpini to the front in the Valle del Boite and on the Tofane , where he obtained the Bronze Medal of Military Valor . In 1916 he was promoted to lieutenant . He was involved in the suppression of anti-war riots in Turin in

220-525: The king of Italy , Victor Emmanuel III , which remains in force to the present day. On 17 September 1942, four years after the Italians had enacted the Italian racial laws of 1938, Gozi issued racial law n.33, which prohibited marriage between Sammarinese and foreigners or Jews; marriages with non-Jewish Italians were still permitted. A previous Giuliano Gozi was also Captain Regent of San Marino for 9 terms between 1768 and 1796. This article about

242-462: The Bloc [REDACTED] Media related to Partito Fascista Sammarinese at Wikimedia Commons Giuliano Gozi Giuliano Gozi (7 August 1894 – 18 January 1955) was Secretary for Foreign Affairs and de facto Fascist leader of San Marino from 1918 until 1943. He also held the role of Captain-Regent of San Marino 5 times between 1923 and 1942. Gozi obtained a bachelor's degree in law at

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264-528: The Italian army: 105 to regiments and 7 to battalions. The 4th Alpini Regiment currently also displays two Gold Medals of Military Valor on its flag, however the two medals were awarded to the regiment's Alpini Battalion "Aosta" , and the Alpini Skiers Battalion "Monte Cervino" . The first geographic entity to be awarded a Gold Medal of Military Valor was the city of Vicenza in 1866 for its five days long resistance to Austrian assaults during

286-674: The cabinet) and Secretary for the Interior; these two offices gave him control of the military and police . From the beginning, the party used violence and intimidation against opponents such as the Socialists . Its party newspaper was the Il Popolo Sammarinese , modelled after the Il Popolo d'Italia . In terms of policy and ideology, the party was not innovative and stuck closely to Italian Fascism . They pursued industrialization which turned

308-566: The medal, with a Gladius replacing the arms of Savoy, for members of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano from 1943 to 1945. This version of the award was not given recognition by the postwar Italian government. The Gold Medal for Military Valor is still awarded by the Italian state, and it, along with Silver and bronze medals for Military Valor as well as the War Cross of Military Valor (which can only be awarded in time of war)

330-431: The party and tried and sentenced to hard labour in 1934 by a special court but the punishment was never carried out. In 1942, four years after Italy had enacted the Italian racial laws , Gozi issued Sammarinese racial law n.33, which prohibited interracial marriage, including between Jews and non-Jewish Sammarinese. By the end of 1942 Gozi ordered that all Jews of San Marino should be deported and jailed. as part of

352-523: The profile of the king, and on its reverse was a flag decoration and the words "for Valor". On 14 August 1815, Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia replaced it with the Military Order of Savoy , now known as the Military Order of Italy . Charles Albert of Sardinia revived it on 26 March 1833, and added to it the Silver and bronze medals. These had, on their faces, the coat of arms of Savoy with laurel branches,

374-562: The royal crown, and the words "for military Valor". On the reverse were two laurel branches enclosing the name of the decorated soldier, and the place and date of the action. With the proclamation of the Republic on 2 June 1946, the coat of arms of the House of Savoy was replaced with the emblem of the Italian Republic . For actions performed by individuals during World War I , the Gold Medal

396-742: The summer of 1917. Following the Italian loss at the Battle of Caporetto in November 1917, he returned to the front with the 6th Monte Pasubio Battalion of the Alpini and participated in the Battle of Monte Grappa against the Central Powers . By the end of the war Gozi had received the Gold Medal of Military Valor , Silver Medal of the Italian Red Cross , the Silver Medal of the Republic of San Marino and

418-537: Was Domenico Millelire of the Royal Sardinian Navy on 6 April 1793 and the latest recipient was in 2014 Chief Corporal-Major Andrea Adorno of the 4th Alpini Paratroopers Regiment for combat operations in Bala Murghab , Afghanistan in 2010. The first military unit awarded a Gold Medal was His Majesty's Dragoons Regiment ( Reggimento Dragoni di Sua Maestà ) on 21 April 1796 for the unit's conduct during

440-607: Was awarded some 368 times, as well as 37 times to military units, and once to the Unknown Soldier. Only four of the individual awards went to foreigners, one of these being Czar Nicholas II of Russia. The other three were for acts of gallantry in which the recipient was killed in action or died from his injuries (the Frenchmen John O'Byrne and Roland Morillot, and the American Coleman deWitt). The Gold Medal of Military Valor

462-517: Was established by the Royal Decree of 4 November 1932, in which the purpose of these medals is defined as, "to distinguish and publicly honour the authors of heroic military acts, even ones performed in time of peace, provided that the exploit is closely connected with the purposes for which the Armed Forces are constituted, whatever may be the condition or quality of the author." The first recipient

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484-723: Was one of the most parsimoniously awarded medals of World War I, granted less frequently than even the Victoria Cross which was awarded 628 times. During World War II the medal was awarded to soldiers of the Royal Italian Army; after these forces were reorganized following the Armistice with Italy in 1943, it was awarded to members of the Allies-supporting Italian Co-Belligerent forces . The Axis-affiliated Italian Social Republic created another design of

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